• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제33권8호
• /
• pp.857-863
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this study is to investigate zinc and copper intakes of exclusively breast-fed infants. We measured consumed volume and the minerals concentrations of human milk from thirty three lactating women and their infants during the first 5 months of lactation , Zinc concentrations of human milk showed 0.394, 0.290, 0.191, 0.147 and 0.139mg/100g at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months of lactation respectively. Copper concentrations in the milk showed 61.04, 45.97, 37.15, 3.94, 26.22 and 26.21$\mu\textrm{g}$/100g respectively. Consumed volume of the milk of infants were 515, 650, 718, 731, 746 and 769g/day. There is significant difference between boys and girls in consumed volume of the milk at 2, 3 and 4 months of lactation. Zinc intakes of breast-fed infants declined(p<0.05) from 2.13mg/day at 0.5 months to 1.21mg/day at 3 months with no change thereafter significantly. Copper intakes of the infants declined(p<0.05) from 323.2$\mu\textrm{g}$/day at 0.5 months to 238.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/day at 3 months with no change thereafter. Form this survey, the reevaluation of zinc and copper intakes and recommended dietary allowance of those minerals during infancy are merited. (Korean J Nutrition 33(8) : 857-863, 2000)

• 분석과학
• /
• 제31권6호
• /
• pp.232-239
• /
• 2018

Human breast milk (HBM) provides neonates with indispensable nutrition. The present study evaluated the anti-cancer activity of diluted and pasteurized early HBM (< 6 weeks' lactation) on human breast cancer cell lines. The cell lines MCF7 and MDA-MB231 were exposed to 1 % HBM from the 1st, 3rd, and 6th weeks of lactation and exhibited reduced proliferation rates. As controls, breast cell lines (293T and MCF-10A), breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), and $CD133^{hi}CXCR4^{hi}ALDH1^{hi}$ patient-derived human cancer stem-like cells (KU-CSLCs) were treated with prominent milk proteins ${\beta}$-casein, ${\kappa}$-casein, and lactoferrin at varying doses (10, 50, and $100{\mu}g$) for 24 or 48 hrs. The impact of these proteins on cell proliferation was investigated. Breast cancer cell lines treated with ${\kappa}$-casein and lactoferrin exhibited significantly reduced viability, in both a dose- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly, ${\kappa}$-casein selectively impacted only cancer (but not normal breast) cell lines, particularly the more malignant cell line. However, ${\beta}$-casein-exposed human breast cancer cell lines exhibited a significantly higher proliferation rate. Thus, ${\kappa}$-casein and lactoferrin appear to exert selective anti-cancer activities. Further studies are warranted to determine the mechanisms underlying ${\kappa}$-casein- and lactoferrin-mediated cancer cell-selective cytotoxic effects.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제13권11호
• /
• pp.5327-5332
• /
• 2012

In this review, we describe the patterns of known immunological components in breast milk and examine the relationship between breastfeeding and reduced risk of breast cancer. The top risk factors for breast cancer are a woman's age and family history, specifically having a first-degree relative with breast cancer. Women that have a history of breastfeeding have been shown to have reduced rates of breast cancer. Although the specific cause has not been elucidated, previous studies have suggested that breastfeeding reduces the risk of breast cancer primarily through two mechanisms: the differentiation of breast tissue and reduction in the lifetime number of ovulatory cycles. In this context, one of the primary components of human milk that is postulated to affect cancer risk is alpha-lactalbumin. Tumour cell death can be induced by HAMLET (a human milk complex of alpha-lactalbumin and oleic acid). HAMLET induces apoptosis only in tumour cells, while normal differentiated cells are resistant to its effects. Therefore, HAMLET may provide safe and effective protection against the development of breast cancer. Mothers should be encouraged to breastfeed their babies because the complex components of human milk secretion make it an ideal food source for babies and clinical evidence has shown that there is a lower risk of breast cancer in women who breastfed their babies.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.433-437
• /
• 2002

본 연구는 손착유 모유와 breast-pump에 의한 기계착유모유 중의 총균수와 대장균수를 검사하고 또한 냉장 및 실온보존에 따른 모유(초유, 성숙유)와 환원조제분유의 저장성을 파악하고자 시험하였다. 시험 결과 breast-pump로 수집한 모유 중의 총균수는 2.02$\times$$10^4$CFU/mL로 손착유에 의한 총균수 1.06$\times$$10^4$ CFU/mL보다 약 2배 가량 많이 나타났으며 특히 대장균의 경우, 손착유에 의한 감염율이 12.9%인 반면 breast-pump로 수집한 모유의 감염율은 19.5%로 높게 나타났다. 또한 모유와 환원조제분유를 냉장(4$^{\circ}C$) 및 실온(2$0^{\circ}C$, 3$0^{\circ}C$)상태에서 보존하면서 총균수와 대장균수의 변화를 시험한 결과, 4$^{\circ}C$에서 대장균수의 변화는 10일 동안 뚜렷한 변화를 보이지 않았으며 총균수는 지속적으로 약간 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 2$0^{\circ}C$에서 총균수의 변화는 모유 성숙유와 모유 초유에서 뚜렷한 증가 추세를 보이지 않았으나 대장균의 경우 지속적인 증가 추세를 보였으며, 특히 환원조제분유에서 대장균수는 12시간 이후 급속히 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 3$0^{\circ}C$에서 총균수의 변화는 모유 성숙유의 경우 12시간 이후 급속히 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 모유 초유의 경우 뚜렷한 증가 추세를 보여주지 않았다. 반면에 환원조제분유는 6시간 이후 급속히 증가하는 추세를 나타냈다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제30권8호
• /
• pp.1018-1024
• /
• 1997

In order to investigate calcium , phosphorous and magnesium intake of breast-fed infants, consumed volumes of human milk and those mineral contents of the milk were examined at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months of lactation. Calcium , phosphorus and magnesium contents of human milk during the first 5 months of lactation averaged 26.0, 13.7 and 3.70mg/100g, respectively. Calcium intake of infants averaged 192.3 and 171.0mg/day which represented 39.7 and 33.5% of the RDA for boys and girls, respectively. Phosphorus intake of infants averaged 100.7 and 85.2mg/day which represented 26.2% and 23.4 % of the RDA for boys and girls respectively. The calcium /phosphorus ratio of human milk averaged 2.00 during lactation. The results of this survey suggest that, the reevaluation of calcium , phosphorus and magnesium intake and recommended dietary allowance of these nutrients during infancy is merited.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• 제24권6호
• /
• pp.501-509
• /
• 2021

Extensive studies have shown that breast milk is the best source of nutrition for infants, especially during the first six months, because it fulfills almost all of their nutritional needs. Among the many functional building blocks in breast milk, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been receiving more attention recently. Furthermore, it is the third most common group of compounds in human milk, and studies have demonstrated the health benefits it provides for infants, including improved nutritional status. HMOs were previously known as the 'bifidus factor' due to their 'bifidogenic' or prebiotic effects, which enabled the nourishment of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Healthy gastrointestinal microbiota are intestinal health substrates that increase nutrient absorption and reduce the incidence of diarrhea. In addition, HMOs, directly and indirectly, protect infants against infections and strengthen their immune system, leading to a positive energy balance and promoting normal growth. Non-modifiable factors, such as genetics, and modifiable factors (e.g., maternal health, diet, nutritional status, environment) can influence the HMO profile. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of how HMOs can contribute to the prevention and treatment of nutritional issues during exclusive breastfeeding.

• 한국생명과학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국생명과학회 2008년도 제49회 학술심포지움 및 국제학술대회
• /
• pp.96.1-96.1
• /
• 2008

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제30권7호
• /
• pp.840-847
• /
• 1997

In order to investigate the protein intake of breast-fed infants, we examined sixty infants during the first 5 months of lactation. Human milk intake infants increased during lactation with the respective values of 525, 671, 734, 744 , 765 and 768g/day t 0.5, 1, 2, 3, , 4 and 5 months postpartum. The average protein contents of human milk showed 1.58, 1.38, 1.23, 1.11, 1.08and 1.07g/100g respectively. The protein intake of boys during the first 5 months of lactation averaged 9.11g/day which was higher than the 7.71g/day average for girls. Body weight of infants at birth was 3337g, which increased significantly during lactation. The protein intake per body weight of breast-fed infants in boys was significantly higher than that in girls(p<0.01). Protein intake of breast-fed infants had survey, a revaluation of the protein intake and recommended dietary allowance of protein during early infancy should be considered.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.363-368
• /
• 1998

Taurine is only supplied to the infants from the breast-fed or formula milks because the enzyme activities of taurine biosynthesis are limited in early stages of infants . The objectives of present study were to quantitate the contents of tarurine in human milk and to estimate the intake of taurine by breast-fed infants during early period of lactation. Thirty -three lactating women, volunteered and delivered in R hospital in Serou. were recruited. Milk samples were collected every day at B1-B5 day(from 1 to 5 day dafter start of milk secretion), 15th and 30th day postpartum. Taurine contents were determined by HPLC equipped with RF-detector. The intake of taurine by infants was estimated by multiplization with the infant milk intake reported in our laboratory. The content of taurine was 406$\pm$174nmol/ml at B1-B5 day, and then gradually decreased to 359$\pm$125nmol/ml at 15th day and to 304$\pm$94nmol/ml at 30th day postpartum. The estimated intake of taurine was almost same as 24-25mg/day at B1-B5 day, and 15th , 30th days postpartum . This results was due to the increase of the intake of milk by infants.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.131-140
• /
• 2008

Purpose: This study is about safety of the expressed human milk by investigating its bacterial contamination and antibiotic resistance of the microbes in the expressed milk. Methods: The data are collected from the 156 mothers and their newborn infants in NICU of U University Hospital from January 2004 to September 2005. Results: 1) The expressed human milk was contaminated by Staphylococcus epidermidis for 66.7%, Two mixed bacterial strain for 11.5%, Acinetobacter species for 8.0%, Klebsiella species for 4.6%, Staphylococcus aureus for 4.6%. 2) The microbes in the human milk had high resistance to the Antimicrobial agents: 77.5% for Penicillin-G, 66.6% for Oxacillin, and 63.7% for Cephalothin. 3) The distribution of microbes showed a significant depending on the place of the milk expression (p=.020). In particular, mixed bacterial strain was found more in the milks expressed at home than the milk expressed at the hospital. Conclusion: This study shows the importance of systematic education of feeding process in expressed milk: poor management of a breast pump, inadequate hand washing and imperfect breast cleaning explain the reasons of contamination 156 cases.