• Title/Summary/Keyword: Human Technology

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The Influence of the Landscaping Shade Membrane's Brightness on the Mean Radiant Temperature(MRT) of Summer Outdoor (조경용 차양막 재료의 명도가 하절기 옥외공간의 평균복사온도에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Chun-Seok;Ryu, Nam-Hyung
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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    • v.43 no.5
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    • pp.65-73
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    • 2015
  • The purpose of this study was to compare the Mean Radiant Temperature(MRT) under two landscaping shade membranes, white and black, with those of natural outdoor spaces at summer midday. An additional perforated black shading net was applied and compared for the consideration of the practical application. The average MRT at the height of 2.4m, 10cm below the membranes of black, white, and perforated black were $49.1^{\circ}C$, $41.6^{\circ}C$ and $36.8^{\circ}C$ respectively, while that of open sky was $41.8^{\circ}C$. This indicates that a closer position to the darker membrane caused a higher MRT. At the height of 1.1m and 1.7m, the difference of MRT between the black and the white membranes was slight, while the value of white was unexpectedly higher than the black. The MRT of black perforated net showed the lowest value at every height. The black membrane absorbed more solar radiation than the white, which caused the greater release of long wave radiation and higher temperature near the membrane itself. In spite of the higher albedo of the white membrane, the higher solar radiation transmittance rate of which seemed to cause the slightly higher MRT than the black at the hight of 1.1m and 1.7m. In summary, the performance of the black membrane was slightly better than the white in terms of the air conditioning of the human related space around the height of 1.1m and 1.7m, when the shading membranes were at 2.5m height.

A Study on Partially Applied Color Image in Black and White Moving Imagery (흑백영상의 부분 색채화에 관한 연구)

  • Yeo, Myoung;Kim, Ji-Hong
    • Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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    • 2006.11a
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    • pp.322-326
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    • 2006
  • Though human being has ability to percept a full colored vision, the technology of early photography only can produce black and white images. For cinema filming imagery also captured mono tone with black and white, until developed a color film technology. The desire for presenting color imagery and the technique for producing film and color ink, photography and print utilize color on it with noticeable color impact to viewers. It, however, abusing fun colors image each and every printed and filmed imagery, the freshness of eye catching power diminished now. On contrast, color becomes black and white or partially used for making discrepancy among full colored images. This image detected commercial and music video, and it spread to film. To use those bleached color images is for evoking a nostalgia and a visual differentiation. Especially, it can be provocative images brought to audience with that. such as "Anycall", "Dimchae" for CF, and "Schindler's list," and "Sin city" for movie. It is hard to investigate on the color studies for partially used images. Therefore, this study is to research that through CF and film, base on it, to investigate the application for this image. To collect data from survey, it will be established a basic concept for understanding the partial color applying.

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Enhancement of the solubility of human tissue inhibitor of matrix metallocroteinase-2 (TIMP-2) in E. coli using a modified in vitro mutagenesis (새로운 유전자 재조합 방법을 이용한 대장균에서의 인간 tissue inhibitor of mtrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) 유전자의 가용성 발현)

  • Kim, Jong-Uk;Choi, Dong-Soon;Joo, Hyun;Min, Churl-K.
    • KSBB Journal
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.231-238
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    • 2008
  • The second family member of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, TIMP-2, is a 21kDa protein which inhibits matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2). Expression of mammalian proteins in E. coli often forms inclusion bodies that are made up of mis-folded or insoluble protein aggregates. The requirement for the formation of 6 disulfide bonds in the process of the TIMP-2 folding is likely to be incompatible with the reducing environment of E. coli. However, this incompatibility can be often overcome by introducing a mutagenesis that could lead to enhancement of the protein solubility. In this reason, we have attempted to express the soluble TIMP-2 in E. coli by applying a modified staggered extension process (StEP), one of the in vitro PCR-based recombinant mutagenesis methods, and error-prone PCR. C-terminally located CAT fusion protein with respect to mutated TIMP-2 proteins enables us to differentiate the soluble TIMP-2 from the insoluble in E. coli by virtue of chloramphenicol resistance. According to this scheme, E. coli harboring properly-folded CAT fused to TIMP-2 protein was selected, and some of the resulting colonies exhibited an enhanced, soluble expression of TIMP-2 compared to the wild type, implying (i) the StEP technique is successfully employed to enhance the proper folding thereby increasing the solubility of TIMP-2, and (ii) the CAT dependent screening may be a simple and effective method to differentiate the soluble protein expression in E. coli.

Microbiological Quality of Fresh-Cut Produce and Organic Vegetables (신선편의 샐러드와 유기농 채소류의 미생물학적 품질 및 식중독 미생물 오염도)

  • Jo, Mi-Jin;Jeong, A-Ram;Kim, Hyun-Jung;Lee, Na-Ri;Oh, Se-Wook;Kim, Yun-Ji;Chun, Hyang-Sook;Koo, Min-Seon
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.43 no.1
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    • pp.91-97
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    • 2011
  • This study was performed to assess the microbiological quality and potential health risk of fresh-cut produce and organic vegetables sampled from supermarkets and department stores in Korea. A total of 96 samples comprised three types of fresh-cut produce (sprouts, mixed-vegetables, fruit) and three types of organic vegetables (lettuce, perilla leaf, green pepper). The samples were analyzed for total viable cell counts, coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus. The microbiological counts of fruit were very low. Sprouts were highly contaminated by total viable cell counts ($8.3{\pm}0.57$ log CFU/g), Enterobacteriaceae ($7.1{\pm}0.76$ log CFU/g), and coliforms ($4.9{\pm}0.40$ log MPN/g), and showed a high incidence level of B. cereus ($2.9{\pm}0.48$ log CFU/g). Of the fresh-cut produce analyzed, six (13.6%) mixed-vegetable salads were E. coli positive. S. aureus was detected in only one sprout sample and one mixed-vegetable salad, and its contamination levels were under 2 log CFU/g, which is appropriate for Korean standards (<3 log CFU/g) of fresh-cut produce. Of the organic vegetables, lettuces were highly contaminated by total viable cell counts ($6.4{\pm}0.74$ log CFU/g), Enterobacteriaceae ($5.7{\pm}0.98$ log CFU/g), and coliforms ($3.7{\pm}1.72$ log MPN/g). Two (13.6%) organic lettuce and one (7.1%) perillar leaf sample were E. coli positive, and S. aureus was detected in one lettuce and two perilla leaf samples. Salmonella spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected in any of the fresh-cut produce or organic vegetables analyzed.

Cutaneous hydration effect of collagen hydrolysate containing collagen tripeptides (콜라겐 트리펩타이드를 고함량으로 함유하는 콜라겐 가수분해물의 피부 보습 효과)

  • Kim, Ae-Hyang;Kim, Yi-Soo;Piao, Zhe;Shin, Yong Chul;Ha, Min Woo
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.50 no.4
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    • pp.420-429
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    • 2018
  • Skin ageing is associated with compromised performance of its fundamental barrier functions, with undesirable changes in appearance. Since this may introduce a detrimental impact on the quality of life, significant effort to discover effective ingredients against ageing is being invested. Recently, collagen hydrolysates containing tripeptides such as GlyPro-Hyp (GPH) have been developed with anticipation of improved effects compared to that of existing collagen hydrolysate-products. To evaluate the cutaneous hydration effect of collagen tripeptides (CTP), meaningful biomarkers in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and NC/Nga Tnd mice were analyzed in this study. Increased levels of ceramide kinase, hyaluronic acid, collagen 1A, and hyaluronan synthase-2 (HAS2), and decreased levels of hyaluronidase-1 (HYAL1) and CD44 in HDF cells were demonstrated. Furthermore, significant reduction of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), scratching behavior, HYAL1, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 and increased water content and HAS2 were verified by in vivo tests. These results strongly suggest the potential of CTP as a skin hydration agent.

Hepatoprotective effect of Ainsliaea acerifolia water extract on LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver injury in human HepG2 cells (단풍취 열수 추출물의 HepG2 인간간세포의 LPS/D-Gal에 의해 유발된 급성 간 손상에 대한 간보호 효과)

  • Lee, Sun-Yeop;Han, Joon-Hee;Choi, Da-Hye;Hong, Min;Kwon, Tae-Hyung;Lee, Yong-Jin;Yu, Keun-Hyung
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.52 no.5
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    • pp.476-481
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    • 2020
  • This study investigated the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Ainsliaea acerifolia water extract (AAWE) on HepG2 cells. Five types of caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) were detected in AAWE, namely, 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4,5-DCQA; 11.16 mg/g), 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,4-DCQA; 5.23 mg/g), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA; 4.88 mg/g), 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA; 3.51 mg/g), and 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4-CQA; 3.31 mg/g). AAWE exerted ABTS+ antioxidant effects, evidenced by polyphenol content and 2,2'2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH radical scavenging) activities. AAWE (300 ㎍/mL) treatment significantly decreased the activities of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as compared to control and exerted protective effects against the increase in liver function index induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/galactosamine (D-GalN) in HepG2 cells. In addition, the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α by HepG2 cells induced by LPS/D-GalN significantly increased in all treatment groups compared to that in the control. However, AAWE (100-300 ㎍/mL) treatment significantly decreased the secretion of TNF-α compared to that in the control. These results suggest that AAWE treatment reduces hepatotoxicity by increasing antioxidant activities, reducing GGT, AST, and LDH activities, and inhibiting TNF-α secretion.

Digital painting: Image transfonnation, simulation, heterologie and transfonnation (현대회화에서의 형태와 물질 -Digital Transfiguration에 관한 연구-)

  • Jeong, Suk-Yeong
    • Journal of Science of Art and Design
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    • v.10
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    • pp.161-181
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    • 2006
  • The words which appeared in my theoretical study and work are image transformation to digital painting, simulation, heterologie and transfiguration, etc. Firstly, let's look into 'digital era' or 'new media era'. Nowadays, the image world including painting within the rapid social and cultural change, which is called as digital era, is having the dramatic change. Together with the development of scientific technology, large number of events which was deemed to be impossible is happening as real in image world Moreover, these changes in image world is greatly influencing to our life. The word which compresses this change of image world and shows is 'digital'. Digit, which means fingers in Latin, indicates separately changing signal, and to be more narrow, it indicates the continual signal of '0' and ' 1' in computer. The opposite word is 'analogue'. As analogue is the word meaning 'infer' or 'similarity', it indicates the signal or form which continuously changes along the series of time when it is compared to digital. Instead of analogue, digital is embossed as a major ruler along the whole area of our current culture. In whole culture and art area, and in whole generalscience, digital is appearing as it has the modernism and importance. The prefix, 'digital', e.g. digital media, digital culture, digital design, digital philosophy, etc, is treated as the synonym of modernism and something new. This advent of digital results the innovative change to the image world, creates the new beauty experience which we could not experience before, and forecasts the formation of advanced art and expansion of creative area. Various intellectual activities using computer is developing the whole world with making the infrastructure. Computer in painting work immediately accomplishes the idea of painters, takes part in simulation work, contingency such as abrupt reversal, extraction, twisting, shaking, obscureness, overlapping, etc, and timing to stimulate the creativity of painters, and provides digital formative language which enables new visual experience to the audience. When the change of digital era, the image appeared in my work is shown in 'transfiguration' like drawing. The word, 'transfiguration' does not indicate the completed and fixed real substance but indicate endlessly moving and floating shape. Thus, this concept is opposite to the substantial consideration, so that various concepts which is able to replace this in accordance with the similar cases are also exist such as change, deterioration, mutation, deformity of appearance and morphing which is frequently used in computer as a technical word. These concepts are not clearly classified, and variably and complicatedly related. Transfiguration basically means the denial of "objectivity' and '(continual) stagnation' or deviation from those. This phenomenon is appeared through the all art schools of art ever since the realism is denied in the 19th century. It is called as 'deformation' in case of expressionism, futurism, cubism, etc, in the beginning of the century, which its former indication is mostly preserved within the process of structural deviation and which has the realistic limit which should be preserved. On the contrary, dramatic transfiguration which has been showing in the modern era through surrealism is different in the point that dramatic transfiguration tends to show the deterioration and deviation rather than the preservation of indicated object. From this point, transfiguration coming out from morphing using computer deteriorates and hides the reality and furthermore, it replaces the 'reality'. Moreover, transfiguration is closely approached to the world of fake or 'imaginary' simulation world of Baudrillard. According to Baudrillard, the image hides and deteriorates the reality, and furthermore, expresses 'not existing' to 'imaginary' under the name of transfiguration. Certain reality, that is, image which is absent from the reality is created and overflowed, so that it finally replaces the reality. This is simulation as it is said by Baudrillard. In turn, Georges Bataille discusses about the image which is produced by digital technology in terms of heterologie. Image of heterologie is the visual signal which is established with the media. Image of media is to have the continuous characteristics of produce, extinction, and transformation, and its clear boundary between images becomes meaningless. The meaning of composition, excess, violation, etc of digital image is explained to heterological study or heteologie suggested as important meaning of Georges Bataille who is a heretic philosopher. As the form and image of mutation shows the shape in accordance with mechanical production, heterologie is introduced as very low materialism (or bas materialisme), in this theory. Heterologie as low materialism which is gradually changing is developing as a different concept and analysis because of the change of time in the late 20s century beside high or low meaning. Including my image, all images non-standardizes and transforms the code. However, reappearance and non-standardization of this code does not seem to be simple. The problem of transformation caused by transfiguration which appears in my digital drawing painting, simulation, heterologie, etc, are the continual problems. Moreover, the subject such as existence of human being, distance from the real life, politics and social problems are being extended to actual research and various expressing work. Especially, individual image world is established by digital painting transfiguration technique, and its change and review start to have the durability. The consciousness of observers who look at the image is changing the subject. Together with theoretical research, researchers are to establish the first step to approach to various image change of digital era painting through transfiguration technique using our realistic and historical image.

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Development of Calcification-Resistant Bovine Pericardium with $PEO-SO_3$ (I) - An implantation study of bovine pericardium at aorta and pulmonary artery in canine model - ($PEO-SO_3$를 이용한 항석회화 조직첨포의 개발 (I) - 잡견을 이용한 대동맥과 폐동맥 이식 실험연구 -)

  • Kim, Hyoung-Mook;Baek, Man-Jong;Sun, Kyung;Kim, Kwang-Taik;Lee, In-Sung;Kim, Hark-Jei;Lee, Won-Kyu;Park, Ki-Dong
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.31 no.10
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    • pp.919-923
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    • 1998
  • Background: Calcific degeneration is unavoidable in either homo- or heterografts implanted in the human body. We have developed a calcification-resistant cardiovascular tissue patch using a novel technique of anticalcification. Materials and methods: Fresh bovine pericardium was harvested at the slaughter house and transfered to the laboratory in Hank's solution. After trimming and fixing the pericardium, it was embedded in 4$^{\circ}C$ 0.65% glutaraldehyde for a week and then washed by phosphate-buffered saline(PBS) of pH 7.4. This prepared pericardium was then stored in 2.5% sulphonated polyethyleneoxide(PEO-SO3) solution for 2 days at room temperature and reversed by 4$^{\circ}C$ NaBH4 solution for 16 hours. To evaluate the calcification-resistance of surface modified bovine pericardium with PEO-SO3, either glutaraldehyde- treated(GA group, n=4) or PEO-SO3-treated pericardial patch(PEO-SO3 group, n=4) was implanted into adult mongrel dog to reconstruct the main pulmonary artery and the descending aorta using a partial clamp technique. After 1 month follow-up, the implanted patches were retrieved to evaluate the pathologic findings and the content of calcium and phosphorous. Results: The PEO-SO3 group showed substantially less retraction and significantly less calcium deposition than the GA group in both aortic(7.10$\pm$1.05 vs. 13.81$\pm$2.33 mg/g of dried tissue) and pulmonary positions(1.55$\pm$0.29 vs. 6.72$\pm$0.70 mg/g)(p<0.01). Phosphorous contents were also less in the PEO-SO3 group than the GA group significantly, 8.11$\pm$1.07 mg/g vs. 19.33$\pm$4.31 mg/g in the aortic and 2.58$\pm$0.40 vs. 12.60$\pm$3.40 mg/g in thepulmonary position(p<0.01). Conclusions: These findings suggest that PEO-SO3 modified bovine pericardium is highly calcification-resistant but further study is needed to evaluate the long-term biological safety and compatibility of the prosthesis.

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A PLS Path Modeling Approach on the Cause-and-Effect Relationships among BSC Critical Success Factors for IT Organizations (PLS 경로모형을 이용한 IT 조직의 BSC 성공요인간의 인과관계 분석)

  • Lee, Jung-Hoon;Shin, Taek-Soo;Lim, Jong-Ho
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.207-228
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    • 2007
  • Measuring Information Technology(IT) organizations' activities have been limited to mainly measure financial indicators for a long time. However, according to the multifarious functions of Information System, a number of researches have been done for the new trends on measurement methodologies that come with financial measurement as well as new measurement methods. Especially, the researches on IT Balanced Scorecard(BSC), concept from BSC measuring IT activities have been done as well in recent years. BSC provides more advantages than only integration of non-financial measures in a performance measurement system. The core of BSC rests on the cause-and-effect relationships between measures to allow prediction of value chain performance measures to allow prediction of value chain performance measures, communication, and realization of the corporate strategy and incentive controlled actions. More recently, BSC proponents have focused on the need to tie measures together into a causal chain of performance, and to test the validity of these hypothesized effects to guide the development of strategy. Kaplan and Norton[2001] argue that one of the primary benefits of the balanced scorecard is its use in gauging the success of strategy. Norreklit[2000] insist that the cause-and-effect chain is central to the balanced scorecard. The cause-and-effect chain is also central to the IT BSC. However, prior researches on relationship between information system and enterprise strategies as well as connection between various IT performance measurement indicators are not so much studied. Ittner et al.[2003] report that 77% of all surveyed companies with an implemented BSC place no or only little interest on soundly modeled cause-and-effect relationships despite of the importance of cause-and-effect chains as an integral part of BSC. This shortcoming can be explained with one theoretical and one practical reason[Blumenberg and Hinz, 2006]. From a theoretical point of view, causalities within the BSC method and their application are only vaguely described by Kaplan and Norton. From a practical consideration, modeling corporate causalities is a complex task due to tedious data acquisition and following reliability maintenance. However, cause-and effect relationships are an essential part of BSCs because they differentiate performance measurement systems like BSCs from simple key performance indicator(KPI) lists. KPI lists present an ad-hoc collection of measures to managers but do not allow for a comprehensive view on corporate performance. Instead, performance measurement system like BSCs tries to model the relationships of the underlying value chain in cause-and-effect relationships. Therefore, to overcome the deficiencies of causal modeling in IT BSC, sound and robust causal modeling approaches are required in theory as well as in practice for offering a solution. The propose of this study is to suggest critical success factors(CSFs) and KPIs for measuring performance for IT organizations and empirically validate the casual relationships between those CSFs. For this purpose, we define four perspectives of BSC for IT organizations according to Van Grembergen's study[2000] as follows. The Future Orientation perspective represents the human and technology resources needed by IT to deliver its services. The Operational Excellence perspective represents the IT processes employed to develop and deliver the applications. The User Orientation perspective represents the user evaluation of IT. The Business Contribution perspective captures the business value of the IT investments. Each of these perspectives has to be translated into corresponding metrics and measures that assess the current situations. This study suggests 12 CSFs for IT BSC based on the previous IT BSC's studies and COBIT 4.1. These CSFs consist of 51 KPIs. We defines the cause-and-effect relationships among BSC CSFs for IT Organizations as follows. The Future Orientation perspective will have positive effects on the Operational Excellence perspective. Then the Operational Excellence perspective will have positive effects on the User Orientation perspective. Finally, the User Orientation perspective will have positive effects on the Business Contribution perspective. This research tests the validity of these hypothesized casual effects and the sub-hypothesized causal relationships. For the purpose, we used the Partial Least Squares approach to Structural Equation Modeling(or PLS Path Modeling) for analyzing multiple IT BSC CSFs. The PLS path modeling has special abilities that make it more appropriate than other techniques, such as multiple regression and LISREL, when analyzing small sample sizes. Recently the use of PLS path modeling has been gaining interests and use among IS researchers in recent years because of its ability to model latent constructs under conditions of nonormality and with small to medium sample sizes(Chin et al., 2003). The empirical results of our study using PLS path modeling show that the casual effects in IT BSC significantly exist partially in our hypotheses.

Consideration About the Bacterial Endotoxin Test Showing False Positive Test Result When Performing LAL Test (LAL Test에서 위양성을 나타내는 원인들에 대한 고찰)

  • Hwang, Ki-Young;Cho, Yong-Hyun;Lee, Yong-Suk;Kim, Hyung-Woo;Lee, Hong-Jae;Kim, Hyun-Ju
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.156-158
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    • 2009
  • Purpose: Since radiopharmaceuticals are intended for human administration, it is imperative that we should undergo quality control very strictly. Now almost all the PET laboratories have adopted Bacterial Endotoxin Test as the stand quality control method to monitor whether pyrogen is free or not in the product vial containing crude solution. The aim of this study is to find out the reason why false positive result is observed when using commercially available test vial. Materials and Methods: For this experiment, we used commercially available single test kit (Associates of Cape Code. Inc. USA) and we made pH samples by mixing each buffer whose pH ranges are 1.0 to 12.0. Otherwise we made Ethanol samples diluted with distilled water. After making test samples, it added 0.2 mL to the test vial. Assay mixture in the test vial was incubated in a water bath (Chang Shin Co. KOR) for 60 min at $35{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. Results: After incubation period ($60{\pm}1^{\circ}C$), we inverted the test vial about $180^{\circ}$ To know what pH and how many percentage of Ethanol (Fisher Scientific Korea. Ltd) will affect the reaction. With pH buffer, false positive result was observed at pH 1.0 to 5.0 and 7.7 to 12.6 but at pH 5.2 to.7.5, the test results show negative. It's very strange that we couldn't observe negative test result with Tris buffer at pH 8.4, 8.6, 8.8, 9.0. in other case Ethanol, the test result was seen with 5 to 10% Ethanol. But to my surprise we could see very thick gel formation with 100% Ethanol. Conclusions: In this study, we could notice that pH which is too much acidic or alkalic or high concentrated Ethanol would affect Bacterial Endotoxin Test result. As you know, LAL test is sensitive and very reliable method. Therefore, we are needed to elicit the accurate test result as possible as we can.

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