• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2020

Controlling the quality of indoor air is important in order to maintain a healthy life. In this study, we investigated the correlation between the hazardous substance concentration of indoor air and circulation based on different ventilation methods in the apartment, which is one of the representative housing types in Korea. As target substances, we considered the hazardous substances which are generated during the cooking process and radon gas which is originated from building materials. We measured the concentrations of carbon dioxide and fine particles in relation to type of food and ventilation methods in order to determine the change in the concentration levels of hazardous substances which are generated during the cooking process. On the other hand, we measured the concentration of radon gas before and after letting fresh air into a room through windows in order to determine the change in the concentration level of radon gas which is originated from building materials. The results show that turning on the ventilation fan plays a major role in reducing the concentration levels of hazardous substances in the kitchen, and that it is more effective to turn on the ventilation fan during cooking than after cooking to prevent the diffusion of hazardous materials produced by cooking through the indoor air. Also, the results indicate that letting fresh air into a room through windows more than one time a day is necessary to reduce the concentration level of radon gas in the room to safe concentration range.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.3
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• pp.26-32
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• 1994

The aim of this study is to provide practical guide for exterior design in apartment and to propose a device to improve the quality of residential environment by the color planning. Color is a language of context and used as a visual aid to recognize the objects and spaces in the world around us. In this sense, each color perception is unique to its own setting and not subject to any universal rules of thumbs, Therefore, when designing with color, each setting will demand its own specific set of rules. A balanced color scheme has to make the environment more pleasant for people to live in . Fro the exterior in housing the use of color has to be considered not just in its wider context of the architecture or surrounding but as an element of the life of the inhabitant. So it is considered on the type of people who will live in and visual condition of site. In this study , the objective model of systematic design process for environmental color planning is proposed on the basis of theroetical background and references investigated, By the existing thesis, resident's preference of the exterior color and foumular of composition in apartment was invastigated . In general theories, based on the theory Birren's color harmony for color coordination an design principles, a device of exterior color design in apartment was suggested by the course of reasonable design process. Color in environment plays many different roles. It integrates the architecture with the site. If color is use well, it can soften architecture that is too harsh, it can give a sense of identity to different part of site and improve a city's image. The environmental color is effective media to enhance the aesthetic value of architecture and environment.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2013

Men should be able to do whatever they want to and want to safely protected at home which is special domain for them. The disabled live mentally uncomfortable lives at home which should be a place where they should be comfortable and convenient. Renovation projects started in Incheon since 2009 by commencing renovation projects for the disabled by the government and welfare centers. Since the project is a program supported by the government or welfare centers thus priority on renovation was decided and carried out by in-depth interview to decide areas to renovate because of limited budgets. This paper is aimed to propose plans for renovating homes according to priority for renovation for dwellers when renovating homes for the disabled with limited budgets. Renovating home for the disabled can be broadly divided into physical, environmental, esthetic renovations, and physical renovation is a basic renovation for daily lives without restrictions in living and include easy movements, accesses to each rooms and adequacy of movement, easily accesses related with easily accessible distance and height, safety to prevent accidents caused by physical inabilities. Environmental renovation is general supports becoming the base of daily living and include control for controlling lighting, heating, air quality for comfortable environments in living space and pleasantness to maintain bright and pleasant interior with sufficient light. Esthetic renovation includes expression of identity by expressing image of one self and visual effects or spatial consideration for hobbies to enjoy comfortable and rich lives.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.327-336
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• 2018

Increase in population and its daily increasing in our today society results in an increase in housing demand while traditional methods are not applicable. The project preparation and realization processes, based on theoretical and empirical studies, a creation of goods, services, and technologies, are the most important human activities. Selection of effective technological systems in construction is a complex multi-criteria decision-making task. Many decision-makers refuse innovations once faced with similar difficulties. Therefore, using modern materials and methods in this industry is necessary. Modern methods increase quality and construction speed in addition to decrease energy consumption and costs. One of the problems in the way of any project is selecting construction system compatible with the project needs and characteristics. In the present research, different concrete structures such as common reinforced concrete (RC) structure, prefabricated, Insulating Concrete Formwork (ICF), 3D Panel and Tunnel Concrete Formwork (TCF) for buildings with limited floors in Iran are studied and compared from the viewpoint of different criteria like cost, time, applicability and technical characteristics with industrialization approach. Therefore, some questionnaires filled out by construction industry experts in order to compare criteria and sub-criteria in addition to evaluation of optimized structural systems. Then, results of the questionnaires ranked by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the most effective alternative selected. The AHP results show that 3D Panel system 36.5%, ICF 21.7%, TCF 19.03%, prefabricated system 13.3% and common RC system 9.3% are the most and the least efficient systems respectively.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.19-28
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• 2010

As design tools, building performance certification systems can be applied to provide adequate guidelines on design process to create environment-friendly buildings. Domestic certification systems of residential building took effect by doing supply to designers and contractors from affiliated organization of governments in the early 2000s. As a result, Building Energy Rating System, Apartment Performance Rating System, Green Homes and other means to promote green designs have been operated. International trends of applying certification systems were started in the early 1990s as forms of LEED in USGBC, BREEAM in BRE, GBTool Canada. These systems aim to evaluate building performance in line with the Climatic Change Convention and realize sustainable building design. In 2009, residential buildings accounted for the largest portion of the internal real estate market with 67.9 percent according to the National Statistical Office data. And for 18 years since 1991, apartments among constructed residential buildings have ranked top taking up 77.7% as of 2009. Apartment performance evaluations accordingly are to promote to constitution of improving tenant quality of life, the residential environment and saving energy and resources in the internal building market. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze valuation bases of each sector in evaluation systems of residential buildings at home and abroad to upgrade current systems through reflecting the characteristics of residential buildings. Implementation of this study basically include comparison of valuation bases and partial analysis on properties of rating systems to suggest requisites for improvement in building performance certification.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.55-65
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• 2013

Korean Government has developed Sejong City as a new administration city. This city of future was planned and designed toward one of the most eco-friendly city on the basis of ICTs. To attain this object, a carbon emission monitoring system (CEMS) was designed and installed as a part of u-city service which provides various information anytime and anywhere to enrich the people's quality of life. In this paper, at first, the structure and functions of CEMS are introduced. This system is consist of 5 parts - data collection from user and linked public DBs, transforming data into meaningful information for the policy makers, system-user interfacing via statistical tables and graphs, and system maintenance. This system can be operated by the citizen participation through whole the process. With the help of GIS map and graphic interface, statistics of monitored data for both citizen and decision maker provided and after feed-back, they have affected on the behaviour of citizen's energy consumption and related policy as well. By the CEMS, energy consumption data of 124 agreed households were collected during 9 months in 2012. Electricity, gas and water consumption were remote-metered automatically by the system and analysed. This showed that more than 85% of CO2 emission is rely on electricity usage. Furthermore, number of family members and size of house influences on the emission of CO2 by each household together with the life-style of the occupants. Electricity and water consumption showed the seasonal factor while gas consumption represents the number of family members. Even this paper has limitations caused by 9 months of data collection, it shows the policy directions to reduce the emission of CO2 focusing on the house size and number of family members of each households. With the result of this research, life-style of the generation of dwellers should be investigated and the CO2 emission characteristics of other housing type as well for the data building for future policy making.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.25-48
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• 1993

International concern over the environmental pollution is ever increasing, and diversified countermeasures must be devised in Korea also. Global trend, damages, problems and countermeasures with respect to issues mentioned in the Rio Declaration, such as prevention of ozone layer destruction, reduction of migratory atmospheric pollution between neighboring countries, and prevention of global greenhouse effect, were discussed in this report. Conclusion of the report is summarized as follows : A. Measurement, Planning and Monitoring (1) Development and implementation of a global network for measurement and monitoring from the global aspects such factors as related to acid rain(Pioneer substances, pH, sulfate, nitrate), effect of global temperature(Air temperature, $CO_2$, $CH_4$, CFC, $N_2O$) and destruction of ozone layer($CFC_S$). (2) Establishment of network system via satellite monitoring movement of regional air mass, damage on the ozone layer and ground temperature distribution. B. Elucidation of Present State (1) Improvement and development of devices for carbon circulation capable of accurately forecasting input and output of carbon. (2) Developmental research on chemical reactions of greenhouse gas in the air. (3) Improvement and development of global circulation model(GCM) C. Impact Assessment Impact assessment on ecosystem, human body, agriculture, floodgate, land use, coastal ecology, industries, etc. D. Preventive Measures and Technology Development (1) Development and consumption of new energy (2) Development of new technology for removal of pioneer substances (3) Development of substitute matter for $CFC_S$ (4) Improvement of agriculture and forestry means to prevent the destruction of ozone layer and the greenhouse effect of the globe (5) Improvement of housing to prevent the destruction of ozone layer and the greenhouse effect of the globe (6) Development of new technology for probing underground water (7) Preservation of forest (8) Biomass 5. Policy Development (1) Development of strategy model (2) Development of long term forecast model (3) Development of penalty charge effect and expense evaluation methods (4) Feasibility study on regulations By establishing the above mentioned measures for environmentally sound and sustainable development to establish the right to live for humankind and to preserve the one and only earth.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.23-38
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• 2011

France is known to be making particular efforts to maintain its traditional urban architectural culture by diverse measures including the implementation of urban policies. However, France is facing up to the need to pursue modern urbanization in keeping with the requirements of the current times. Thus, this paper examines with what priority France is attempting to reflect in its current urban policies its determination to retain its urban architectural tradition and to recreate its capital city of Paris as a future European hub city. To that end, the paper first seeks to analyze Paris' policies for urban architecture from diachronic perspectives in a bid to determine Paris' urban architectural culture. Second, the study attempts to examine within the purview of the paradigm of contemporary urban architectural designs how Paris is pursuing the two conflicting purposes of the preservation of tradition and modern urbanization through the Paris Local Urbanization Plan (or Plan Local d'Urbanisme [PLU]). First, the findings indicate that Paris is applying the principle of a sustainable development plan in all fields of environment, economy and society. In terms of environmental sustainability, Paris is trying to improve the life quality of its citizens through the establishment of efficient mass transportation systems and the expansion of its green belt areas. In terms of social sustainability, Paris is implementing policies to ensure social diversity through housing policies. Also, in terms of economic sustainability, Paris is trying to expand employment and bolster its urban functions by conserving commercial activities and developing peripheral urban areas. Second, the findings indicate that Paris' policy of recovering its traditions takes priority over that of creating a sustainable city.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.7 no.2 s.30
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• pp.89-97
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• 2006

With the increased demand on housing quality and effective urban redevelopment, a new paradigm in reconstruction project is in need. Especially, the Urban and Residential Environment Improvement Law which initiated on July 1, 2003 has become a significant turning point. This code is expected to function as a consistent and systematic measure. This study will examine the code's major concepts and methods to progress reconstruction projects effectively. The application of construction management is examined carefully since the new code requires renewal project consulting firms to function as a professional complement rather than simply perform administration work, as in the past. Also, construction managing methods that can be related to renewal project consulting are examined and speculated. Lastly, methods to improve efficiency in reconstruction projects are introduced through case study and analysis on applicability and expected results.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.230-235
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• 2009

In our country, the application of the design method of face to face dimension in wall-slab apartment has passed 10 years. So MC design method has fixed in the design step to some degree. In Design and Work Execution of House the exclusive area of the apartment was calculated by face to face dimension. And the term of face to face dimension was known broadly to clients, construction company, etc. But design method of face to face dimension is not to simply extend the room size so far as wall depth in design process but to ensure the actual space should be considered with efficient use and assembly of building components. That is to say, Design method of face to face dimension is not to be defined by design step but to be related with construction and maintenance. However in construction process the point of face to face design method was not understood even now. So the purpose of this study was to extract the effect and question of face to face design method in construction process by survey of actual condition of structure and construction quality, and compare this result with existing construction method. The following project of this study is to survey of actual condition of interior components such as gypsum board, windows & doors etc. Therefore this study is to induce architectural long-life through architectural standardization construction and component's exchange, and, by the subject of the study on Apartment to have design guideline and basis for joining part between Gypsumboard and windows.