• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.139-150
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• 2019

This study is investigated sunscreen formulation that enhances UV absorption efficiency by UV light. Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) is one of the most common UV filters. Many studies have been conducted about photostability of OMC. It is well known that under the UV exposure, trans-OMC could turn to cis-OMC, or produce various photoproducts including its dimers. Those chemical structure changes were understood as the reason of a decrease in UV absorption efficiency upon UV exposure. However, it was found that OMC and isoamyl p-methoxycinnamate (IMC) could even enhance its UV absorption efficiency when it was exposed to UV light in an environment similar to actual use. In order to develop sunscreen formulation that enhances UV absorption efficiency by UV light, emollient with high polarity and compatibility should be avoided from the formular. Those emollient seemed to prevent OMC or IMC from producing photoproducts under UV light. Finally, a sunscreen formulation (UV sensing SPF boosting formular) enhancing UV absorption efficiency by UV was developed by the UV activated SPF boosting technology, and the effect of the sunscreen was evaluated. in vitro SPF of the sunscreen was increased from 50.69 to 72.33 when it was exposed to UV light and its in vivo SPF (53.7) was 56.10% higher than that of the control sunscreen (below 34.4).

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.469-497
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• 2020

More than one-third of the world's population still has no access to clean cooking facilities despite global interest and efforts to expand the accessibility of clean cooking fuels. They use traditional biomass, i.e., crops, animal dung and firewood, as their cooking fuel, and the health and economic damage from it is severe. As many studies have been conducted to understand the choice and transition of cooking fuel in developing countries, characteristics of household head have been addressed as one of the main fuel determinants. However, decision-making in households is not only made by household head and can vary depending on the relative characteristics of household members. Thus, this study analyses the determinants of cooking fuel choice through the samples of Cambodian couples(household head and his/her spouse) considering both characteristics of husbands and wives. As a result, it is confirmed that the effects of characteristics, such as employment, education levels, and frequency of media use, between husbands and wives on cooking fuel choice were different. This study is expected to contribute to the development of more sophisticated policies to increase clean fuel in Cambodia, given that it takes into account the characteristics of spouses who have not previously been dealt with in analyzing the determinants of cooking fuel choice and that it is difficult to find research on Cambodia.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.13-26
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the residential environment on the scholastic attainment of middle school students and present the direction of better residential environment for mental faculties. A questionnaire was distributed to 537 middle school students and SAS Package was used. The results of this study were as follows.1. The scholastic attainment was significantly good when the number of family was four and it improved as the level of parents` occupation, parents` school career and household income got higher.2. As the distance to the facilities from the house got nearer, the level of arrangement in the house got higher, the degree of concern of parents on the education got higher and the scale of the house got lager, the scholatic attainment of middle school students become better significantly.3. The residential environment had an Independent effect on the scholastic attainment of middle school students.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.141-150
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to suggest a social environment to active communities in apartment housing, on the basis of the residents' different social environments of two apartment complexes having their own respective community spaces. A questionnaire was responded by 434 housewives residing in the two apartment complexes which have their own respective space usage and programs in the community spaces larger than is legally specified. The questionnaire comprised items such as neighborhood consciousness, social intercourse, needs of community program diversity. The frequency analysis, the t-test, ANOVA, chi-square analysis were used for the comparison of characteristics of the two apartment complexes. The results of the social environment are as follows. The neighborhood consciousness, social intercourse of residents, and their attitude for participation in the common activities differed according to the residents' socio-demographic characteristics (age, education, number of family, average household income), complex distinctions (presence of clubs, community spaces, and community programs), and the attitude of constructors to foster it. Residents' participation rate and their participation intention showed positive correlation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.39-48
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• 2001

According as the elderly population has been increasing in rural areas, Korea will be facing a serious elderly problem in the near future. To cope with the coming elderly problem, social welfare services and elderly housing need to be carefully prepared. Especially, elderly housing has been recognized to be promising to solve the great portion of the problem. Therefore, I try, in this study, to show the theoretical bases on the residential environment for the elderly households, and to survey and analyze the residential environment and consciousness of them in rural areas. The result of this study will be expected to be a reference to the housing planning for the elderly household in rural areas.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.95-118
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• 2014

Environmental education is the most important and fundamental way to deal with the climate change. The school policy concentrating on environmental education, which has been established and financially supported by the Korea Ministry of Environment, provides an environment for natural experiment, examining the effect of reinforcing environmental education at schools on the energy-saving behaviours observed in the households concerned. We investigated the impact by applying the difference-in-difference measure to various utilities including water, electricity and gas between the households with children whose schools were designated as pilot environmental education schools in 2011 and the households with children attending general schools. The results showed that the households with children attending the pilot environmental education schools paid lower electricity and gas costs. This implies that environmental education provided at schools can indirectly affect the household energy saving behaviour and in turn reduce the total energy consumption in a short time.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.883-896
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• 2010

This study analyzed the effects of consumer knowledge and attitudes toward spending on environment-friendly agricultural products. Using data collected from 486 Ulsan housewives, results showed each score of consumer knowledge on and attitude to environment-friendly agricultural products was the middle level, and that mean monthly expenditure on environment-friendly agricultural products was 91,193 won. A multiple regression analysis was computed and indicated that higher spending on environmentally friendly agricultural products was related to high levels of consumer knowledge, positive attitudes to environment-friendly agricultural products, higher levels of household income, being a housewife in terms of occupation position, and post-graduate education levels. Furthermore, results also implied that consumer knowledge and attitudes to environment-friendly agricultural products were of greater influences than the demographic variables in their influence over spending on environment-friendly agricultural products.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.113-128
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to analyze the environment of poverty children as reported by the children on a questionnaire. The conception of the environment was divided into the physical environment and the sociopsychological environment. The dimensions of the physical environment included household, cultural, and play conditions. The sociopsychological environment included structural (family values, family relationships, and the reinforcement system) and process variables(affect, care, and communication). For the purpose of this survey was administered to 122 children living in a poverty area and 102 children living in a middle-high income area. Statistics used for data analysis were frequency, distribution, percentile, mean and one-way ANOVA. Major findings showed that (1) The physical environment as reported by the poverty children was meager compared with that of children in the middle-high income area: the households were more overcrowded, and cultural conditions, play materials, and space was more limited. (2) The Structural conditions of the sociopsychological environment as perceived by poverty children were more material and physical than that of children in the middle-high income area: family values were oriented more toward materialism: family relationships were more negative and distant: and the reinforcement system was based more on material reward and physical punishment. (3) Process variables were perceived by poverty children as more laissez-faire and rigid; the parents neglected their children and communicated unilaterally more than the middle-high income parents. (4) Poverty children's perception of the causes of poverty and wealth were perceived as personal and social factors.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.39-50
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to be performed with studio-type housings among urban life-type housings to investigate the physical characteristic and crime-related factors of studios from the viewpoint of the basic principles of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). Method: Eight CPTED guidelines available in Korea were reviewed to select 20 planing factors for actual condition investigation. Five single households in studio-type housings in Gwanak-gu, Seoul, were chosen according to the subject screening criteria to perform the actual condition investigation. Results: First, a lighting plan around a building for natural surveillance should consider the building location, relation with the front road, and surrounding facilities. In a building of a piloti structure, the parking lot and the building gate should be arranged in a manner that enables natural surveillance. Second, the shape of the corridors in studio-type housings should be considered to plan the installation of a lighting at the door of each household, the installation of a viewer window at the door of each household, and the arrangement of the elevator. Third, to support access control, an access control system having the function of video and voice communication is recommended to be installed at the building gate. Criteria for the type of security windows and the floors on which security windows should be installed, and the regulations about the CCTV installation inside and outside the building should be prepared. Fourth, to enhance territoriality in parking lots, ground patterns, parking lot gate, and signs may be installed. Fifth, in view of effective utilization and maintenance, lighting facilities should be installed to increase the usability of ground parking lots, and relevant installation criteria should be prepared regarding the type, number, and brightness of the lightings.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.91-102
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• 2003

The main purpose of this research was to examine the variables that influence environment-friendly management behaviors of family resources. For this study, environment-friendly management behaviors were classified into four categories: buying, using, recycling and disposal. Another purpose of this study was to find out the levels of environmental education, environmental knowledge, and environmental consciousness among household managers. In order to determine the levels, a structured survey questionnaire was administered and data were collected from 391 housewives who live in Seoul and Jeonju. The results show that environmental consciousness and environmental knowledge affected buying and disposal behavior. There was a significant difference in using behavior by the degree of environmental consciousness. The variables that affected recycling behavior were environmental education and environmental consciousness. The level of environmental awareness was highest in ! environmental consciousness, second highest in environmental knowledge, and lowest in environmental education.