• Korea journal of population studies
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.129-161
• /
• 1998

Change in the future household members is closely related to the change in the size and structure of the population which, in turn, is affected by factors of fertility and mortality and the household itself due to changing social values on family. This study aims to estimate the number of households and to thereby analyze the characteristics of household, using a household projection method chosen by reviewing various methods for Korea. In selecting the method of estimating households, the irregularity of the source data should be carefully taken into consideration with a society like the Korean society which is changing rapidly. The review on the proojection methods suggests the breakdown of the ages into two groups, namely 34 years old or less and 35 years old or more, for projecting the households for Korea. Thus, the Exponential Method for the former age group and the Net Transitional Method for the latter are adopted in this study. As a result, the number of households is expected to increase from 12,956 thousand in 1995 to 20,006 thousand in 2030 or by 54% during this period. The average number of members per household will decrease from 3.3 persons in 1995 to 2.5 persons in 2030. One of the main features of change in the housohold structure will be a rapid increase in the number of one person households and a decrease in the number of households with three generations or more.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.18 no.2 s.40
• /
• pp.135-149
• /
• 2006

This study analyzed the unit of child rearing in four Household textbooks approved by the Department of Education during the 1920s-30s. These Household textbooks is contained a unit related to child rearing among Household textbooks approved by the Department of Education at that time. The results of the analysis are summarized as follows. First, the structure of the child rearing unit in the Household textbooks were largely composed of 'part, chapter and section' and this structure and contents were similar among all the textbooks. Second. in general, the four textbooks spared a large space for 'childcare,' nursing' and 'new-born babies and infants,' suggesting the importance of these contents. Third, cautions for pregnant women were taught to call attention not only of pregnant women but also of their families to importance of pregnancy. Fourth, the child rearing unit contained many illustrations and pictures and some pictures were shared among the textbooks. Firth, in acquiring medical knowledge related to diseases, the textbooks demanded child-rearing mothers to 'observe' and 'scrutinize' any symptoms appearing in the child. These contents were connected with commercial products but far distant from the realities. The detailed method of 'nursing' also required a lot of time and accuracy impractical in real life.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.201-208
• /
• 2015

Organogels are semi-solid systems that consist of an apolar solvent as the liquid phase within a three-dimensional networked structure. In this study, we developed a stable and skin penetration-enhanced Lecithin Organogel (LO) containing genistein, which is one of the poorly soluble active ingredients in both polar and apolar phase. After screening of various components (type of gelators, organic and aqueous phase), hydrogenated lecithin (HL), sunflower oil (SO), dipropylene glycol (DPG), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were mainly used in this formulation. Phase ternary diagram was employed for optimization of the composition in the LO. The formulated LO were evaluated for its organoleptic characteristics, stability, pH, rheology, phase transition temperatures, microscopic analysis and skin penetration. The optimized stable LO system can be utilized as an effective and stable cosmetic formulation that can carry poorly soluble active ingredients at high concentration for topical dermal delivery.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.16 no.9
• /
• pp.79-99
• /
• 2018

Purpose - Food consumption in Korea has changed in paradigm as it has grown qualitatively in the past in quantitative shortages. Consumer food consumption patterns are rapidly changing due to changes in economic, social and population conditions, scientific and technological development, climate change, and market opening. At the same time, there is a need to actively respond to these changes in terms of the food industry, market, and government policy. The purpose of this study is to examine the changes and characteristics of food consumption expenditure of Korean consumers in-depth and depth in order to provide implications for agriculture, food market and policymakers. Research design, data, and methodology - We analyzed various food consumption changes from the 1980s to 2015 through Household Income and Expenditure Survey raw data from MDIS(Microdata Integrated Service) of Statistics Korea. and conducted the age effect, generation effect, and year effect by cohort analysis. We also conducted comparisons with OECD countries on several indicators. Results - Food consumption spending was slow, and there was no significant change in home consumption, while eating out consumption increased about 20 times in 2015 compared to 1980. Income, age, residential area, number of household members showed significant changes in food consumption. According to the cohort analysis, the changes in the food consumption structure are largely due to age effect, and the year, age, and generation effects are different for each food item. Conclusions - Food consumption has a significant impact on not only the nutritional status of consumers but ultimately the public health. Therefore, they should be regarded as a strategic policy area of central government rather than a matter of size and change of food consumption expenditure.

• Convergence Security Journal
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.135-142
• /
• 2023

In addressing the prominent issues of climate change, resource scarcity, and environmental pollution associated with household waste, extensive research has been conducted on intelligent waste classification methods. These efforts range from traditional classification algorithms to machine learning and neural networks. However, challenges persist in effectively classifying waste in diverse environments and conditions due to insufficient datasets, increased complexity in neural network architectures, and performance limitations for real-world applications. Therefore, this paper proposes i-YOLOX as a solution for rapid classification and improved accuracy. The proposed model is evaluated based on network parameters, detection speed, and accuracy. To achieve this, a dataset comprising 10,000 samples of household waste, spanning 17 waste categories, is created. The i-YOLOX architecture is constructed by introducing the Involution channel convolution operator and the Convolution Branch Attention Module (CBAM) into the YOLOX structure. A comparative analysis is conducted with the performance of the existing YOLO architecture. Experimental results demonstrate that i-YOLOX enhances the detection speed and accuracy of waste objects in complex scenes compared to conventional neural networks. This confirms the effectiveness of the proposed i-YOLOX architecture in the detection and classification of multiple household waste objects.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.463-468
• /
• 2014

BACKGROUNDS/OBJECTOVES: Family has an impact on dietary intake of children as a proximal food environment and family structures are changing and becoming more diverse. This study was performed to identify the association between family structure and food group intake of children aged 3-18 years in Korea. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 3,217 children with complete data on variables for household information, dietary intake and sampling weights were obtained from 2010-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Children's family structure was classified into 3 groups (Living with both parents, Living with one parent and Living without parents). To evaluate children's food group intake, scores of individual food groups ('Grains', 'Meat, Fish, Eggs and Beans', 'Vegetables', 'Fruits' and 'Milk and Dairy products') was calculated from percent adherence to the recommended servings of the Korean Food Guidance System (KFGS). 'Food group mean score' was obtained by calculating the average of five food group scores. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, sex, number of family members, and household income, children living with both parents had higher scores in 'Fruits' (P < 0.01), 'Milk and Dairy products' (P < 0.05), and mean score of individual food group score (P < 0.001) compared to children living with one parent. Individual food group scores and mean scores of individual food group scores were associated with different socio-demographic factors in study children. Family structure was associated with 'Fruits,' 'Milk and Dairy products' score and mean scores of food group scores. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that different approach might be required to solve nutrition problem in children depending on their family structure and other socio-demographic factors.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.463-493
• /
• 2018

As the population structure of Korea changes with the increase of single households and elderly households, this may have effect on domestic energy consumption pattern. Our study analyzes whether the energy consumption of single and elderly households are distinguishable from those of general households. For empirical analysis, Household Energy Standing Survey panel data and regional fixed effect model are employed. The result strongly shows that single households consume more energy than other households. The consumption of single households from 40s to 60s was the highest. On the other hand, the effect of aging was different from energy sources. Electricity consumption of elderly household was more than other age groups, while oil consumption of elderly household was less than others. Gas and total energy consumptions turned out to be not much different among different age groups.

• Korea journal of population studies
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.99-145
• /
• 1987

Change in the future household members is closely related to the change in the size and structure of the population which, in turn, is affected by factors of fertility and mortality and the household itself due to changing social values on family. This study aims to estimate the number of households and to thereby analyze the characteristics of household, using a household projection method chosen by reviewing various methods for Korea. In selecting the method of estimating households, the irregularity of the source data should be carefully taken into consideration with a society like the Korean society which is changing rapidly. The review on the proojection methods suggests the breakdown of the ages into two groups, namely 34 years old or less and 35 years old or more, for projecting the households for Korea. Thus, the Exponential Method for the former age group and the Net Transitional Method for the latter are adopted in this study. As a result, the number of households is expected to increase from 12,956 thousand in 1995 to 20,006 thousand in 2030 or by 54% during this period. The average number of members per household will decrease from 3.3 persons in 1995 to 2.5 persons in 2030. One of the main features of change in the housohold structure will be a rapid increase in the number of one person households and a decrease in the number of households with three generations or more.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.29-44
• /
• 2009

The aim of this study was to theoretically examine the current status of TV home shopping business entities' expansion of business structure, and then look into TV home shopping business entities' preparation for the future business in their mature period. For this, the investigator examined literature home and abroad and then empirically carried out an experimental sale of household goods by selecting a model TV home shopping business entity. In order to understand current business structure of TV home shopping and increase sales, the investigator has changed price and then induced sales, focusing on the price of household goods. Study findings are as follows: As for the influence of TV home shopping household goods' price upon its sales, because TV home shopping business entities set in advance an efficiency unit-price per broadcast hour and carry out a sales strategy of reaching out the efficiency, they try to keep their sales with discounted price in the real sales setting of TV home shopping. But it is not an exclusive practice. General promotion became a common practice. The price of goods is the same with its life. Continuous discount events lower the reliability of goods and its supplier must bear the result. Overall sales after experiment increases by 13% and the sales efficiency also increases by 9%. Sales amount increases by 9% and a stable sales which is above average is achieved. The number of sales goods keeps 100%.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.173-181
• /
• 2016

Skin basement membrane (BM) is a specialized structure that binds dermis and epidermis of the skin and plays an important role in maintaining skin structure. Structural change and destruction of BM is reported to appear due to UV exposure and aging, which may contribute to skin aging including wrinkle formation and a decrease in elasticity of the skin. One of the key components of the BM is laminin-332 (LN-332), and is a major contributor to epidermal-dermal attachment. In this study, we elucidated the effects of Meladrium firmum hexane fraction (MFHF) on LN-332 expression in HaCaT, a human keratinocyte cell line. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and immunoblot analysis revealed that MFHF induced upregulation of LN-332 gene and protein expression. Next, cells were treated with p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB202190) prior to MFHF treatment to analyze the signaling pathway contributing to LN-332 expression. The mRNA and protein levels of LN-332 expression were suppressed completely by pretreatment with p38 MAPK inhibitor. Furthermore, MFHF also increased the mRNA level of collagen type VII and integrin ${\alpha}6$ of skin BM component. These results collectively suggest that MFHF may have potential as an effective agent to stimulate the synthesis of BM components, and could be used to improve phenomenon of skin aging ascribed to the structural and functional impairments of BM in aged human skin.