• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.21-35
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• 2015

This study conducted a research on the position, construction of space and plants of Ten Evergreen's Garden(十靑園) and Oddly Shaped Stone Garden(怪石園) that are central gardens of Eunguhdang(恩居堂) in the poem 'Statement of Responsibility'(Heo Mok, 1595~1682) and Sochi(小痴) Heo Ryeon(許鍊)'s 'Taeyeongsipcheongwondo(漣川台嶺十靑園圖)' in order to bring light on the construction of space and characteristics of them as a garden of the deep pond, Eunguhdang that is a historic site of Misu Heo Mok(許穆, 1595~1682). The characteristics of Eunguhdang, and the meaning of it from the research are expected to be utilized as a basic data for future restoration of it. The results are as follow: In Eunghudang, there are the main building, a detached house, a separated building, and servants' quarters, and the garden consists of Ten Evergreen's Garden between the main building and a Byeolmyo(別廟), a backyard which leads to a green mountaintop, and Oddly Shaped Stone Garden including a pavilion in the front of the detached house. These gardens are thought to have utilized various oddly stones. From the analysis of existing documents such as 'Gwuimonwon(龜文園)' and several interviews, it is concluded that Gwuimunwon might have had Youngdoseo(龍圖墅) that imitated a stream, and Oddly Shaped Stone Garden might have had a garden which imitates Guimonwon standing for graffiti. The evergreen plants in Gwuimonwon correspond to the plants of Sipjangcheong(十長靑) in Youngdoseo, and through these facts, it is thought to have sought "The clean and cool". Furthermore, the diverse colors of flowering trees and flowers in Oddly Shaped Stone Garden and the surrounding of it is symbolizing dragon which is found in Gwuimonwon and that is contrasting with the evergreen plants in Gwuimonwon. The oddly shaped stones in the garden of Eunguhdang have a strange atmosphere which is felt across the whole buildings in Misu, and s a same aesthetic object that are thought to have created beauty of old greenery and antique appearance by utilizing oddly shaped stones. Misu is based on ever green plants seeking change with flowers along with stones that means spirit, body and bones, which is strengthening his intention.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.58-74
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• 2018

This study aims to propose baseline data for designing restoration of Gaobyulup, researching space formation and characteristics of gardens of Gaobyulup, which located in the foot of Cheonmasan Mountain in Namyangju. Gaobyulup is a remain in retirement of Gyulsan Yu-Won Lee, a representative politician, administrator, and tea drinker in late Joseon Dynasty. The results of the research about the shape of Gaobyulup deducted through reference review, poetry and prose analysis, an on-the-spot survey and residents' interview are below: Lee, who used pseudonym as 'Gyulsan,' which menas Jongnamsan Mountain, yearned Mangcheonbyeoreop(輞川別業) by Yu Wang and retirement with a country house operation by Seogye Sedang Park. In the persuit of this ideal, he created and operated a country house in Gaogok of Yangju, which a family burial ground was located. Gaobyulup, which located in Gaogok in the lower part of Cheonmasan Mountain, was largely composed outer and inner gardens, and the area of house operation was started from a stone post of Gaobokji The inner garden of Gaobyulup was including major garden components like buildings, such as Sasihyanggwan, Obaekganjung, Imharyoe and Toesadam, and Chaewon near Haengrangchae, and Gwawon in an backyard. In addition, Younggwijung pavilion, which located 850m away from Gaobyulup, was the another country house inside the Byulup, thus Gaobyulup shows a duplex space formation. In the inner garden of Gaobyulup, there are Sasihyanggwan, which had functions of Sarangchae as library and depository of old paintings and calligraphic works, and Obaekganjung, a small Sarangchae which connected with Sasihyanggwan in the form of a transept. Yusanggoksuger located near Obaekganjung. Additionally, Imharyeo, a library with a tablet of Byeokryowon(??園), which located in the highest point in Byulup, has the functions of a reading room and a tea house. Many Taihu stones were located not only in Toesadam, a square-formed pond with lotus but also many places in the inner gardens. And rare garden plants were planted. These were closely related to the trend of horticulture for pleasure, wealth, and collecting old paintings and calligraphic works for pleasure of Lee. Meanwhile, the area of Younggwijung pavilion, located in Gaocheon stream fall from Byulup to Manhoiam, looks like Wooampok, a enjoying place of other personages, who use their pseudonym as "Oksan" or "Wooam" Lee identifies Wooampok as "Jesampok" and carved 'Gyulsan' s he declared this place is his operating area. Lee built Younggwijung pavilion and planted many peach trees for recreation of utopia. The stone letters of Byukpadongcheon, located in front of a bridge in the foreside of Younggwijung pavilion, seems another enchanted land created in Gaobokji inside. Lee carved Jeilsan in huge rock on the falls rear Manhoiam temple, which Lee did great role of foundation of the temple, so he identifies that this place was the end of the outer garden of Gaobyulup. This study tries to estimate traces of the country house in Gaogok through reference review and on-th-spot survey, and the results from this study are presumed based on site remains only conformed today. It needs to discover second scenary or stone carved letters between Jeilsan and Jesampok. Additionally, exact formation characteristics of Gaobyulup should be identified through excavation survey later. To do so, an interest and a major role of Namyangju-si must be equipped for future restoration of Gaobyulup.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.7
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• pp.12-20
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• 1996

Rurban house is the place to satisfy man's the most basic desires to live and dwell. In this study , the composing Type of the outer space and its connection with the innerspace are researched. And also it investigated how various environmental factors are reflected in the rurban housing development. As Louis Kahn said, "Archiecture is the thoughtful for-mation the space and the endless transformation of architec-ture is derived from the change of space idea." In the recent days, It is true that the qualitative aspect of a rurban house rather than the quantitative one has empha-sized. As man cannot make a living when seperated from the nature, the currents of life in the rurban house should be flowed into the new environmental change.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.24-37
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• 2012

In this study, Community Garden of various national and international practices trends to an advanced research, the concept of community garden participated with a group operation out of initiative to produce safety food while securing space for the community, ensuring the area that has gone through a new form of active secure urban green space plan, urban renewal movement was defined as the mean. Furthermore, for the purpose of improving the poor welfare environment by attempting to experimentally make a community garden of a disabled welfare house rooftop and how to target its planning and construction process, partnership involvement, business processes have been investigated, such as cost sharing. The whole process including a budget for development of this case was conducted by the Busan Green Trust. Standard Chartered (SC) First Bank's 50% fund share by community chest, participation of volunteers, support of Busan City and Saba-gu, outside of that, sharing parts or trial to participate by diverse partnership of enterprise, public corporation and laboratory, these are the key in developing community garden's model. Established community garden places resulted food production to users of welfare center for the disabled, participating urban agricultural experience program, horticultural therapy, complex community chapter and cultural center. Furthermore, we could find the meaning of rooftop community garden in the point that it is a low cost garden by applying movable and unmovable planters. This study is profitable for improving urban environment, ensuring community chapter and urban green areas, regenerating a city to develop experimental community garden model by using a welfare house rooftop.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

Located in Namwon-si, Jeonlla Bukdo, Gwanghallu Garden is created around Gwanghallu, which was a government office in the period of Joseon Dynasty and shows its looks as a government office building of the times. However, Gwanghallu Garden is recognized rather as a background site of Chunhyangjeon, representing a local culture, than the features and picture as a government office garden in the period of Joseon Dynasty because Gwanghallu appeared as the background of Chunhyangjeon in its Chinese character script and, after 1930s, Chunhyang Sadang was built up and Chunhyang Festival held, and it's recognized rather as a site for arousing national consciousness and cherishing Chunhyang for its integrity in the Japanese ruling era of Korea than as a government office building in the period of Joseon Dynasty. With it being more recognized as the background of Chunhyangjeon than an ancient government office building, Gwanghallu has been managed as a private house garden or event place of folk festival as the background of Chunhyangjeon than preserved and managed as ancient government office building, and now the looks and features as a garden of government office are hardly seen because of indiscriminate trees and making of structure and spaces. Therefore, to preserve and maintain Gwanghallu Garden as the garden of government office in the period of Joseon Dynasty, it's required to survey the trees, structure and spaces created in Gwanghallu Garden and compare the true condition with its original looks by studying its literature and it's suggested that the garden area created around Gwanghallu should be repaired and managed by separation from as the background of Chunhyangjeon. Such means of management may keep the looks of Gwanghallu as the ancient office garden while Chunhyangjeon can also settle down as a local culture in the background.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.100-121
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• 2009

This study is subjected to those gardens of the Korean Folk Village 'Oeam-Ri' designed in 1920s. - transitional period of traditional gardens - and define socio-cultural change's influences and through documents on garden design, descendant's testimony and measured drawings, to understand that period's garden culture's characteristics according to garden design elements. This study applied following analysis methods and procedures to derive out characteristics of transitional garden culture. Analysis on socio-cultural characteristics in 1920s. Analysis on actual condition of transitional garden's design. In this point Outline of the Garden, Space formation, Garden designing elements are (1) water landscape, (2) plant, (3) structures, (4) paving, to derive out characteristics of the transitional garden. The results follow as below; First, during the transitional period 1920s, the economical development, fueled by opening nation's door to foreign countries and indication of collapse of statue systems together with idea of practical science and Enlightenment Thought, was element of changes in garden style. Second, Garden Designers of transitional gardens in 'Oeam-Ri' were limited to upper class of the society. They were wealthy enough to maintain their high social statue in rapidly changing society. As results, tendency of returning to nature developed gardens located in a site of scenic beauty and development of geographical features arranging techniques, and also showed copying foreign styles. Third, arrangement of garden and space composition, in most cases, composed of buildings and yards. Changes in water landscape features and garden spaces are centered to main-yard. Major changes of the garden spaces are water landscapes and plants that showing foreign influences. Fifth, scenic appearance techniques appears with dense garden space and emphasizing visual scenic view. Sixth, the characteristics of transitional garden design techniques are development of geographical feature arranging techniques, changes and mixture of the materials and garden types, emphasizing garden's decorative beauty, change of concept of yard within house into garden, changes from 'borrowing of landscapes' to 'selecting landscapes', changes of front garden from emptiness to fullness, changes of attitudes of enjoying gardens from 'staying calm in the garden' to 'moving or walking in the garden', changes to inner-oriented view, and changes from 'just watching and enjoying the nature' to 'enjoying specific objects'. This study is one of the efforts to restore the identity of Korean Traditional Garden by approaching and observing modern era which function as bridge between tradition and present day, and we observed transitional aspects of changes of traditional garden into modern garden. Hereafter, more studies will be needed to Modern Garden Design be recognized as part of Korean Garden Design History and these would be author's next assignment.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.46-69
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• 2013

The results of study on the meaning landscape and environmental design techniques of the Byulup, Yoohoedang garden(Hageowon) based on the story in the collection of Kwon Yi-jin (Yoohoedangjip, 有懷堂集), are as below. First, Yoohoedang Kwon Yi-jin (有懷堂 權以鎭 : 1668~1734) constructed a Byulup garden consisting of ancestor grave, Byulup, garden, and a school, through 3 steps for 20 years in the back hill area of Moosoo-dong village, south of Mountain Bomun in Daejeon. In other words, he built the Byulup(別業, Yoohoedang) by placing his father's grave in the back hill of the village, and then constructed Yoegeongam(餘慶菴) and Geoupjae(居業齋) for protection of the pond(Napoji, 納汚池), garden(Banhwanwon, 盤桓園), and ancestor graves, and descendants' studying in the middle stage. He built an extension in Yoohoedang and finally completed the large-size garden (Hageowon) by extending the east area. Second, in terms of geomancy sense, Yoohoedang Byulup located in Moosoo-dong village area is the representative example including all space elements such as main living house (the head family house of Andong Kwon family), Byulup (Yoohoedang), ancestor graves, Hagoewon (garden) and Yoegeongam (cemetery management and school) which byulup type Byulseo should be equipped with. Thirdly, there are various meaning landscape elements combining the value system of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism value, including; (1) remembering parents, (2) harmonious family, (3) integrity, (4) virtue, (5) noble personality, (6) good luck, (7) hermit life, (8) family prosperity and learning development, (9) grace from ancestors, (10) fairyland, (11) guarding ancestor graves, and (12) living ever-young. Fourth, after he arranged ancestor graveyard in the back of the village, he used surrounding natural landscapes to construct Hagoewon garden with water garden consisting of 4 mountain streams and 3 ponds for 13 years, and finally completed a beautiful fairyland with 5 platforms, 3 bamboo forests, as well as the Seokgasan(石假山, artificial hill). Fifth, he adopted landscape plantation (28 kinds; pine, maple, royal azalea, azalea, persimmon tree, bamboo, willow, pomegranate tree, rose, chinensis, chaenomeles speciosa, Japanese azalea, peach tree, lotus, chrysanthemum, peony, and Paeonia suffruticosa, etc.) to apply romance from poetic affection, symbol and ideal from personification, as well as plantation plan considering seasonal landscapes. Landscape rocks were used by intact use of natural rocks, connecting with water elements, garden ornament method using Seokyeonji and flower steps, and mountain Seokga method showing the essence of landscape meanings. In addition, waterscape are characterized by active use of water considering natural streams and physio-graphic condition (eastern valley), ecological corridor role that rhythmically connects each space of the garden and waterways following routes, landscape meaning introduction connecting 'gaining knowledge by the study of things' values including Hwalsoodam(活水潭, pond), Mongjeong(蒙井, spring), Hosoo(濠水, stream), and Boksoo(?水, stream), and sensuous experience space construction with auditory and visualization using properties of landscape matters.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2022

This paper examined the history and development of Gyeongbokgung Palace's back garden based on historical materials and drawings such as Joseon Ilgi(Diaries of Joseon Dynasty), Joseon Wangjo Sillok(the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty), Doseongdaejido(the Great Map of Seoul), Bukgwoldohyeong(Drawing Plan of the Northern Palace), the Bukgung Palace Restoration Plan, Restoration Planning of Gyeongbokgung Palace and the following results were derived. First, it was confirmed that the Back Garden of Gyeongbokgung Palace was famous for its great location since the Goryeo Dynasty, and that it was named Namkyeong at that time and was a place where a shrine was built, and that castles and palaces were already built during the Goryeo Dynasty under the influence of Fengshui-Docham(風水圖讖) and Zhouli·Kaogongji(周禮考工記). Although the back garden of Gyeongbokgung Palace in the early Joseon Dynasty stayed out of the limelight as a back garden for the palace, it has a place value as a living space for the head of the state from King Gojong to the present. Second, in order to clearly identify the boundaries of back garden, through literature such as map of Doseongdo (Map of the Capital), La Coree, Gyeongmudae Area, Japanese Geography Custom Compendium, Korean Photo Album, JoseonGeonchukdoJip(The Illustration Book of Joseon Construction), Urban Planning Survey of Gyeongseong, it was confirmed that the current Blue House area outside Sinmumun Gate was built outside the precincts of Gyeongbokgung Palace. It was found that the area devastated through the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, was used as a space where public corporations were combined through the process of reconstruction during the King Gojong period. In Japanese colonial era, the place value as a back garden of the primary palace was damaged, as the palace buildings of the back garden was relocated or destroyed, but after liberation, it was used as the presidential residence and restored the place value of the ruler. Third, in the back garden of Gyeongbokgung Palace, spatial changes proceeded through the Japanese Invasion and Japanese colonial era. The place with the greatest geographical change was Gyeongnongjae area, where the residence of the Japanese Government-General of Korea was built, and there were frequent changes in the use of the land. On the other hand, the current Gyeongmudae area, the forests next to the small garden, and the forests of Baekak were preserved in the form of traditional forests. To clarify this, 1:1200 floor plan of inner Gyeongmudae residence and satellite images were overlapped based on Sinmumun Gate, and as a result, it was confirmed that the water path originating from Baekak still exists today and the forest area did not change. Fourth, in the areas where the traditional forest landscape was inherited, the functional changes in the topography were little, and major old-age colonies are maintained. The old trees identified in this area were indicator tree species with historical value. Representatively, Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis Uyeki, located in Nokjiwon Garden, is presumed to have been preserved as one of Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis Uyeki planted next to Yongmundang, and has a historicality that has been used as a photo zone at dinners for heads of state and important guests. Lastly, in order to continuously preserve and manage the value of Gyeongbokgung Palace in Blue House, it is urgent to clarify the space value through excavation of historical materials in Japanese colonial era and establish a hierarchy of garden archaeology by era. In addition, the basis for preserving the historical landscape from the Joseon Dynasty to the modern era from Gyeongbokgung Palace should not damage the area of the old giant trees, which has been perpetuated since the past, and a follow-up study is needed to investigate all the forests in Blue House.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.129-138
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• 2019

'Private Garden', is a legal concept that encourages the opening of private gardens to the public. Twenty-five private gardens have registered with the Forest Service since the 2015 policy was enacted. Although it is a positive system in terms of spreading and encouraging garden culture, the exact nature, role, and designation requirements have not been fully discussed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of 25 private gardens in Korea. The results of the study noted that the southern region occupied a large part of the geographical distribution of the private gardens, which is due to the natural and climatic conditions, the policies of the local governments, and the discretion of public officials. In addition, the gardens are almost all made up of modern gardens; there was only one house garden from the Joseon Dynasty. The owners of the gardens range from their 50s to 80s in age. The gardens were started because the owner believed it was a good endeavor, but many owners felt that it was difficult to manage the enlarged garden and eventually opened it through as a Private Garden in anticipation of receiving economic support. There are also owners who are willing to revitalize the area. In addition, profits are generated from facilities other than the gardens, and some operate related programs to promote the culture of gardening. For a sustainable Private Garden system, it is necessary to check the registration criteria and establish a clear role in the region. There is also a need for further measures for management and marketing. This study is meaningful as basic research on the Private Garden system that is not yet systematic.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2001

This study is about the residential district structure of Gyeryong ceramic art village in Gyeryong ceramic art village is a residential district for potters who succeed to and develop Gyeryong ceramic art. The external appearance of Gyeryong ceramic art village seems like being fixed and simplified. The creative space is either detached or attached to a living room. The relation between inner and outer space is that is directly connected to a garden. In the characters of major spaces, the formation of a workshop is the most important part of a house. And, an exhibition equipment and an oven are connected to the workshop. According to the study, a house, which is designed without an architect's help is simple and has a different form from a house designed by an architect.