• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 2007

The annual mean temperature of South Korea has risen by $1.3^{\circ}C$ for last 100 years by urbanization and industrialization. Especially, the frequency of unusual hot weather in summer increases for a long time and the frequency of unusual cold weather in winter clearly decreases. In recently, The considerable portion of curtain wall system is appled to building skin in domestic. As related to this, the Korea Institute of Construction Technology devised the box typed double skin facade(It is occasionally called as FDFS : Functional Double Facade System) as an alternative that reflects the distinctive local climate and saves cooling energy. Two mock-ups($49m^*4.9m$) applied to single skin(curtain wall) and double skin each were monitored under the outdoor condition. Therefore, the characteristics of natural ventilation and cooling energy consumption of each window had been analyzed in real time. The results of this study are summarized as follow, Analysis of the experiment on an air conditioner: the indoor temperature of the chamber with FDFS is lower than that of the chamber with single skin facades by $3{\sim}6$ degrees(C). A temperature variation of about $1{\sim}2$ degrees between the 0.2m and 1.7m height of the mock-up occurs in FDFS, while that of about maximum 7 degrees occurs in single skin facade at noon with abundant intensity of solar accident. Also, 67 percent of energy consumption for air conditioning has been saved.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.294-301
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• 2018

In winter, thermal screens are widely used to reduce heat loss from greenhouse to save energy. Unfortunately, not much data are available to the farmer to compare thermal screens while selecting the one that meets their specific requirements. Thus, there is a need to investigate the thermal performance of thermal screens. To address this issue, the Building Energy Simulation (BES) model of a hot box was used to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient (U-value) of the thermal screens. To validate the model, computed and experimental U-values of single-and double-layered polyethylene (PE) material were compared. This validated model was used to predict the U-values of the selected thermal screens under defined weather conditions. We quantified the U-values of each selected material and significant changes in their U-values were noted in response to different weather conditions. Notably, the thermal properties of the tested screens were taken from the previous literature to calculate U-values using the BES model. The U-values of the thermal screens can help researchers and farmers evaluate their screens and make pre-design decisions that suit their investment capabilities.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.316-322
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• 2001

Objectives : To explore the possible effect of an interaction between summertime heat waves and ozone on cardiopulmonary mortality during the 1994 heat wave in Korea. Methods : The unusually hot summer of 1994 in Korea was defined as the heat wave in this study. We examined the associations of air pollutants with daily cardiopulmonary deaths between 1991-1995, considering the product term of the heat wave and each pollutant, weather and time trends. Results : During the heat wave, while temperatures were uniformly higher than those of other summers, the within-heat-wave difference in mortality paralleled that in the regional ozone levels. In terms of the influence of the heat wave, the results of ozone were different to those of total suspended particles (TSP) and sulfur dioxide $(SO_2)$. The ozone association (relative risk (RR) : 1.036; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.018-1.054) was observed only under heat wave conditions, while the TSP (RR : 1.006, 95% CI = 0.999-1.012) and the $SO_2$ (RR = 1.018, 95% CI : 1.011-1.024) associations were found under normal weather conditions (per interquartile increase of each pollutant; results of three pollutants model). The ozone association under heat wave was attributable to the statistical interaction between the heat wave and ozone. Conclusions : These results support the possibility of a biological synergy between the heat wave and ozone, one that is not evident between the heat wave and other major pollutants like particles or $SO_2$.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.23-33
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• 2005

Four Properties and five Flavors of Drugs is interpreted by adaptation of human body to the environmental theory(天人相應). The Structural model of the body is compared with sky, earth, sun and moon (天, 地, 日, 月). The natural changes of the four seasons give rise to that of Four Properties and five Flavors of Drugs. On equal terms it is happened in our body. On this study we can draw an analogy between sky, earth, sun & moon (天, 地, 日, 月) and the body. The six bu(六腑) is related to the earth, the five ju(五主) to the sky, the five jang(五臟) to the sun, the meridians system (經絡) to the moon. When spring, the air is warm, the water element of the earth is ascending, and the earth gives birth to the sour flavor. Like this, the water element is absorbed by six bu and then is ascended to the meridian system. When summer, the air is hot and the water element of the earth is floated, the earth make the bitter flavor. In the same way, the six bu absorbed the hot air from the five ju and the water element is quickly absorbed by six bu and then the water element is ascended to the meridian system. When rainy season (長夏), the earth creates the sweet flavor The sweet flavor give warmer energy to the five jang and the six bu. When autumn, the earth change the sweet flavor into pungent. The earth gives warmer energy to the sky, because of cool weather According to same process, the pungent flavor give warmer energy to the five jang and the six bu, and the meridian system gets back the water element from the five ju. When winter, the air is cold and the water element of the earth is hidden. The sky and the earth are not interchangeable. At that time, the earth produce the salty flavor and the water element is keeping in the meridian system.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 2012

1. Objective : It is well-known that even if some people are born with same constitution, their symptoms can be different according to Exterior and Interior diagnosis. This study aimed to suggest different clinical symptoms according to Exterior and Interior group in individual Sasang constitution. 2. Methods : We collected 706 physiological and pathological data of subjects from August 2009 to July 2011 using case report form of Questionnaire. The Sasang constitutional diagnosis and Exterior and Interior diagnosis were conducted by Sasang constitutional experts. All data were analyzed with Chi-square test and significant p value was 0.05. 3. Results : There are different symptoms between Exterior and Interior group in Taeeumin as followed, the frequence of famine and burp, the part of sweat, brown or not in color of stool, painful or not in evacuating, the frequence of loose feces, the frequence of abdominal inflating, the costive feeling frequence after evacuating, foam in urine or not, urination times, amount of Coldness and Hotness in belly, the frequence of turning fale in face. Soeumin as followed, digestion well or not, amount of sweat in exercise, the brown or not in color of stool, the frequence of turning fale in face, athe frequence of clearness in urine and feeling hot. Soyangin as followed, amount of appetite, amount of sweat in hot weather, sweat in neck or not, the red color in urine or not, Coldness and Hotness in foot or not, amount of drinking. 3. Conclusions : We may suggest that physiological and pathological symptoms are different between exterior and interior group in individual Sasang constitution respectively.

• Atmosphere
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.585-597
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• 2019

This study evaluates the performance of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in simulating temperature over the COordinated Regional climate Downscaling EXperiment-East Asia (CORDEX-EA) Phase 2 domain for the reference period (1981~2005), and assesses the changes in temperature and its extremes in the mid-21st century (2026~2050) under global warming based on Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. MPI-ESM-LR forced by two RCP scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) is used as initial and lateral boundary conditions. Overall, WRF can capture the observed features of temperature distribution reflecting local topographic characteristic, despite some disagreement between the observed and simulated patterns. Basically, WRF shows a systematic cold bias in daily mean, minimum and maximum temperature over the entire domain. According to the future projections, summer and winter mean temperatures over East Asia will significantly increase in the mid-21st century. The mean temperature rise is expected to be greater in winter than in summer. In accordance with these results, summer (winter) is projected to begin earlier (later) in the future compared to the historical period. Furthermore, a rise in extreme temperatures shows a tendency to be greater in the future. The averages of daily minimum and maximum temperatures above 90 percentiles are likely to be intensified in the high-latitude, while hot days and hot nights tend to be more frequent in the low-latitude in the mid-21st century. Especially, East Asia would be suffered from strong increases in nocturnal temperature under future global warming.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.645-662
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• 2024

Climate change, driven by the natural process of global warming, is a worldwide issue of significant concern because of its adverse effects on livestock output. The increasing trend of environmental temperature surging has drastically affected meat production and meat product quality, hence result in economic losses for the worldwide livestock business. Due to the increasing greenhouse gas emissions, the situation would get prolonged, and heat exposure-related stress is expected to worsen. Heat exposure causes metabolic and physiological disruptions in livestock. Ruminants and monogastric animals are very sensitive to heat stress due to their rate of metabolism, development, and higher production levels. Before slaughter, intense hot weather triggers muscle glycogen breakdown, producing pale, mushy, and exudative meat with less water-holding capacity. Animals exposed to prolonged high temperatures experience a decrease in their muscle glycogen reserves, producing dry, dark, and complex meat with elevated final pH and increased water-holding capacity. Furthermore, heat stress also causes oxidative stresses, especially secondary metabolites from lipid oxidation, severely affects the functionality of proteins, oxidation of proteins, decreasing shelf life, and food safety by promoting exfoliation and bacterial growth. Addressing the heat-related issues to retain the sustainability of the meat sector is an essential task that deserves an inclusive and comprehensive approach. Considering the intensity of the heat stress effects, this review has been designed primarily to examine the consequences of hot environment temperatures and related stresses on the quality and safety of meat and secondarily focus on cutting edge technology to reduce or alleviate the situational impact.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.41 no.5 s.116
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• pp.527-544
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• 2006

This study provides a definition of heat waves, which indicate the conditions of strong sultriness in summer, appropriate to Korea and intends to clarify long term(1973-2006) averaged spatial and temporal patterns of annual frequency of heat waves with respect to their intensity. Based on examination of the Korean mortality rate changes due to increase of apparent temperature under hot and humid summer conditions, three consecutive days with at least $32.5^{\circ}C,\;35.5^{\circ}C,\;38.5^{\circ}C,\;and\;41.5^{\circ}C$ of daily maximum Heat Index are defined as the Hot Spell(HS), the Heat Wave(HW), the Strong Heat Wave(SHW), and the Extreme Heat Wave(EHW), respectively. The annual frequency of all categories of heat waves is relatively low in high-elevated regions or on islands adjacent to seas. In contrast, the maximum annual frequency of heat waves during the study period as well as annual average frequency are highest in interior, low-elevated regions along major rivers in South Korea, particularly during the Changma Break period(between late July and mid-August). There is no obvious increasing or decreasing trend in the annual total frequency of all categories of heat waves for the study period However, the maximum annual frequencies of HS days at each weather station were recorded mainly in the 1970s, while most of maximum frequency records of both the HW and the SHW at individual weather stations were observed in the 1990s. It is also revealed that when heat waves occur in South Korea high humidity as well as high temperature contributes to increasing the heat wave intensity by $4.3-9.5^{\circ}C$. These results provide a useful basis to help develop a heat wave warning system appropriate to Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.55-61
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• 2007

This paper has been conducted to estimate cooling capacity of the dehumidification tower using hot water from a solar water heating system as a energy source of regeneration process when the dehumidification and drying system is applied to room cooling. A solar water heating system was operated and indoor temperature distributions were simulated according to weather conditions when the concerned solution was used to dehumidify room air in the dehumidification tower. Through this simulation researches we found th following results ; It was found that air velocity through supply and return diffusers should be controlled because it can cause uncomfort in dwelling area. It was found that in the sunny morning temperatures of dwelling area 1 and 2 are higher than those of dwelling area 3 and 4. In this research all the calculation results of heating and cooling system supported by solar water heater have confirmed that its cooling capacity could not reach PMV 0, thermal comfort.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2015

Energy consumption in buildings is currently a real problem. That is why both assessment of energy performance and effective energy management including renewable energy system are essential. Thus, this paper focuses on a case study to analyze the energy performance and cooling & heating energy saving of a large scale shopping store in Daejeon city. The reference building is simulated by using TRNSYS dynamic simulation tool to examine its annual energy consumption. For annual energy analysis of building, one year energy consumption is surveyed in the field. The related study is carried out in large scale shopping store to investigate the energy consumption and energy use trend of heating, cooling, hot water, lighting, ventilation, equipments and other. The evaluation of energy performance of the geothermal heat pump system installed in a large scale shopping store is also analyzed by TRNSYS tool. From simulation results, it evaluated that the geothermal heat pump system is effective energy savings method in large scale shopping store.