• International Journal of Contents
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.39-46
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• 2015

When host images are watermarked with CRT (Chinese Remainder Theorem), the watermark images are still robust in spite of the damage of the host images by maintaining the remainders in an unchanged state within some range of the changes that are incurred by the attacks. This advantage can also be attained by "zero-watermarking," which does not change the host images in any way. This paper proposes an improved zero-watermarking scheme for color images on the DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) domain that is based on the CRT. In the scheme, RGB images are converted into YCbCr images, and one channel is used for the DCT transformation. A key is then computed from the DC and three low-frequency AC values of each DCT block using the CRT. The key finally becomes the watermark key after it is combined four times with a scrambled watermark image. When watermark images are extracted, each bit is determined by majority voting. This scheme shows that watermark images are robust against a number of common attacks such as sharpening, blurring, JPEG lossy compression, and cropping.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.633-644
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• 2009

A simple method has been developed to detect the bonding condition of active fiber composites (AFC) adhered to the surface of a host structure. Large deformation actuating capability is one of important features of AFC. Edge delamination in adhesive layer due to large interfacial shear stress at the free edge is typically resulted from axial strain mismatch between bonded materials. AFC patch possesses very good flexibility and toughness. When an AFC patch is partially delaminated from host structure, there remains sensing capability in the debonded part. The debonding size can be determined through axial resonance measured by the interdigitated electrodes symmetrically aligned on opposite surfaces of the patch. The electrical impedance and modal response of the AFC patch in part adhered to an aluminum plate were investigated in a broad frequency range. Debonding ratio of the AFC patch is in inverse proportion to the resonant frequency of the fundamental mode. Feasibility of in-situ detecting the progressive delamination between AFC patch and host plate is demonstrated.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.288-298
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• 2023

Host defense peptides are expressed in various immune cells, including phagocytic cells and epithelial cells. These peptides selectively alter innate immune pathways in response to infections by pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and modify the subsequent adaptive immune environment. Consequently, they play a wide range of roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. These peptides are of increasing importance due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and their functions as mediators linking innate and adaptive immune responses. This review focuses on the pleiotropic biological functions and related mechanisms of action of human host defense peptides and discusses their potential clinical applications.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.59.2-59.2
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• 2013

The luminosity evolution of Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) and dust extinction play major roles in the systematic uncertainties in the SN cosmology. In order to overcome these obstacles, here we propose to use GMT-GMACS to take spectra for early-type host-galaxies of SNe Ia in the redshift range between 0.2 and 1.0. This high-redshift sample will be taken from Dark Energy Survey (DES), which expects more than 200 early-type hosts at this redshift range. They will be compared with nearby early-type hosts, for which we are now obtaining low-resolution spectra. We will select host-galaxies of same population age range for both nearby and high-redshift samples to reduce the possible evolution effect. Since we are dealing with early-type galaxies, our test is also less affected by dust extinction. We expect that our evolution-free and dust-free dark energy test will provide more robust results on the nature of dark energy.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1123-1126
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• 2011

The IncP plasmid R995 has been a useful self-transmissible, broad-host-range vector for a number of applications including the recombinase/conjugation-based cloning of large genomic DNA segments. However, R995 derivatives (or related plasmids) expressing a wide range of different resistance markers and Flp recombinase target sites do not exist in the literature. In addition, documented strategies for applying such plasmids in cloning applications that take advantage of conjugation for the convenient isolation and recovery of constructs are extremely limited. Here, we report a new series of R995 plasmids with alternative markers to increase options for applications in backgrounds already expressing resistance to a particular antibiotic(s). These R995 plasmids have been engineered to contain FRT sites that can be used for recombinase-based cloning. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by cloning 20 kb regions from the Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli genomes and by cloning DNA from an exogenous plasmid source. To our knowledge, this represents the first systematic engineering of an intact, self-transmissible IncP plasmid with a series of alternative antibiotic markers and FRT sites.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.505-516
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• 2016

This paper evaluates the scaling of ground motions recorded from nine intermediate-depth earthquakes produced in the Vrancea seismic zone in Romania. The considered ground motion database consists of 363 horizontal recordings obtained on soil classes B and C (according to Eurocode 8). An analysis of the inter- and intra-event spectral accelerations is performed in order to gain information regarding the magnitude and distance scaling of the Vrancea ground motions. The analyses reveal a significant influence of the earthquake magnitude and focal depth on the distance scaling and different magnitude and distance scaling for the two soil classes. A linear magnitude and distance scaling is inferred from the results for the range of magnitudes $5.2{\leq}M_W{\leq}7.1$. The results obtained are checked through stochastic simulations and the influence of the stress drop and kappa values on the ground motion levels is assessed. In addition, five ground motion models which were tested in other studies using recordings from Vrancea earthquakes are analyzed in order to evaluate their corresponding host stress drop and kappa. The results show generally a direct connection between the host kappa values and the host stress drop values. Moreover, all the ground motion models depict magnitude dependent host kappa and stress drop levels.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1994

These studies were to observe the pentatomid species of chrysanthemum, and to investigate the h host range of Nysius plebejus DIstant and its control The five pentatomid species of four families w were observed In Chinju and Masan areas. Dominant species was Nysius plebejus DIstant with 80.6% occufied. The host plants of N. plebejus were 20 species in chrysanthemum fields. And major hosts were chrysanthemum morifalium, Lolium multiflorum, Erigeron linifolius and Fragana chiloensls. All the cultivars of C. monfoIium were infested and severely damaged by N. plebeius Appropnate control of N. plebejus was 3~4 applications of the effective insecticides at 10-day intervals from early August.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.397-401
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• 2009

Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds that have been recognized as important due to their physiological and pharmacological roles and their health benefits. Glycosylation of flavonoids has a wide range of effects on flavonoid solubility, stability, and bioavailability. We previously generated the E. coli BL21 (DE3) ${\Delta}pgi$ host by deleting the glucose-phosphate isomerase (Pgi) gene in E. coli BL21 (DE3). This host was further engineered for whole-cell biotransformation by integration of galU from E. coli K12, and expression of calS8 (UDP-glucose dehydrogenase) and calS9 (UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase) from Micromonospora echinospora spp. calichensis and arGt-4 (7-O-glycosyltransferase) from Arabidopsis thaliana to form E. coli (US89Gt-4), which is expected to produce glycosylated flavonoids. To test the designed system, the engineered host was fed with naringenin as a substrate, and naringenin 7-O-xyloside, a glycosylated naringenin product, was detected. Product was verified by HPLC-LC/MS and ESI-MS/MS analyses. The reconstructed host can be applied for the production of various classes of glycosylated flavonoids.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.76.1-76.1
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• 2012

We have employed SNANA supernova analysis package to make YONSEI Supernova Catalogue 1, which contains distance modulus, light-curve shape parameters, and color or extinction values of each supernova. This database is used to study the dependence of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) luminosities on the host-galaxy morphologies. The redshift range of this catalogue is 0.010 < z < 1.555, and we use three light-curve fitters: SALT2, MLCS2k2 (Rv = 3.1), and MLCS2k2 (Rv = 1.7). We find a systematic difference in the Hubble residual (HR) of $0.1{\pm}0.031$ mag between E-S0 and Scd/Sd/Irr host-galaxies, and of $0.16{\pm}0.044$ mag between passive and star-burst host-galaxies. This difference is significant over the $3{\sigma}$ level. Considering the significant difference in the mean age of stellar population between these morphological types, the difference in the HR reported here suggests that the evolution effect of SNe Ia luminosity should be considered in the cosmological application of SNe Ia data.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.315-324
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• 2011

The actiniarian sea anemone, Entacmaea quadricolor, and the scleractinian coral, Alveopora japonica, host symbiotic dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Symbiodinium (Freudenthal). We studied the host-symbiont specificity of these two anthozoan hosts in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Symbionts within the two hosts were identified using partial large subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and complete internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1 rDNA regions. The host, E. quadricolor, was identified using the partial LSU rDNA molecular marker. Genetic analysis showed that E. quadricolor only harbors dinoflagellates belonging to subclade C1/3 of the genus Symbiodinium. Moreover, no genetic variation was detected among the symbionts of E. quadricolor within the study region (Korea and Japan), even though the two distant sites were separated by more than 1000 km, at collection depths of 1 m in shallow and 13-16 m in deep water. Whilst scleractinian corals host multiple Symbiodinium clades in tropical waters, A. japonica, sampled over a wide geographical range (800 km) within the study region, only hosts Symbiodinium sp. clade F3. The high specificity of endosymbionts in E. quadricolor and A. japonica within the northwestern Pacific Ocean could be accounted for because symbiotic dinoflagellates within the host anemones appear to be acquired maternally, and the Kuroshio Current might affect the marine biota of the northwestern Pacific. However, the consistency of the symbiotic relationships between these two anthozoan hosts and their endosymbionts could change after climate change, so this symbiotic specificity should be monitored.