• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2011

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) sprouts are a vegetable commonly used as a functional food material due to its high vitamin C concentration and antioxidant activity. In this experiment, we measured the changes in the antioxidant activity of several barley cultivars as well as in the concentrations of related compounds such as ascorbate and glutathione upon treatment with UV-B or salicylic acid (SA). The six barely cultivars were grown in a plant growth chamber (25/$18^{\circ}C$, 14/10 h, 200 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-1}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, 70% relative humidity) for 10 days. All barely cultivars showed different 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities, which were increased by UV-B treatment and not by SA treatment. The changes in ascorbate concentrations were correlated with DPPH scavenging activity in both the treatments, suggesting that the antioxidant activity in barley sprouts was mainly dependent on ascorbate concentration. Furthermore, changes in ascorbate concentration showed similar tendencies to changes in free sugar concentration, especially glucose and sucrose, in both treatments. On the other hand, the concentrations of glutathione and cysteine highly increased by SA treatment, representing different tendencies compared to the DPPH scavenging activity and ascorbate concentration. 'Donghanchal' cultivar showed comparatively higher antioxidant activity, both constitutively and inducingly by UV-B treatment, with its higher concentrations of ascorbate and glutathione. These results suggest that barley sprouts could be used as a health-functional vegetable, contributing to the overall supply of antioxidant and sulfur-containing organic compounds.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.59-67
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• 2003

An efficient plant regeneration system was developed for Hordeum vulgare L. cv Baegdong - an important Korean cultivar. The protocol was based on a series of experiments involving the sizes of mature embryos and the culture media. The embryo size is found to be critical for the establishment of embryogenic callus. Embryos of 1.1-1.5 mm size showed a much higher ability to produce embryogenic callus capable of regenerating green plants. The auxins picloram and dicamba proved effective in inducing callus from mature embryos. $2.5\;m;I^{-1}$ dicamba and $4.0\;mg\;I^{-1}$ picloram in Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium was optimum for the induction of primary callus. The induced primary callus was loose and friable which ultimately developed into creamy white and compact callus after transferring into the fresh medium. Multiple shoots were induced in the MS medium supplemented with $6.0\;g\;I^{-1}$ maltose, $20\;mg\;I^{-1}$ sorbitol, $0.5\;mg\;I^{-1}$ 2, 4-D and $1.0\;mg\;I^{-1}$ kinetin and the rate was 6.5 shoots per embryo. Regenerated plants were hardy and developed roots rapidly in the medium containing $0.2\;I^{-1}$ IBA. This efficient plant regeneration system provides a foundation for generating transgenic plants of this important barley cultivar.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 1987

Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate effects of spray volumes and surfactants, L-77 and Triton CS-7 on leaf retention of glyphosate in Zea mays, Hordeum vulgare, Artemisia princeps, Trifolium repens and Equisetum arvense. Leaf retention was increased when glyphosate with L-77 or Triton CS-7 was applied in a spray volumes of 10-20 l/10a in Zea mays and 40 l/10a in Artemisia princeps but decreased when spray volumes were higher than above volumes and 40-80 l/10a in Trifolium repens. Hordeum vulgare leaves retained more spray when glyphosate with L-77 or Triton CS-7 was applied in all spray volumes tested. Equisetum arvense retained higher amount of spray by application of glyphosate with L-77 compared with Triton CS-7 and no surfactant treatments.

• Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.116-121
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• 2005

Compositae plants are known to contain biologically active substances that are allelopathic to agricultural crops as well as weed species. Aqueous or methanol extracts and plant residues from leaves of Xanthium occidentale were assayed against alfalfa (Medicago sativa) to determine its allelopathic effects, and the results showed that the extracts applied onto filter paper significantly inhibited seed germination as well as root growth of alfalfa. Aqueous leaf extracts of $40g\;L^{-1}$ were completely inhibitory on root growth of alfalfa, while root growths of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) were less sensitive. Leaf residue incorporation at $100g\;kg^{-1}$ into soil on seedling growth of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi) inhibited both shoot and root fresh weights of barnyard grass by 94 and $96\%$, respectively. Methanol extracts from BuOn and EtOAc fractions of X. occidentale reduced alfalfa root growth more than did those from hexane and water fractions. The results based on bioassay of extracts and residues show that X. occidentale had potent an allelopathic activity against other plant species.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.30-39
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• 2017

In this study, the predictive toxicity of barley Hordeum vulgare was estimated using a modified terrestrial biotic ligand model (TBLM) to account for the toxic effects of $CuOH^+$ and $CuCO_3(aq)$ generated at pH 7 or higher, and this was compared to that from the original TBLM. At pH values higher than 7, the difference in $EA_{50}\{Cu^{2+}\}$ (half maximal effective activity of $Cu^{2+}$) between the two models increased with increasing pH. As Mg concentration increased from 8.24 to 148 mg/L in the pH range of 5.5 to 8.5, the difference in $EA_{50}\{Cu^{2+}\}$ increased, and it reached its maximum at pH 8. The difference in $EC_{50}[Cu]_T$ (half maximal effective concentration of Cu) between the two models increased as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration increased when pH was above 7. Thus, for soils with alkaline pH, the toxic effect of $CuOH^+$ and $CuCO_3(aq)$ are greater at higher salt and DOC concentrations. The acceptable Cu concentration in soil porewater can be estimated by the modified TBLM through deterministic method at pH levels higher than 7, while combination of TBLM and species sensitivity distribution through the probabilistic method could be utilized at pH levels lower than 7.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.64-69
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• 1988

Young barley plants (Hordeum vulgare) were exposed to $^{14}$ Co$_2$ for 10 and 30 minutes. Leaves were harvested and extracted for aqueous soluble metabolites which were fractionated into amino acids, sugars, sugar phosphates and organic acids. It was found that both 10 and 30 minute incubation periods had similar quantities of label but differed in the quality and quantity. It was also found that the neutral fraction (sugars, phosphate esters and organic acids) had 4.5 times more label than the amino acid fraction at 10 minutes and only about 1.7 times at 30 minutes. Label increased moderately from 10 minutes in the sugar fraction where there was a large increase in the amino acid fraction, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Photosynthetic rate was found to be quite different when the 10 minute incubation and the 30 minute incubation were compared (0.125 vs 0.034 and 0.042 $\mu$mole co$_2$/mg chlorophy 11/min respectively).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.260-266
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• 2013

The study was carried out to determine the gel pasting properties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Geoncheonheugbori) as affected by different proton beam irradiation. The ${\lambda}max$, blue value, and amylose content were significantly associated with increasing proton beam irradiation. The pasting time in barley flour irradiated with proton beam ranged 0.09 to 0.16 min shorter than nonirradiated barley flour. Gel pasting temperature ranged 57.4 to $60.5^{\circ}C$. Gel pasting temperature in barley flour decreased with increasing proton beam irradiation. Proton beam irradiation caused a significant decrease in the onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp), conclusion temperature (Tc) and enthalpy change (${\Delta}H$). Gelatinization range (R) in barley starch was more broaden than that of non-irradiated barley starch. Barley starches gave the strong diffraction peak at around $2{\Theta}$ values$15^{\circ}$, $18^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$, and $23^{\circ}$ $2{\Theta}$. Peak intensity tended to increase with increased proton beam irradiation. The granule crystallinity is closely associated with decreased amylose and increased amylopectin component. The crystallinity degree of barley starch irradiated with proton beam was significantly increased and it ranged from 24.9 to 32.9% compared to the non-irradiated barley starches. It might be deduced that proton beam irradiation causes significant changes of properties of starch viscosity in rice, especially at high irradiation of proton beam.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.50
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• pp.115-126
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• 2023

A hydroponics experiment was performed to study the physiological and biochemical changes in Moroccan barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties cultivated under salt stress conditions. Four barley varieties were grown under exposure to three salt concentrations, including 0, 200, and 300 mM NaCl. The ANOVA for both salt stress-sensitive and resistant varieties indicated that salt treatment represented the main source of variability in all studied traits. Salt treatment significantly reduced root and shoot dry weight (RDW and SDW), relative water content (RWC), and chlorophyll content (Chl a, Chl b, and Chl T). However, increases in electrolyte leakage (EL) along with proline and total soluble sugar (TSS) contents were recorded. In addition, large variations in all measured traits were found between varieties. The 'Massine' and 'Laanaceur' varieties displayed relatively higher RDW and SDW values. The 'Amira' and 'Adrar' varieties showed lower RWC values and Chl contents than those of the controls indicating their relative sensitivity to salt stress. Principal component analysis revealed that most of the variation was captured by PC1 (72% of the total variance) which grouped samples into three categories according to salt treatment. Correlation analyses highlighted significant associations between most parameters. Positive relationships were found between RDW, SDW, RWC, Chl content, and soluble proteins contents, while all of these parameters were negatively associated with EL intensity, proline content, and TSS content. The results from this study showed that the 'Massine' and 'Laanaceur' varieties were relatively salt-tolerant. These two salt-tolerant varieties present a good genetic background for breeding of barley varieties showing high salt tolerance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.816-821
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• 2017

Vanadium is a trace mineral present in dietary sources, most commonly vegetables. The aim of this study was to investigate the growth and vanadium absorption characteristics of Brassica napus L., Fagopyrum esculentum, and Hordeum vulgare L. using different Jeju water concentrations. The growth of three sprout vegetables and absorption characteristics of vanadium were different depending on Jeju water concentration containing vanadium. In the case of B. napus L. and H. vulgare L., germination rate was inhibited by increasing Jeju water concentration, whereas in F. esculentum, the best germination rate (60.7 %) was obtained at 40 times concentration of Jeju water (vanadium, 1.34 mg/L). For the sprout growth, growth of shoots increased with increasing Jeju water concentration, but root growth was gradually inhibited by increasing Jeju water concentration. For the absorption of vanadium by Jeju water concentration, vanadium was not detected in H. vulgare L. The vanadium contents of B. napus L. and F. esculentum were 4.2 mg/kg and 2.9 mg/kg at 10 times concentration of Jeju water (vanadium, 0.46 mg/L), respectively.

• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.327-334
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• 1996

In this study, the origin of the monovinyl chlorophyll a carboxylic biosynthetic route was investigated in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and com (Zea mays L.). Protoporphyrin IX accumulated in vivo or in vitro was found to be all of the divinyl form. Furthermore, the conversion of divinyl protoporphyrin IX to monovinyl protoporphyrin IX in vitro was not observed. In contrast, the biosynthesis and accumulation of monovinyl Mg-protoporphyrin IX and its methyl ester occurred in etiolated leaves and divinyl Mg-protoporphyrin IX was convertible to monovinyl Mg-protoporphyrin IX in vitro. These results suggest that the monovinyl chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ carboxylic biosynthetic route in plants may originate from the divinyl Mg-protoporphyrin IX pool.