• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 8th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.23-29
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• 2020

Multilayer sub-contracting is a significant practice among the world, including Hong Kong. When a principal contractor secured a project from a developer, the specific jobs will usually be breaking down and sub-contractors with the lowest bid [1]. The adoption of multilayer sub-contracting has been a controversy issue which is considered as a two-side blade. While certain studies have been carried out to examine both the contributions, damages and improvements for multi-layer subcontracting, the construction industry and researchers are still waiting for a solid measure to enhance the system. Hence, this research attempts to study the advantages, disadvantages, conducts a comparison between single and multilayer sub-contracting and measures of current Hong Kong construction industry based on literature review, questionnaire and in-depth interviews. To achieve the objectives, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and total weighted score methods are adopted to examine and rank the criterion. The findings of this study provide a good basis for understanding the major reasons and problems caused by the adoption of multilayer sub-contracting. Besides, the identified safety perspective explores a new perspective regarding to issues of multi-layer subcontracting, which will serve as a solid foundation for further research to enhance safety performance. Finally, the findings of measurements towards improvement of multilayer sub-contracting will also provide a solidsolution for construction industry.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2003년도 International Meeting on Information Display
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• pp.984-987
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• 2003

The electrophosphorescent emission properties were investigated in polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) based on a poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) doped with a green phosphorescent dye of fac-tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium (III) [$Ir(ppy)_3$]. A green light peaked at 516 nm was emitted from devices with a configuration of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PVK:$Ir(ppy)_{3}$/BCP/$Alq_{3}$/LiF/Al. The optimal doping concentration of $Ir(ppy)_{3}$ in PVK was found at 2% by weight, under which maximum current efficiency of 24.3 cd/A and peak external quantum efficiency of 6.8% were achieved at the high luminance of 4240 $cd/m^{2}$. The external quantum efficiency of 5% and current efficiency of 18 cd/A can be sustained even at the very high luminance of 35000 $cd/m^{2}$.

• Architectural research
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.81-92
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• 2014

This study discusses the features of the lighting and ventilation regulations for residential buildings in Hong Kong. Given the compact built environment and public concerns about the environmental quality of housing, various lighting and ventilation regulations have been enacted in Hong Kong. The application of building regulations on the micro scale and incentive systems on the macro scale are present, and the governments' calls for more active participation of the private sector and use of the building environmental assessment tools were also noted. Unlike South Korea, however, Hong Kong was found to adopt more performance-based standards, consider the external factors of the lighting and ventilation conditions together with the indoor elements, and provide specific design guidelines. Notwithstanding the different climatic conditions and socio-political contexts of Hong Kong and South Korea, these findings provide some policy implications for the South Korean government in its efforts to achieve a healthy environment for high-rise, high-density housing. It is suggested that the South Korean government adopt more on-site measurement methods to reflect the environmental conditions accurately and broaden the scope and scale of the implementation of the lighting and ventilation regulations with more specific, practical planning and design guidelines.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2014

This paper investigates whether the use of Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHSs) to provide water for washing machines in Hong Kong residential buildings would be financially attractive. In such systems, rainwater is accumulated and reused for doing laundry, garden irrigation, flushing toilets, and even drinking. Thus, the analysis of RWHSs' financial feasibility is essential for construction projects. RainCycle is used to validate financial feasibility, considering particular circumstances and data relevant to the Hong Kong context. A range of different scenarios by adjusting three factors are evaluated: catchment area, water demand, and discount rate. It is suggested that $2,000m^2$ would be a suitable catchment area in a typical Hong Kong residential building and it is demonstrated how water demand and discount rate influence the financial performance of RWHSs. In particular, the financial performance of RWHSs is sensitive to discount rates. The results suggest that the RWH system would be worthwhile for buildings with a lower number of floors, but would barely achieve financial validation in Hong Kong's super high-rise residential buildings.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈D:수학교육연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.173-194
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• 2010

This study examines the differences and similarities of mathematics teachers' subject matter knowledge among England, the Chinese mainland and Hong Kong. Data were collected from a ten-item test in the SKIMA subject matter audit instrument [Rowland, T.; Martyn, S.; Barber, P. & Heal, C. (2000). Primary teacher trainees' mathematics subject knowledge and classroom performance. In: T. Rowland & C. Morgan (eds.), Research in Mathematics Education, Volume 2 (pp.3-18). ME 2000e.03066] from over 500 participants. Results showed that participants from England performed consistently better, with those from Hong Kong being next and then followed by those from the Chinese mainland. The qualitative data revealed that participants from Hong Kong and the Chinese mainland were fluent in applying routines to solve problems, but had some difficulties in offering explanations or justifications.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.157-168
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• 2003

This study was to investigate differences or similarities in pregnant and childbirth practices of Korea, Hong Kong and the United States and of mother-grandmother generations in each culture. The subjects were young mothers(YM) have baby from 2 to 2.5 years and their mothers or mothers-in-law(GM) in Korea(YM=118, GM=118), Hong Kong(YM=126, GM=78) and the United States(YM=105, GM=105). The subjects answered the questionnaires on pregnant and childbirth practices were constructed by specialists of child study in Korea, Hong Kong and the United States. Statistical analyses were by Frequencies, Percentages, Crosstabs, One-wav ANOVA, Scheffe' test, t-test. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Mother and grandmothers of Korea more tended to believe in supernatal being of pregnancy, to expect son, to eat a resortive and a food to help conceive, to inhibit attending a funeral at the time of childbearing, to practice fetal education than of Hong Kong and the United States did. 2. Relating sexual intercourse at the time of ovulation, maternal health care during the pregnancy, childbirth in hospital, husband's being in the hospital waiting room when their wife gave birth were much more prevailant in mothers than grandmothers did in Korea and Hong Kong.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.780-793
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• 2011

This study investigates the breast cathexis and brassiere design preferences of Chinese citizens living in Hong Kong in order to provide marketing intelligence for bra manufacturers whose target customers are from this group of potential customers. A questionnaire composed of questions concerning breast shape evaluations, brassiere design preferences, and brassiere purchase and wear practices was administered to 165 Hong Kong Chinese female undergraduates(N=165). For an analysis of our data, we used the SPSS program(version 14.0). The results indicate that a majority of Hong Kong Chinese female undergraduates perceive their breasts as 'slightly smaller than normal' (n=59, 35.8%) or 'normal'(n=78, 47.3%) in volume, and 'conical'(n=77, 46.7%) or 'flat'(n=46, 27.9%). The results also suggest that Hong Kong Chinese women possess positive breast cathexis, with only a third of the respondents reporting dissatisfaction with their breasts. Women with dome-shaped breasts expressed the most positive breast cathexis, followed by those with cone-shaped breasts. The results also show that Hong Kong Chinese typically purchase 2 brassieres per year, which is a lower purchasing rate than their counterparts in Korea(Cha & Sohn, 2010) and Taiwan(ICT Life Style Research Center, 2004). The findings also demonstrate that the preferred brassiere color is black(57%), unlike in Korea, where women prefer skin-colored brassieres.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.229-238
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• 2009

Currently, subway is becoming a major part of transportation and living environment in large cities such as Seoul or Hong Kong. As the numbers of subway lines and stations increase, visual cues indicating places are needed for users with various destinations, and environmental colors as well as line colors can be expected as effective informations for easy wayfinding. The purpose of this study is to understand the current color applications in terms of creating regional differentiation and informing subway lines in the transfer stations of Seoul and Hong Kong, by field investigation. The investigation has been proceed on 24 transfer stations from February to April, 2009 by taking photos and measuring environmental colors using Minolta spectrophotometer CM-2600d. As a result, regional differentiation in color application appeared generally low in both Seoul and Hong Kong but various 'hues' differing each station are used in Hong Kong, compared to limited use of 'hues' in Seoul, In terms of 'value', the rate of Seoul appeared lightly higher than that of Hong Kong, and the use of medium high rate of 'saturation' of main and secondary colors are shown as a remarkable character of Hong Kong.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 3th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.856-863
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• 2009

The problem of urban decay in Hong Kong has drawn much attention of both practitioners and academics. Poorly managed buildings not just give a negative image to the Pearl of the Orient in the region, but also pose potential risk hazards to the health and safety of the general public. While it is necessary to devise a comprehensive plan on redevelopment and urban planning, preserving the existing buildings to maintain their conditions for habitation can be a short-term option to safeguard quality standard. With the increasing number of ageing buildings in Hong Kong, a lot of research efforts have been devoted to managing repair and maintenance projects properly (for example those initiated and funded by the Construction Industry Institute, Hong Kong; and the current study financially supported by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University). Given the short duration and more diversified nature of work, building repair and maintenance works are found to be more difficult to monitor and regulate when compared with new works. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis on the problems of running building maintenance projects. An extensive review of contemporary literature was firstly conducted, which forms a solid basis for developing an empirical study on the problems and difficulties of running building maintenance projects from the viewpoints of industrial practitioners with a view to formulating effective strategies for managing maintenance projects successfully.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.105-115
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• 2023

Structural design includes calculation of the wind speed as one of the major steps in the design process for wind loading. Accurate determination of design wind speed is vital in achieving safety that is consistent with the economy of construction. It is noticeable that many countries and regions such as Hong Kong, Japan and Australia regularly make amendments to improve the accuracy of wind load estimations for their wind codes and standards. This study compares the latest Hong Kong wind code published in 2019, which is generally known as the Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong - 2019, with the latest revision of the AIJ Recommendations for Loads on Buildings - 2015 (Japan), and the Australian/New Zealand Standard, AS/NZS 1170.2:2021. The comparisons include the variations between the design wind speed and the vertical profiles of wind speed multipliers. The primary purpose of this study was to show any differences in the basic design wind speed and exposure factor estimations among the three economies located in the Western Pacific Ocean. Subsequently, the reasons for such underlying variations between the three documents, are discussed, together with future development trends.