• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1568-1574
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• 2012

Three Holstein steers in the growing phase, each with a ruminal cannula, were used to test the hypothesis that the synchronization of the hourly rate of carbohydrate and nitrogen (N) released in the rumen would increase the amount of retained nitrogen for growth and thus improve the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS). In Experiment 1, in situ degradability coefficients of carbohydrate and N in feeds including Korean rice wine residue (RWR) were determined. In Experiment 2, three total mixed ration (TMR) diets having different rates of carbohydrate and N release in the rumen were formulated using the in situ degradability of the feeds. All diets were made to contain similar contents of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) but varied in their hourly pattern of nutrient release. The synchrony index of the three TMRs was 0.51 (LS), 0.77 (MS) and 0.95 (HS), respectively. The diets were fed at a restricted level (2% of the animal's body weight) in a $3{\times}3$ Latin-square design. Synchronizing the hourly supply of energy and N in the rumen did not significantly alter the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, NDF or acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p>0.05). The ruminal $NH_3$-N content of the LS group at three hours after feeding was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the other groups; however, the mean values of ruminal $NH_3$-N, pH and VFA concentration among the three groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). In addition, the purine derivative (PD) excretion in urine and microbial-N production (MN) among the three groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). In conclusion, synchronizing dietary energy and N supply to the rumen did not have a major effect on nutrient digestion or microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in Holstein steers.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.260-265
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• 2018

TMR 급여와 분리급여가 반추위 메탄발생량 변화에 미치는 효과를 연구한 사례가 많지 않다. 본 실험은 1일 실험사료를 체중의 1.8%(실험 1) 그리고 2.4%(실험 2) 수준에서 급여하면서 triplicated $2{\times}2$ Latin square design을 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 각 실험에는 6마리의 Holstein steer를 이용하였고 2개의 군으로 나누어 각각 TMR 급여 또는 분리급여를 하였다. 공시 사료의 농후사료와 조사료 비율은 73% 그리고 27%이었다. 두 실험 모두 사료급여 방식 간의 1일 메탄발생량 차이가 없었다. 현재까지 보고된 국내 연구와 본 연구에서 얻어진 개체 별 1일 건물섭취량과 1일 메탄발생량과의 관계를 분석한 결과, 메탄발생량 $(g/d)=11.5({\pm}1.3){\times}$ 건물섭취량(kg/d) + 14.2, $R^2=0.73$, p<0.001의 회귀식을 유도하였다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.273-279
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• 2021

본 실험은 Holstein 비육후기에 홍삼박, 광물질 및 설탕을 첨가 급여하여 건물채식량, 일당증체량, 육질특성 및 경제성에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 수행하였다. 시험구는 4처리로서 홍삼박, 광물질 및 흑설탕을 급여하지 않는 처리구를 대조구(C), 홍삼박 200g 첨가 급여 구는 T1, 홍삼박 100g과 광물질 50g 첨가 급여구는 T2 그리고 광물질 50g과 흑설탕 20g 첨가 급여한 구를 T3로 나누어 실시하였다. 그리고 본 실험에서 얻어진 결과를 요약해 보면 다음과 같다. 총 사료섭취량 및 1일 채식량은 T2 및 T3구가 C구에 비하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 또한 채식량이 많았던 T2 및 T3구에서 총 증체량 및 일당 증체량이 높게 나타났지만 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 사료 요구율은 C구가 다른 구(T1, T2, T3)에 비하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났지만(p<0.05), T1, T2 및 T3 구간에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 등지방두께, 등심단면적 및 육량등급은 처리구 상호간 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 근내 지방은 T3(4.5) > T1(4.0) > T2(2.7) > C(2.5)구순으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 그러나 육색, 지방색, 조직감 및 성숙도는 상호 처리 간 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 육질등급은 상호 처리 간 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았지만 T3 > T1 > T2 > C 순으로 높은 경향을 보였다. 경제적 조수익성은 T3 > T1 > T2 > C구순으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 배합사료와 조사료 만 급여하는 체계(C) 보다는 홍삼박, 광물질 및 흑설탕을 첨가 급여(T1, T2, T3)하는 체계가 도체등급 및 수익성 증대에 유리하며, 특히 증체량, 육질등급 및 경제성을 고려하였을 때 T3구가 가장 좋은 급여체계로 나타났다.

• 한국발생생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국발생생물학회 2001년도 발생공학 국제심포지움 및 학술대회 발표자료집
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• pp.37-43
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• 2001

1. About fifty thousand of cattle embryos were transferred and 16000 ET-calves were born in 1999. Eighty percents of embryos were collected from Japanese Black beef donors and transferred to dairy Holstein heifers and cows. Since 1985, we have achieved in bovine in vitro fertilization using immature oocytes collected from ovaries of slaughterhouse. Now over 8000 embryos fertilized by Japanese Black bull, as Kitaguni 7~8 or Mitsufuku, famousbulls as high marbling score of progeny tests were sold to dairy farmers and transferred to their dairy cattle every year. 2. Embryo splitting for identical twins is demonstrated an useful tool to supply a bull for semen collection and a steer for beef performance test. According to the data of Dr. Hashiyada(2001), 296 pairs of split-half embryos were transferred to recipients and 98 gave births of 112 calves (23 pairs of identical twins and 66 singletons). 3. A blastomere-nuclear-transferred cloned calf was born in 1990 by a joint research with Drs. Tsunoda, National Institute of Animal Industry (NIAI) and Ushijima, Chiba Prefectural Farm Animal Center. The fruits of this technology were applied to the production of a calf from a cell of long-term-cultured inner cell mass (1988, Itoh et al, ZEN-NOH Central Research Institute for Feed and Livestock) and a cloned calf from three-successive-cloning (1997, Tsunoda et al.). According to the survey of MAFF of Japan, over 500 calves were born until this year and a glaf of them were already brought to the market for beef. 4. After the report of "Dolly", in February 1997, the first somatic cell clone female calves were born in July 1998 as the fruits of the joint research organized by Dr. Tsunoda in Kinki University (Kato et al, 2000). The male calves were born in August and September 1998 by the collaboration with NIAI and Kagoshima Prefecture. Then 244 calves, four pigs and a kid of goat were now born in 36 institutes of Japan. 5. Somatic cell cloning in farm animal production will bring us as effective reproductive method of elite-dairy- cows, super-cows and excellent bulls. The effect of making copy farm animal is also related to the reservation of genetic resources and re-creation of a male bull from a castrated steer of excellent marbling beef. Cloning of genetically modified animals is most promising to making pig organs transplant to people and providing protein drugs in milk of pig, goat and cattle. 6. Farm animal cloning is one of the most dreamful technologies of 21th century. It is necessary to develop this technology more efficient and stable as realistic technology of the farm animal production. We are making researches related to the best condition of donor cells for high productivity of cloning, genetic analysis of cloned animals, growth and performance abilities of clone cattle and pathological and genetical analysis of high rates of abortion and stillbirth of clone calves (about 30% of periparutum mortality). 7. It is requested in the report of Ministry of Health, labor and Welfare to make clear that carbon-copy cattle(somatic cell clone cattle) are safe and heathy for a commercial market since the somatic cell cloning is a completely new technology. Fattened beef steers (well-proved normal growth) and milking cows(shown a good fertility) are now provided for the assessment of food safety.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2001년도 발생공학 국제심포지움 및 학술대회 발표자료집
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• pp.37-43
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• 2001

1. About fifty thousand of cattle embryos were transferred and 16000 ET-calves were born in 1999. Eighty percents of embryos were collected from Japanese Black beef donors and transferred to dairy Holstein heifers and cows. Since 1985, we have achieved in bovine in vitro fertilization using immature oocytes Collected from ovaries of slaughterhouse. Now over 8000 embryos fertilized by Japanese Black bull, as Kitaguni 7 -8 or Mitsufuku, famousbulls as high marbling score of progeny tests were sold to dairy farmers and transferred to their dairy cattle every year. 2. Embryo splitting for identical twins is demonstrated an useful tool to supply a bull for semen collection and a steer for beef performance test. According to the data of Dr.Hashiyada (2001), 296 pairs of split-half-embryos were transferred to recipients and 98 gave births of 112 calves (23 pairs of identical twins and 66 singletons). 3. A blastomere-nuclear-transferred cloned calf was born in 1990 by a joint research with Drs.Tsunoda, National Institute of Animal Industry (NIAI) and Ushijima, Chiba Prefectural Farm Animal Center. The fruits of this technology were applied to the production of a calf from a cell of long-term-cultured inner cell mass (1998, Itoh et al, ZEN-NOH Central Research Institute for Feed and Livestock) and a cloned calf from three-successive-cloning (1997, Tsunoda et al.). According to the survey of MAFF of Japan, over 500 calves were born until this year and a half of them were already brought to the market for beef. 4. After the report of "Dolly", in February 1997, the first somatic cell clone female calves were born in July 1998 as the fruits of the joint research organized by Dr. Tsunoda in Kinki University (Kato et al, 2000). The male calves were born in August and September 1998 by the collaboration with NIAI and Kagoshima Prefecture. Then 244 calves, four pigs and a kid of goat were now born in 36 institutes of Japan. 5. Somatic cell cloning in farm animal production will bring us an effective reproductive method of elite-dairy- cows, super-cows and excellent bulls. The effect of making copy farm animal is also related to the reservation of genetic resources and re-creation of a male bull from a castrated steer of excellent marbling beef. Cloning of genetically modified animals is most promising to making pig organs transplant to people and providing protein drugs in milk of pig, goat and cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1575-1581
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• 2005

This study was conducted to determine the characteristics of IGFBPs in plasma of steers, and to profile the relationship between growth and plasma IGF-1 and IGFBPs with aging in Holstein steers. Four blots of IGFBP at molecular weights of 38-43, 34, 29-32 and 24 kDa bands were detected by western ligand blot assay using $^{125}I-IGF-1$. On the basis of immunoblotting with anti-bovine IGFBP-2 and -3 antiserums, we observed the band for IGFBP-2 at approximately 34 kDa, and the IGFBP-3 band was detected at 38-43 kDa and 34 kDa in adult steers and calves. The IGFBP-3 antiserum used on the blots exhibited significant cross-reactivity with 34 kDa IGFBP-2. Furthermore, the 38-43 kDa IGFBP-3 bands were reduced to a 36 kDa band after deglycosylation, whereas the 34 kDa IGFBP-2 was intact. The plasma IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and other IGFBPs showed stability throughout a whole day. The change in live weight was found to be positively correlated to the plasma IGF-1 concentration (r = 0.6801, n = 64, p<0.05) and plasma IGFBP-3 (r = 0.6321, n = 64, p<0.05), while inversely correlated to plasma IGFBP-2 (r = -0.2919, n = 64, p<0.05). Furthermore, plasma IGF-1 was positively correlated to plasma IGFBP-3 (r = 0.6191, p<0.001), but was not correlated to plasma IGFBP-2. The portion of IGFBP-2 for total IGFBPs in calves was higher than in adult steers (p<0.05) and was decreased with growth, whereas that of IGFBP-3 was increased with increased live weight (p<0.05). The ratio IGFBP-3 for IGFBP-2 (BP-3/BP-2) was increased with growing of liveweight. Therefore, the changes in plasma IGF-1 level with increased liveweight may be related to the changes in plasma IGFBP-3 level and IGFBP-2 may give an important role in anabolic action of IGF-1 with the growth of body during calfhood in Holstein steers.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.313-318
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• 2013

본 시험은 젖소 4두에 대하여 제1위체류형 센서(Indwelling probe)를 정치시키고 이를 이용하여 아급성제1위과산증(SARA)의 강도를 조사함과 동시에 pH가 혈 중 내독소(Lipopolysaccharide; LPS)의 농도에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위하여 수행되었다. 비섬유성탄수화물(Non-fiber carbohydrates, NFC)을 기준으로 적정 수준의 NFC를 포함하고 있는 정상 사료군(Normal diet, ND)과, 아급성제1위과산증(Subacute ruminal acidosis, SARA) 유발가능 사료군(Acidogenic diet, AD)의 2개 처리구에 각 2두씩 배치하여 Cross-over 설계로 사양실험을 반복 실시하였다. 제1위체류형 센서는 장시간에 걸친 제1위 내 pH의 변화를 추적하는 데 효과적이었다. 얻어진 결과에서 AD 급여는 반추위내용물의 pH를 낮추는 데 커다란 영향을 주었으며, 반추위 내 pH의 저하는 혈 중 LPS의 농도가 증가로 이어짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 혈 중 LPS 농도는 급성 또는 만성형을 불문하고 과산증을 확인하는 지표로 사용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 착유우용 사료첨가물로 많이 이용되는 소디움벤토나이트(NaB)와 프로필렌글리콜(PG)의 급여는 반추위 내 pH의 저하를 완충시켜 궁극적으로 SARA의 강도를 완화시키고 혈 중 Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 농도의 증가를 줄여 줌으로써 내독소에 의해 발생하기 쉬운 제엽염 등의 부작용을 완화시키는 데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.401-414
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• 2006

젖소 거세우의 육질을 개선시키기 위하여 조사료원으로서 대나무(잎과 가지포함)를 암모니아 처리 볏짚 급여수준에 대하여 4 수준(0, 30, 40, 50%)으로 나누어 체중 300kg 부터 700kg 까지 급여하면서, 증체량, 사료섭취량, 사료효율, 경제성, 소화율 및 도체특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 일당증체량은 대나무 30% 급여수준은 암모니아 볏짚 급여구와 차이가 없었으나 대나무 40%와 50% 급여구는 일당증체량이 감소하였다. 농후사료섭취량은 조사료중의 대나무 급여수준에 의하여 처리구간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 조사료 섭취량은 대나무 급여수준이 높아질수록 약간씩 증가하는 경향이었다. 총 사료섭취량은 대나무 급여수준 간에 차이가 없었다. 사료효율은 대나무 30% 급여수준은 암모니아 처리 볏짚 급여구와 차이가 없었으나 대나무 40% 및 50% 수준에서는 나빠졌다. 경제성에 미치는 영향을 보면 조수익에서는 대나무 30% 급여구가 암모나아 볏짚 급여구에 비하여 약 13% 높았으나, 대나무 40%와 50% 급여구는 조수익이 낮았다. 건물, 조지방, 조단백질, 가용무질소물 및 조회분 소화율은 대나무 30% 급여구와 암모니아 처리 볏짚 급여구간에 차이가 없었으나, 조섬유 소화율은 암모니아 처리 볏짚 급여구가 대나무 급여구 보다 높았고, 대나무 급여수준 간에는 차이가 없었다. 도체율과 등지방두께는 처리구간에 차이가 없었으나 배 최장근 단면적은 대나무의 급여수준이 증가할수록 점차적으로 좁혀졌다. 육량등급은 처리구간에 같은 B 등급이었다. 육색, 지방색, 조직감, 성숙도 및 근내지방도도 처리구간에 차이가 없었고, 육질등급은 처리구간에 2 등급이었다. 그러므로 본 연구에 의하면 젖소 수소는 거세를 시키고 조사료로서 암모니아 볏짚을 급여하면서 대나무(잎과 줄기포함)를 파쇄하여 30% 정도 대체 급여하면 젖소 거세우의 소득 향상을 위해 바람직하다고 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.1255-1259
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of halogenated compounds, organic acids, unsaturated fatty acids and their mixtures on in vitro methane production and fermentative characteristics of mixed rumen microorganisms. Agents used in two in vitro experiments were bromoethanesulfonic acid (BES) and pyromellitic diimide (PMDI) as halogenated compound, fumarate and malate as organic acid, and linoleic acid and linolenic acid as unsaturated fatty acid sources. Ruminal fluid collected from a Holstein steer fed tall fescue and concentrate mixtures was incubated at $39^{\circ}C$ for 48 h with addition of those materials. Single supplementation of halogenated compounds, organic acids or unsaturated fatty acids decreased in vitro methane production (p<0.05). The second experiment was designed to investigate effects of combination of one of halogenated compounds and either organic acids or fatty acids on methane production. Lower concentration of methane and lower A:P ratio were observed with PMDI compared with BES (p<0.01). In general medium pH, VFA, total gas and hydrogen production, and dry matter degradability were affected by addition of the same compounds. In addition, PMDI+malate treatment resulted in the highest molar proportion of propionate, and lowest A:P ratio and methane production (p<0.01). Hydrogen production was highest in PMDI+linolenic acid and lowest in BES+malate treatment (p<0.01). PMDI+malate combination was the most recommendable in reducing methane production without too much influence on digestibility under conditions of present studies.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.203-214
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• 2015

A survey was conducted to determine the perception of youku meat among college students majoring in food and/or nutrition. The survey participants were located nationwide, and the responses from the 2,454 students were analyzed. More male and higher grade students answered that they had heard about youku while only 20.0% had learned about Youku from class. Approximately 37.8% of the subjects recognized youku as 'dairy cattle which are too old to produce milk', 54.0% as 'all cattle grown for the purpose of meat', and 23.1% as 'all cattle except for Hanwoo'. Only 37.4% recognized youku correctly. Compared with the same quality grade, 25.3% recognized youku meat as being cheaper than imported beef, and only 25.6% of them recognized that youku meat has less fat than imported beef. As much as 83.3% of subjects did not know whether or not they were served youku meat, and 23.7% of subjects wanted increased availability of youku meat. As much as 22.9% of subjects opposed the increased use of youku meat, and the reasons were "it does not taste good" (18.1%), "it is not Hanwoo" (15.1%), "it is not sanitary" (13.1%), and "it is imported" (6.0%). The findings provide basic information on barriers regarding youku meat promotion among subjects who will be dieticians in food service or managers in purchase departments of catering companies in the future.