• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.653-658
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• 2012

This study was conducted to estimate the potential acid production value (PAPV) of major diets and to determine the relationship between dietary PAPV and dairy production traits. Estimation of PAPV of major cattle feeds was based on an in vitro technique, which determined the degree of Ca dissociation from $CaCO_3$. Data on feeds and production traits were collected on 744 multiparous lactating Holstein dairy cows from five different farms. Grains had high PAPV with variable protein sources and by-products. High PAPV feedstuffs had a higher total gas production and lower pH compared to those with low PAPV. Dietary PAPV had a positive correlation with intake of dry matter, NDF, ADF, milk yield and milk solid production but a negative correlation with milk protein and milk fat concentration. Current results indicate that dietary PAPV can be utilized in predicting dairy production traits.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1259-1266
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• 2018

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the possible application of Broussonetia papyrifera (B. papyrifera) silage as a functional feeding stuff in dairy cattle. Methods: Seventy-two Holstein cows were divided into four groups randomly and allocated to 6 pens with 3 individuals in each group and fed the original total mixed ratio (TMR) in the dairy farm or the new TMR with 5%, 10%, and 15% B. papyrifera silage, separately. Feed intake were recorded, milk and blood samples were collected, and milk composition, blood metabolites and milk fatty acids composition were measure at the end of the experiment. Results: Dry matter intake of cows decreased when they fed on diet with B. papyrifera, but no differences were observed in body condition score, milk yield, milk protein and lactose, feed efficiency and serum metabolites between groups. Both 10% or 15% of B. papyrifera silage in the diet significantly increased the immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG in serum, 15% of B. papyrifera silage increased the content of serum catalase, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and decreased the content of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. Furthermore, 10% or 15% of B. papyrifera silage resulted in a significant decrease in the milk somatic cell count, and increased the polyunsaturated fatty acids content in the milk. Conclusion: The diets with 10% to 15% of B. papyrifera silage might enhance the immune and antioxidant function of dairy cows and increase the polyunstaturated fatty acid concentration in the milk.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2003

본 연구는 하절기 홀스타인 젖소의 행동과 체온(내서성)에 관하여 환경효과를 추정하기 위하여 1999년 7월 6일부터 13일까지 수행하였다. 행동지수를 조사하기 위하여 Holstein 젖소 77두를 공시하였으며 사양은 NRC 사양표준에 의거 농후사료와 옥수수 사일리지 위주로 관리하였다. 체온은 스탄촌에 계류된 상태에서 오후 1시부터 3시 사이에 직장내 온도를 측정하였으며 이때 기온은 $29.0^{\circ}C$ 이었다. 건유 및 착유 상태, 산차에 따라 체온이 달랐으나(p<0.01), 행동지수에 대하여 착유우와 건유우는 오전 9시부터 정오까지, 오후 1시부터 4시까지는 차이가 없었다. 착유우의 직장내 체온은 39.0${\pm}0.03^{\circ}C$으로서 건유우의 체온(38.6 ${\pm}0.04^{\circ}C$)보다 높았다. 오후 1-4시까지는 3산차 이하의 개체들이 4산차 이상의 개체들에 비하여 행동지수가 높았고, 산차의 증가에 따라 감소하는 경향이었다. 우유 성분과 체온과의 상관에 대하여 유당을 제외한 지방, 단백질, 무지고형분율 및 총고형분 등과는 부의 표현형 상관을 나타내었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1209-1216
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• 2005

This study aimed to use field data collected by the Hokkaido Dairy Cattle Milk Recording and Testing programs to estimate genetic parameters for concentration of milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and predicted Digestive Crude Protein Percentage of requirement (DCPun). Edited data consisted of 5,797,500 test-day records of MUN and yields of milk, fat, and protein obtained from 783,271cows in Holstein herds in Hokkaido, Japan. Data were divided into four datasets; for the first, second, third and fourth lactations. Two analyses were performed on data from each lactation. First, ANOVA was used to estimate the significance of the effects of several environmental factors on MUN and DCPun, after absorbing the Herd-Test-Day (HTD) effects. The effects of DIM and age.season effects had significant impact on MUN and DCPun. The second used a multi-traits repeatability model (MTRM) to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations of milk with MUN and DCPun. Heritability estimates for MUN and DCPun in the first, second, and third lactations were 0.21:0.16, 0.20:0.16, and 0.20:0.18, respectively. Genetic correlations for milk with MUN and DCPun in the first, second, and third lactations were 0.02 - 0.17, and -0.25 - -0.39, respectively. The results indicate that MUN and DCPun are possibly effective tools for improving the energy balance, but that the relationships between MUN and other economically important traits such as feed efficiency, metabolic disease and fertility are still necessary.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.215-221
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• 1995

Three fistulated nonlactating Holstein cows were used to examine the change in ruminal characteristics when fed diets of 100% corn silage, 50% corn silage + 50% wet brewers' grain(WBG) and 100% WBG, and also twenty Holstein heifers averaging 156 $\PM$ 3.2kg BW were randomly assingned to determine the adequate feeding level of concentrate with the following treatments ; Only WBG, concentrate to 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of BW under feeding WBG ad libitum. Tne main results were as follows : I. Ruminal pH was minimized 3 hrs after feeding and then gradually increased. The mean ruminal pH was highest in feeding only WBG (6.72) and lowest in only corn silage(6.0) 2. Ruminal $NH_3$-N concentration was maximized 1 hr after feeding and then gradually decreased regardless of diets, n7e average ruminal $NH_3$-N content was highest in diet of 100% WBG(12.9 rngldl) and lowest in 100% corn silage(5.9 mg/dl) 3. Acetic acid percent among VFA was highest when WBG replaced 50% corn silage and acetic to propionic acid ratio was higher in order of feeding only corn silage, 50% corn silage + 50% WBG and only WBG. 4. Ruminal bacteria and protozoa number in diet of 50% corn silage + 50% WBG were 8.14 $\times$ > $10^5$ and 1.45 $\times$ $10^5$, respectively, which were most of all treatments. 5. Daily gain and feed efficiency of Holstein heifer in feeding concentrate to 0.5% of BW and forage hay to about 20% of total DM intake when fed free WBG were better

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.756-764
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• 2009

Provision of an optimal environment for the calf is critical to establishing the patterns of growth and development essential to allow the heifer to express its genetic potential for milk output and reproductive capacity during its productive life. Maternal nutrition during gestation is now recognised as a key to genetic programming in utero and this influence is extended through the complexity of hormones, growth factors and immunostimulants incorporated into colostrum and milk consumed by the neonatal calf. This natural process is most often disrupted as calves are weaned abruptly to maximise milk output for commercial exploitation. The key then is to accelerate the rate of maturation of the ruminal epithelium through the provision of concentrate starter rations and high quality forage, which promote VFA production. Management systems to promote these processes in Holstein Friesian cattle are well developed, however, little is known of these processes with buffalo and Bos indicus dairy cattle such as the Sahiwal. The development of methods to program the neonate to grow faster to puberty in these species will be important to improving their productivity for the dairy industries in tropical and sub-tropical environments in the future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.1511-1515
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• 2001

A prediction of 305 d milk production from early records using an empirical Bayes method (EBM) was performed. The EBM was compared with the best predicted estimation (BPE), test interval method (TIM), and the linearized Wood's model (LWM). Daily milk yields were obtained from 606 first lactation Japanese Holstein cows in three herds. From each file of 305 daily records, 10 random test day records with an interval of approximately one month were taken. The accuracies of these methods were compared using the absolute difference (AD) and the standard deviation (SD) of the differences between the actual and the estimated 305 d milk production. The results showed that in the early stage of the lactation, EBM was superior in obtaining the prediction with high accuracy. When all the herds were analyzed jointly, the AD during the first 5 test day records were on average 373, 590, 917 and 1,042 kg for EBM, BPE, TIM, and LWM, respectively. Corresponding SD for EBM, BPE, TIM, and LWM were on average 488, 733, 747 and 1,605 kg. When the herds were analyzed separately, the EBM predictions retained high accuracy. When more information on the actual lactation was added to the prediction, TIM and LWM gradually achieved better accuracies. Finally, in the last period of the lactation, the accuracy of both of the methods exceeded EBM and BPM. The AD for the last 2 samples analyzing all the herds jointly were on average 141, 142, 164, and 214 kg for LWM, TIM, EBM, and BPE, respectively. In the current practices of collecting monthly records, early prediction of future milk production may be more accurate using EBM. Alternatively, if enough information of the actual lactation is accumulated, TIM may obtain better accuracy in the latter stage of lactation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.147-158
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to find out the effects that daughters' incomplete lactation records affect sire's breeding values through genetic evaluation using RRTDM(random regression test-day model). First, we estimated genetic parameters and breeding values on sires having complete lactation records of daughter by RRTDM, second, we changed complete lactation records of specific sires into incomplete records by various methods. Third, the breeding values were compared between complete and incomplete records. Finally, this study aimed to find out the methods to minimize the estimation errors of young bulls' breeding values. Data used in this study were collected from the dairy herd improvement program, and a total of 97,562 records were composed of 10,929 first parity with both parents known, since 1999. Breeding values on the daughters from randomly chosen sires were calculated and compared with among 90 day, 150day, and 200 day's incomplete records. For milk yields, sire's ranks of breeding values used by complete lactation records were very different from sire's ranks of breeding values obtained by incomplete lactation records(Rank_90 cut, 150cut, 200 cut).The differences were also obtained between complete lactation records(per305_full) and incomplete lactation record (per_90 cut, 150cut, 200 cut) in breeding values regarding persistency. Especially, the differences between per_90 cut and per305_full were very large(from 1.8 kg to 145kg).

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.175-185
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• 1982

소백혈병(白血病)바이러스 봉입체단백(封入體蛋白)을 항원(抗原)으로 이용한 면역확산법(免疫擴散法)으로 전국에 산재해 있는 164개 목장(牧場)에서 사육중인 2003두(頭)의 유우(乳牛)에 대한 소백혈병(白血病)바이러스항체(抗體) 조사결과, 양성율(陽性率)은 충청도(忠淸道)가 41.8%로 가장 높았고, 전북(全北)은 24.4%로 가장 낮았다. 지역별(地域別) 양성율(陽性率)은 중부지역(中部地域)이 37.8%, 호남지역(湖南地域)이 27.2%, 영남지역(嶺南地域)이 28.0%, 그러고 영동지역(嶺東地域)이 25.2%였다. 전국의 평균 양성율(陽性率)은 29.8%였다. 혈청학적(血淸學的) 검사결과(檢査結果)를 분석(分析)하였던 바 양성율(陽性率)은 소의 연령(年齡)이 높을수록, 사육규모(飼育規模)가 클수록 높은 경향이 있었고, 소의 연령군(年齡群)이 6내지 8세에서, 사육규모(飼育規模)가 20내지 50두(頭)의 우군(牛群)에서 양성율(陽性率)이 가장 높였다. 중부지역(中部地域)에 사육중인 117두(頭)의 종모우(種牡牛)에 대해 조사한 결과 한우(韓牛)에서는 5.7%(4/70), 홀스타인 종모우(種牡牛)에서는 35.9% (14/39)의 양성율(陽性率)을 나타냈다. 우군별(牛群別)로는 혈청검사(血淸檢査)를 한 164개 우군(牛群)중에 양성우(陽性牛)가 전혀 없는 우군(牛群)이 17개군(個群)(10.4%), 20~40%의 양성우(陽性牛)가 있는 우군(牛群)이 42개(個)(25.6%)였고, 80%이상의 양성우(陽性牛)가 있는 우군(牛群)은 10개군(個群)(6.1%)이었다. 소백혈병(白血病)바이러스항체(抗體) 양성우(陽性牛)에서 분리(分離)한 임파구(淋巴球)를 phytohemagglutinin을 첨가한 배지(培地)에 단기배양(短期培養)한 후 BLV 형광항체(螢光抗體)를 이용하여 임파구(淋巴球)내의 BLV항원(抗原) 증명(證明)을 시도한 바, 양성우(陽性牛) 11두(頭)중 8두((頭)(72.7%)에서 특이(特異)한 BLV항원(抗原)이 규명(糾明)되었다. BLV 항체양성우(抗體陽性牛) 7두(頭)와 음성우(陰性牛) 4두(頭)에서 분리한 임파구(淋巴球)의 우태아비장세포(牛胎兒脾臟細胞)에 대한 syncytium 형성능(形成能)을 시험한 바, 양성우(陽性牛) 7두(頭) 중 5두(頭)(71.4%)의 임파구(淋巴球)가 syncytium을 형성(形成)하였다. 배양(培養)된 임파구(淋巴球)를 전자현미경(電子顯微鏡)으로 검사한 결과 6두(頭)의 양성우(陽性牛) 중 2두(頭)에서 90~110nm. 크기의 전형적(典型的)인 C형(型) 소백혈병(白血病)바이러스가 증명(證明)되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.1360-1368
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• 2020

Objective: The aim of our study was to determine the associations of heifer reproductive performance with survival up to the first calving, first-lactation milk yield, and the probability of being culled within 50 days after first calving. Methods: Data from 33 large Holstein-Friesian commercial dairy herds were gathered from the official milk recording database in Hungary. The data of heifers first inseminated between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2014 were analyzed retrospectively, using Cox proportional hazards models, competing risks models, multivariate linear and logistic mixed-effects models. Results: Heifers (n = 35,128) with younger age at conception were more likely to remain in the herd until calving, and each additional month in age at conception increased culling risk by 5.1%. Season of birth was related to first-lactation milk yield (MY1; n = 19,931), with cows born in autumn having the highest milk production (p<0.001). The highest MY1 was achieved by heifers that first calved between 22.00 and 25.99 months of age. Heifers that calved in autumn had the highest MY1, whereas calving in summer was related to the lowest milk production (p<0.001). The risk of culling within 50 days in milk in first lactation (n = 21,225) increased along with first calving age, e.g. heifers that first calved after 30 months of age were 5.52-times more likely to be culled compared to heifers that calved before 22 months of age (p<0.001). Calving difficulty was related to higher culling risk in early lactation (p<0.001). Heifers that required caesarean section were 24.01-times more likely to leave the herd within 50 days after first calving compared to heifers that needed no assistance (p<0.001). Conclusion: Reproductive performance of replacement heifers is closely linked to longevity and milk production in dairy herds.