• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.37-55
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• 2010

Digital content piracy has been shown to be an emerging societal problem, However, Studies on digital content piracy are very limited. In this paper, we try to find whether Theory of Planned Behavior(TPB) can explain the online digital content piracy in China. In addition to the finding of TPB's usefulness, We also examine the cross-cultural differences between Korea and China in behavior towards online digital content piracy. we argue that cultural factors moderate the strength of the relationships in the TPB model in online digital content piracy. we use a theoretical model of behavior based on the framework of the TPB( Theory of Planned Behavior) and Hofstede's national cultural dimensions. Our results indicate that the general TPB(Theory of Planned Behavior) model of software piracy is broadly applicable to digital content piracy in China. Our findings also show that most of the hypothesized moderating effects of national cultural factors were found to be significant.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.106-127
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• 2017

Most countries have their own culture that presents different types of behaviour. The employees' specific ways of working, according to each country, influence its organisation, thus cultural differences have become an essential issue in operating management. Therefore, this study explored how the different cultures based on Hofstede's paradigm interact within the specific Korean context. This study examined how cultural related HRM practices were enacted in the Korean hotel industry, how the frameworks of Hofstede's model impact the employee outcomes, including the concept of organisational justice. This study followed a quantitative approach which relied on a positivist paradigm to evaluate the different HRM practices at hotel workplaces with the view of employees. This study gathered a survey on 601 hotel employees in the deluxe sector. The analysis of quantitative data was undertaken using SPSS version 23.0 software and AMOS 23.0 to achieve the research aim for the study. This study contributes new findings to the research literature. The results of this study showed how Confucianism also plays a predominant role in understanding Korean culture, more than the Hofstede's original four dimensions of culture.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.315-324
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• 2019

In this research, one of five Hofstede's cultural dimension, Long term orientation (LTO) was selected to examine its influence on individual's change oriented organizational citizenship behavior with emotional regulation mediating. East Asian countries and Korea especially received higher score on LTO cultural dimension, meaning it valued harmony, long term relations and saving for future. Also, in today's hyper competitive and evolving global climate, the ability to adapt quickly and also to be able to control one's emotion is highly valued individual competency. Previous research on Hofstede's cultural dimensions were conducted at mostly national or large group levels. However, in this study, Yoo's CVSCALE which allowed for individual level analysis on Hofstede's cultural dimensions were used to analyze multinational company's employees's long term orientations' influence on emotional regulation and change oriented organizational citizenship behavior. The survey conducted from 200 employees from major electronic company based in S city in Korea for two weeks period and the results indicated long term orientation positively influenced change oriented organizational citizenship behavior. Also emotional regulation mediated between long term orientation felt by individuals and change oriented organizational citizenship behavior. Such results validated previous studies that indicated emotional regulation as possible antecedents of individual proactive behaviors such as change organizational citizenship behavior and long term oriented view as another potential antecedent of change oriented organizational citizenship behavior in multinational corporation setting.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.199-207
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• 2019

This study utilized one of Hofstede's cultural dimension, collective dimension and validated its influence on individual's change oriented organizational citizenship behavior(COCB hereafter) with mediation of emotional regulation. Previous research on Hofstede's cultural dimensions were mostly conducted at national levels. However, in this study, Yoo's CVSCALE was used to analyze collectivistic tendencies at individual levels and its influence on emotional regulation and COCB were measured. The study distributed 200 paper based self administered surveys to employees of Fortune 500 electronic company in Korea for two weeks period. Findings indicated individual's collectivistic dimension positively influenced COCB and emotional regulation mediated between collectivism and COCB. In conclusion and application, the significance of this research lies in indicating collectivistic culture's positive influence on COCB and emotional regulation as possible antecedents of Change oriented Organizational Citizenship Behavior.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.164-172
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• 2010

This study reviews the influence of culture in interpersonal servicescapes by examining the restaurant retail setting. Two cultures (Canada and France) are surveyed in order to better understand their retail expectations towards interpersonal servicescapes. Using Hofstede's (1991) cultural dimensions to explain some of the differences between Canadian and French restaurant patrons, this study demonstrates a potentially interesting research avenue in the field of cross-cultural interpersonal services marketing. It demonstrates that cultural dimensions do not operate independently but interdependently. Understanding this can help retailers better explain complex service interactions between countries that may appear similar in terms of various socio-demographic features. In this exploratory research, a measure via exploratory factor analysis was developed, one that encompasses both the physical and service aspects common to interpersonal servicescape by using personality traits. This measure was tested in order to better understand the service expectations between two cultures, Canada and France. Five dimensional structures were uncovered in both cultures but with different traits and groupings. The differences between the traits uncovered and the overall Canadian and French personality structures find some explanation using Hofstede's (1991) cultural dimensions. The results of this survey point to a possible explanation as to why when services are transferred between cultures, the perceptions of them can be different and sometimes even lead to service failure. There are clearly some cultural differences between the Canadian and French consumers and their overall expectations regarding their consumption experience. Reviewing the first factor of the French and Canadian personality structures shows that the individualist/collectivist differences are apparent between the Canadian and the French cultures. The second dimension also has quite a few traits in common, five, all of which have the personal treatment aspect of the restaurant experience that a service provider would be responsible for: polite, respectful, and dedicated. Notable is that the French dimension does not include the authenticity or the hospitable aspect of the experience but includes even more features that are inherent to the personal interaction, such as charming and courteous. The third dimension of the Canadian and French structures reflects completely different expectations. Whereas the French dimension centers around energy and enthusiasm, the Canadian version is more laid-back and relaxed. There is extroversion in the French dimension to introversion in the Canadian dimension. This could be explained by differences on the Uncertainty Avoidance dimension as outlined by Hofstede (1991). The fourth dimension seems to confirm previously outlined cultural differences. Whereas Canadians, being a bit lower on uncertainty avoidance and power distance, prefer an intimate and private experience, the French continue to expect extraversion and inclusive features to their experience. The fifth dimension is in the French personality structure a clear expression of the high power distance society, where the roles of the players in the restaurant experience are clearly defined and the rules of engagement preserved. This study demonstrates that different cultures clearly do relate to different expectations regarding interpersonal services. This is apparent in the dimensions that come up in both the French and the Canadian personality structures, not only in terms of how different they are but also in with which cultural dimensions these can be explained. For interpersonal servicescapes, the use of personality traits is interesting as it allows for both physical and service features to be accounted for. Furthermore, the social component inherent to interpersonal servicescapes surfaces in most of the dimensions of the service personality structures. The quality of social exchanges is extremely important, and this even more so in cross-cultural situations, where the expec tations regarding the service experience may vary. As demonstrated by this research and using Hofstede's (1991) paradigm, not all societies will have the same expectations pertaining to the interpersonal services. Furthermore, the traditions surrounding the type of service can also have an impact on the service evaluations and differ between countries and cultures. However, using personality traits may also allow for retailers to see which service traits are common to two or more cultures where they seek to be present, and focus on these in the offering. The findings demonstrate the importance of the individualist and collectivist dimension for interpersonal servicescapes. This difference between the French and the Canadian personality structure is apparent in the most dominant dimension as well as within others. The findings are a step in explaining how retailers can transfer and then measure interpersonal services across cultures.

• 한국경영정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.415-420
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• 2007

Diffusion of information and communication technologies is a global phenomenon. In spite of rapid globalization there are considerable differences between nations in terms of the adoption and usage of new technologies. Several studies exploring causal factors including national cultures of information and communication technology adoption have been carried out. The focus of this paper is slightly different from other studies in this area. Rather than concentrating on the individual information technology the cyber diplomacy is the focus. This research conducted an analysis of the impact national culture has on adoption of the cyber diplomacy and its components for 95 countries. The national cultural dimensions were identified using Hofstede's model of cultural differences. The research model and hypotheses were formed and tested using correlation and regression analysis. The findings indicate that worldwide cyber diplomacy adoption is related to national culture. The result has theoretical and practical implications.

• 한국경영정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.565-570
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• 2007

With e-commerce becoming international, understanding the effects of national culture in consumer acceptance of e-commerce is required. This study examines consumer e-commerce acceptance in Korea and China. The research model consisting of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, trust and perceived risk was proposed, and the hypotheses based on Hofstede's cultural dimensions of power distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation, were established. The results show that perceived usefulness contributes less to consumer acceptance of e-commerce in China than it does in Korea. In addition, perceived ease of use contributes more to consumer acceptance of e-commerce in China. Trust contributes significantly to consumer acceptance of e-commerce in both countries, but perceived risk didn't influence consumer acceptance of e-commerce in either country. The contribution of this study is to provide strategic insights for successfully managing cross-cultural e-commerce.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.247-260
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• 2017

Purpose: The study is aimed to identify the national cultural dimensions that are affecting the quality management (QM) maturity level and the project quality performance, and analyze their relationships. Methods: This study collected the data of QM Maturity level based on Crosby's QM maturity model and the project quality performance using the Iron Triangle (Quality, Time/Schedule and Cost) from the employees who are participating in the ITER Project across the major 8 countries (China, France, Italy, Japan, Korea, Russia, U.K. and U.S.A.). Three research hypotheses are proposed concerning the national cultural dimensions in this study and Hofstede's five cultural dimensions framework are used for the statistical test. Results: The results are two folds in the study: First, there is a significant positive correlation between the QM maturity level and the project quality performance. Second, three cultural dimensions (Collectivism, Large Power Distance and Strong Uncertainty Avoidance) and five cultural dimensions (Collectivism, Large Power Distance, Strong Uncertainty Avoidance, Feminity and Long Term Orientation) have a positive impact on the QM maturity level and the project quality performance respectively. Conclusion: From the results, the understanding and consideration of the culture difference among the countries participating International Collaboration R&D project are recommended.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.791-801
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• 2021

This study aims to test whether and to what extend national culture affects the readiness of business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce across the world. We regress two sets of data at national level: (1) the ratings of two main dimensions of Hofstede's national culture framework, uncertainty avoidance and individualism, and (2) UTCTAD B2C e-commerce index value. A sample of 83 countries was tested in this study. Several control variables at national level are included in our regression model. We find that these two cultural dimensions have an effect on the readiness of B2C e-commerce in various ways. We find that countries with high individualism score have high index value of B2C e-commerce development. We discuss the implications of these findings for B2C e-commerce developing strategies. We then call for designing relative policies with full consideration on national culture to promote the development of B2C e-commerce. In addition, we identify the limitations of the study and propose recommendations for future research. This study is the first one to use UNCTAD data on B2C e-commerce to explore the relationships between two dimensions of Hofstede's national culture and the readiness of B2C e-commerce and adds to the knowledge of literature in this research field.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.213-234
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• 2017

This study analyzed valid samples of 707 units collected by conducting paper and online surveys on the Korean, the Chinese, the American, and the Japanese. The result showed that a significant causal relationship exists between power distance and pull motivation as well as collectivism and push motivation, which led to a conclusion that developing travel packages that can strengthen bonding of fraternal societies through various events and attractions is effective for respondents from Asian countries. On the other hand, Americans turned out to prefer practical plans, which could provide individual's needs and preferences, for example, a self-healing package. This study, using a simple survey, may have a limitation in that it does not allow the participants to express their opinions. However, the study is meaningful that it made a theoretical contribution utilizing Hofstede's cultural dimensions index, two types of motivation, and theories of customer satisfaction and revisit intention. It also has a practical implication in that it proposes the most optimal and applicable overseas travel marketing strategy by comparing cultural traits of each country.