• Title/Summary/Keyword: History of Silla

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Rediscussion of the Architectural construction measure of the Sacheonwangsa Temple in Silla (신라사천왕사건축(新羅四天王寺建築)의 조영척도(造營尺度) 재론(再論))

  • Lee, Jeong-Min;Mizoguchi, Akinori
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.28 no.5
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    • pp.43-58
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    • 2019
  • After the study of Fujishima Gaijiro(1930), although it is common to see that the Tang-ruler(唐尺) was used in the construction of the Silla Sacheonwangsa temple(679), the basis of the discrimination of the construction measure and the detection of the unit length is not actually sufficient since conventional research was done before the excavation. The study was based on archaeological results, which was secured through the excavation research(2006~2012) of the temple site in recent years, to determine the construction measure and try to detect the unit length. In the analysis of the measured value of the ruins, the numerical data were obtained through measurements on drawings of the ruins, the tendency of conversion measure's number appearing by dividing each unit length of the Goguryeo-ruler(高句麗尺) and Tang-ruler within a certain range was compared from the Wansu-je(完數制) viewpoint. The research results are summarized as follows : 1)As a result of the analysis of the distance between the site's center, the case that conversion Cheok's(尺) number is converged to the unit of Jang(丈) within the range of unit length expresses three times more in Tang-ruler, and it is confirmed that a simple multiple relationship based on the unit of Jang is established between conversion Cheok's number. 2)As a result of analysis of Bokan(梁間) of the each Corridor site and the measured value of the stonework ruins, it could be confirmed that appears overwhelmingly in the Tang-ruler when conversion Cheok's number becomes an integer within the range of unit length. The results of the analysis are judged to be a clear basis for viewing the Tang-ruler as the construction measure of the Sacheonwangsa temple. 3)The estimated unit lengths of the construction measure that were obtained from the analysis of the distance between the site'scenter, the foundation stone center distance of the building site and the measured value of the stonework ruins are slightly different. There is a limit to the verification of the construction error about this, however it is difficult to specify, it is mentioned 294.37mm which is obtained from the analysis of the distance between the site's center.

A Study of People's Lives and Traditional Costumes in Goryeo Dynasty (고려시대 사람들의 삶과 전통의상에 대한 고찰)

  • Choi Kyu-Seong
    • The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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    • v.12 no.6 s.53
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    • pp.1060-1069
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    • 2004
  • We can study and judge the costumes of the Three Kingdom period through an ancient tomb murals and various burial mound(clay) figures, however, it is quite difficult to search for costumes of the Goryeo period ($960{\sim}1392$), because dresses from this era were rarely found, related antiquities are limited and hard to survive. This is the reason why people say that the Goryeo Dynasty is the period of undiscovered era for its history of costumes in Korea. Fortunately, these days, there are various kinds of buddhist statues discovered with its burial accessories such as costumes and dyed fabrics of the Goryeo era. Through these, we can glimpse through the Goryeo cloths and develop our researches on this field. In addition, a man called Seo Geung(서긍, the Chinese scholar Xu Jing) wrote a book in the 12th century about peoples lives in Goryeo and in this book, there are few documents about the people's costumes which help us to understand the period's traditional dresses. In this paper, we will look for the traditional costumes which were formed and developed through people's lives in Goryeo, using remains from various burial accessories in buddhist statues as well as the documents related to the costumes written in ${\ll}$Goryeosa 고려사${\gg}$. Moreover, costumes of a period usually developed and influenced by the atmosphere of people's lives both economically and mentally, therefore, in this study, we will especially focus on the dresses of the bureaucratic officials and their wives, who led comfortable lives and latitude of mind. Through the records, like Silla, Goryeo exported Sehjeo(세저) and Sehjoongmapo(세중마포) to China. And we found out that Silla's skillful weaving techniques of hemp and ramie cloths were succeeded to Goryeo. According to above facts, Goryeo people made clothes with various kinds of fabrics such as, different sorts of silks, ramie, hemp cloths and cottons. They also have very skillful manufacturing techniques for certain textiles. Their official robes were generally influenced by Tang and Song Dynasty, but, like ordinary people, we found out that the government officials also wore baji(pants) and a jeogor(jacket), which were traditional costumes since the Unified Silla Kingdom with various coats. Especially, women's costumes such as jeoksam(unlined summer jacket) and hansam(한삼), which are sort of jeogori(jacket), baji(pants) and chima(skirts) were made of various kinds of silks and ramie cloths, that were generated from the Goguryeo Kingdom, with jikryeongpo(a long jacket and striped skirt).

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Periodical Perceptions from Historical Materials for KIM Yoo-Shin (김유신 관련 사료를 통해 본 시기별 인식)

  • Park, Chan-Heung
    • (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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    • no.72
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    • pp.127-156
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    • 2018
  • Kim Yoo-shin was highly evaluated in Silla, not only when he was alive, but also after his death. When he was alive, he was regarded as one of the best servants who accomplished the task of 'Iltong-Samhan' by supporting KiIng Tae-jong and King Mun-mu. Kim Yoo-shin was recognized as 'good servant' or 'sacred servant' who helped King Tae-jong even after he died. In addition, he was revered as 'two adults' with King Mun-moo. He was awarded the title of 'The Great King Heung-mu'. In the Goryeo period, it was supported as a national sacrifice in the shrine of Mt. Taeryeng of Jinchon. Kim Yoo-shin was regarded as a person who achieved great success with the absolute trust of King Tae-jong and King Mun-mu. In addition, Yoon-gwan recognized Kim Yoo-shin as a general who caused many miracles. Lee Seung-hyeo said that Kim Yoo-shin had a mysterious Military-Strategy Book and excelled in martial arts. Even during the Joseon Dynasty, the evaluation of Kim Yu-shin's success had been continued due to the absolute trusting relationship between King Taejong or King Mun-moo and his retainer Kim Yoo-shin. Kim Yoo-shin was either the representative of Silla's martial or the most outstanding figure in the entire history of the Silla Dynasty. Furthermore, he was recognized as a person with competence and aptitude comparable to Chinese characters. Kim Yoo-shin was superior in military strategy. Kim Yoo-shin was evaluated as a representative of martial in Korea's history. From a neo-Confucian point of view, they evaluated him as a loyal person through Kim's achievements.

The Existence and Role of Ji-chong for Medical Exchange in Ancient Korea (지총(知聰)의 실존(實存)과 고대 한국 의학 교류(古代 韓國 醫學 交流)에 대한 역할(役割))

  • Kim, Jae-Hyo;Kim, Seong-Chul;Chung, Heon-Young;Kim, Ryong;Kwon, Oh-Sang;Kim, Kyung-Sik;Sohn, In-Chul
    • The Journal of Korean Medicine
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    • v.28 no.3 s.71
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    • pp.70-85
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    • 2007
  • Objectives : Considering the indigenousness of Korean medicine, the historical record was first introduced in 1946 as follows; a Chinese person, Ji-chong (知聰), brought 164 volumes of medical books to Japan via Goguryeo (高句麗) in A.D. 562. Since this event happened, Korean Oriental Medicine has been derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine because ancient Korean Medicine originated and was developed in China. The purpose of this study was to investigate the existence and role of Ji-chong in the history of medical exchanges between ancient Korea and Japan. Methods : We studied Ji-chong through ancient and modern historical literatures such as Nihon Shoki (日本書紀), the record of $Shinsen-sh{\bar{o}}jiroku$ (新撰姓氏錄), Korean Medical History (韓國醫學史), Japanese Medical History (日本醫學史), Samguk Sagi (三國史記), etc. Results : We found indications of the existence of Ji-chong and the import of Chinese medical literature to the ancient Korean peninsula by examining domestic and foreign historical literature. Especially, he was closely related to historical assumptions about the Japanese conquest of Goguryeo in A.D. 562, although without objective historical evidence and described only in modern Japanese historical records and Korean Medical History. However, substantial medical exchange toward Japan was accomplished by Korean medicine of either Goguryeo, Baekje (百濟), or Silla (新羅) dynasty until the late A.D. 6 century. Conclusions : Based on the above investigation, the idea that Ji-chong carried medical literature via Goguryeo in A.D. 562 needs to be reconsidered and the role of Ji-chong as recorded in a variety of literature and databases should be amended., Korean Oriental Medicine has been derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine because ancient Korean Medicine originated and was developed in China. The purpose of this study was to investigate the existence and role of Ji-chong in the history of medical exchanges between ancient Korea and Japan. Methods : We studied Ji-chong through ancient and modern historical literatures such as Nihon Shoki (日本書紀), the record of Shinsen-$sh{\bar{o}}jiroku$ (新撰姓氏錄), Korean Medical History (韓國醫學史), Japanese Medical History (日本醫學士), Samguk Sagi (三國史記), etc. Results : We found indications of the existence of Ji-chong and the import of Chinese medical literature to the ancient Korean peninsula by examining domestic and foreign historical literature. Especially, he was closely related to historical assumptions about the Japanese conquest of Goguryeo in A.D. 562, although without objective historical evidence and described only in modern Japanese historical records and Korean Medical History. However, substantial medical exchange toward Japan was accomplished by Korean medicine of either Goguryeo, Baekje (百濟), or Silla (新羅) dynasty until the late A.D. 6 century. Conclusions : Based on the above investigation, the idea that Ji-chong carried medical literature via Goguryeo in A.D. 562 needs to be reconsidered and the role of Ji-chong as recorded in a variety of literature and databases should be amended.

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A Study on the History and Characteristics of Jeongamsa Sumano Stupa (정암사 수마노탑의 유래와 양식적 특성)

  • Cheon, Deuk-Youm;Jung, Ji-Youn;Han, Seung-Hoon
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.29 no.5
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    • pp.63-78
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    • 2020
  • Jeongamsa Sumano Stupa(Korean National Treasure No. 332) is a brick like stone stupa and it is considered that this stupa was built in the Later Silla period or in the early part of the Koryo period, considering its structure and style. This Buddhist stupa is highly significant in Korean Buddhism since it was built to enshrine Buddhist sarira reliquaries that 'Jajang' brought from China in the 7th century, according to the 『Overlooked Historical Records of the Three Korean Kingdoms, 『三國遺事』』. However, the stupa was positioned at the very unique location. It was positioned not at the center of Jeongamsa Temple, but at the separate edifice. The location of Jeongamsa Sumano Stupa indicates that this stupa embodies the nature of Mahaparinirvana treasure palaces and that this stupa was recognized as a solemn symbol, which reflected a sarira faith. Jeongamsa Sumano Stupa is the only brick stone stupa built in Gangwon province. It is worth noticing that this stupa was mostly made of dolostones, found around this region, and thereby regional characteristics were reflected in this stupa. The other interesting fact about Jeongamsa Sumano Stupa is that there are many records available which include information about stupa's reconstruction, considering that there aren't many records of other stupas. The most representative records are 5 pieces of memorial stones which include information about when and on what ground the stupa was reconstructed as well as information about originators of the stupa. In conclusion, Jeongamsa Sumano Stupar could be regarded as the academically valuable material since it is considered very important and helpful for understanding not only the history of Korean Buddhist stupas, but also so many other things such as construction techniques, styles of brick pagoda and brick stone stupa, and such.

Some topics on the study of Balhae architecture, including the nature of the building site excavated in Koksharovka-1 fortress (발해건축사 연구 동향과 콕샤로프카1 성터 건물지의 성격)

  • Song, Ki-Ho
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.119-134
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    • 2012
  • Balhae(698~926) was the ancient state which opened the Nambuk-guk period with the Unified Silla. But Balhae architecture began to included in the history of Korean architecture only about 15 years ago, such as the books written by Yun Jang-seop or Ju Nam-cheol. I discussed four issues related to Balhae architecture in this paper. First, I criticized the excavation report of 24 stones remains at Jiangdong in Duhua city, and I asserted the ondol site belonged to different period. Second, I also interpreted that the building found on the tombs no.13 and no.14, in the Longhai burial area in Helong city must be a wooden stupa. Third, Balhae played some important roles in the history of ondol. It developed Koguryeo ondol in terms of structure, gave an opportunity to the ruling class to adopt ondol for the first time, and passed the heating system down to the Jurchen, the ancestor of the modern Manchurian. Fourth, the Russian-Korean joint research team excavated seven building sites in Koksharovka 1 fortress from Russian territory these four years, and it is reasonable to assume the fortress was the center of Anbyeon-bu, one of 15 local government districts in Balhae. I guess this buildings were the royal shrine built by resisters after the fall of Balhae, and the vessel stands found there must be used for ancestral memorial ceremony inside them.

On the Design Characteristics of Ornaments in the Three Kingdom Period (Focused on Baekje's ornaments) (삼국시대 장신구에 나타난 조형적 특징에 관한연구 (백제장신구를 중심으로))

  • Sin, Mi-Young;Park, Seungchul
    • Journal of Digital Convergence
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    • v.10 no.11
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    • pp.603-612
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    • 2012
  • When it comes to a country's traditional ideas. that country's geographic setting and religious thought show the people's consciousness, and the characteristics of historic sites and relics show their cultural aspects. Our country has 5000-year cultural history. Especially, the Baekje cultural history created very remarkable relics in our history. With regard to Baekje's own patterns and workmanship, their ornaments were more focused on the beauty of soft and voluptuous curves than that of Goguryeo and Silla This study researched design characteristics of ornaments and symbolic aspects of the patterns by focusing on crowns, crowns' accessories, earrings, necklaces, chignon ornaments of the Baekje's ornaments, To put emphasis on Baekje's ornaments by comparing Baekje's ornaments with Goguryeo's and Silla's. This study collected data on Baekje's ornaments, and reviewed domestic references and specialty publications at the Buyeo National Museum, Gong-ju National Museum, home and abroad, and studied the images of Baekje's metal crafts and patterns through theses. Baekje had splendid and glorious artistic culture, but there are not many historical data and supportive relics left these days. Therefore, a lot of attention, researches and development on Baekje culture are needed. This study found that the ornaments of the Baekje era have not only ornament functions but also the people's creative mind. The culture contents in recent technological development and industrialization change people's recognition, and now they have interest in Baekje culture. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to widely popularize Baekje by studying the patterns of the Baekje era more and developing various and new designs.

On lecturing organization-order of the concept of vectors (벡터개념의 강의적 체계순서에 관하여)

  • Pak, Hong-Kyung;Kim, Tae-Wan;Nam, Young-Man
    • Journal for History of Mathematics
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.59-72
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    • 2007
  • There are three kinds of order of instruction in mathematics, that is, historical order, theoretical organization and lecturing organization-order. Simply speaking, each lecturing organization-order is a combination of two preceding orders. The problem is how to combine between them. In a recent paper, we concretely considered this problem for the case of the concept of angle. The present paper analogously discuss with the concept of vectors. To begin with, we investigate theoretical organization and historical order of the concept of vectors as materials for the construction of its lecturing organization-order. It enables us to establish 4 stages in historical order of the concept of vectors proper to its theoretical organization. As a consequence, we suggest several criteria and forms for constructing its lecturing organization-order.

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A Study on the Framework Schema of Jusimpo-Style Buddhist Halls of Goryeo Period (고려시대 주심포 불전의 가구형식에 관한 연구)

  • Kang, Sun-Hye;Yoon, Chae-Shin
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.25 no.6
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    • pp.7-16
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    • 2016
  • The purpose of this study is to find framework schema of early J usimpo-style Buddhist halls (Geungnakjeon Hall of Bongjeongsa Temple, Muryangsujeon Hall of Buseoksa Temple, and Daeungjeon Hall of Sudeoksa Temple). Though the halls are known as built in the late Goryeo Period, they show the influence of the architectural style of the early Unified Silla Period. To find the adopted modules and proportions of these halls, this study conceived a schematic diagram based on the whole frame structure taking reference from the Cai-Fen system in Yingzao Fashi. In these three halls, the heights of each cross-beam (Dori) are made up by the layers of member and member units. This study computes the values of Cai, Zhi, and Fen which can apply to both the section and the plan. The vertical section structure is determined by combining the standard member heights (Cai) and the standard unit heights (CaiZhi). The bays of columns are made by multiples of the standard member width (Fen).

A study for Chronicle and Construction Technique of Jeoksimto (積心土) of Baekje tile-capped building after the transfer of the capital to Wungjin (웅진천도후(熊津遷都後) 백제(百濟) 와건물(瓦建物) 적심토(積心土)의 편년(編年)과 축조기법(築造技法) 변천(變遷)에 관한 연구(硏究))

  • Cho, Weon-Chang
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.57-74
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    • 2007
  • Jeoksimto which was build up as the reinforcement establishment made with the soil under the cornerstone in the site of tile-capped building is the representative construction technique which become popular in the Sabi capital era after the Wungjin capital era. Especially from the fact that no site of tile-capped building with this Jeoksimto has been found in the Silla area, we can see the originality Baekje technique. We can analogize the specialization of Josagong (造寺工) (craftsman building the temple) and the diversity of technique, on the basis of the technique raising the ground level which is different with the middle gate site of Neung-sa and the Hall enshrining Buddha site in Buyeo. Moreover, we can have the confidence the dispatch of craftsman and the transmission of building technique from the Buyeo area to the Iksan area through the fact that the construction techniques of Jeoksimto in both area are almost the same. However the concerns in the construction archaeology are necessary because almost no study for Jeoksimto has been conducted and the term of Jeoksimto also is unfamiliar even if excavation of Baekje Jeoksimto in the several remains.

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