• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.28-36
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• 2012

Augmentation of existing EHV substations located in hilly terrain and at high altitude require many different considerations as compared to substations located in plain areas and at lower altitude. Owing to high altitude and steep terrain, meticulous engineering and preparations are required, considering the actual available space at the existing substation. Historical fault events too must be considered to enhance reliability and performance of the substation equipment. This paper proposes ways to augment the existing 2 banks of 20MVA, 220/66kV power transformers ($3{\times}6.67MVA$, single-phase) to $2{\times}50$/63MVA, 220/66kV power transformers to meet continuously increasing demand of the capital city over the next 20 years. Upgrading and augmentation of existing substations, especially the main transformers and associated equipment, require replacement with minimum or no disturbance to the existing power supply system. Considerations should also be made during engineering and design, the operational flexibilities, maintenance aspects, future expandability and value addition, in terms of reliability and space usage of the existing substation.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.93-109
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• 2015

Based on the reconnaissance of buildings in Dujiangyan City during 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China, structural damage characteristics and the spatial distribution of structural damage are investigated, and the possible reasons for the extraordinary features are discussed with consideration of the influence of urban historical evolution and spatial variation of earthquake motions. Firstly, the urban plan and typical characteristics of structural seismic damage are briefly presented and summarized. Spatial distribution of structural damage is then comparatively analyzed by classifying all surveyed buildings in accordance with different construction age, considering the influence of seismic design code on urban buildings. Finally, the influences of evolution of seismic design code, topographic condition, local site and distance from fault rupture on spatial distribution of structural damage are comprehensively discussed. It is concluded that spatial variation of earthquake motions, resulting from topography, local site effect and fault rupture, are very important factor leading to the extraordinary spatial distribution of building damage except the evolution of seismic design codes. It is necessary that the spatial distribution of earthquake motions should be considered in seismic design of structures located in complicated topography area and near active faults.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to understand a architectural characteristics of local church in Virginia, U. S. This study focuses on not only analyzing the worship and service program inherent in the site planning of local church but also introducing worship service space and chancel elements of it in the village of garden area. We surveyed five protestant churches where are located in suburban and rural area outside of Midlothian city in the early August, 2010. I surveyed church building site and worship service space of churches focused on platform design, interviewed the historical background and program of churches with ministers, and corrected annual calender and newsletter. The results of this study are as follows. First, the characteristics of site plan have a comfortable parking lots and site of churchyard(cemetery) with playground that can take an activities out of chapel. The axis of church building follows to front street. Second, worship services keep two types of traditional and comtemporary worship in order to consider of both adult and youth members. The worship hall has a balance of bilateral symmetry. Third, the form of platform is built that is able to perform a music drama and movement of sermon without only one church, GraceLand Church that church building has over fifty years, and they stick to simple traditional type of Chancel that is established by pulpit, table(altar), baptistery(only baptist church), music instruments, and so on.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to develop the stochastic stream water quality model for the intake station of Chung-Ju city waterworks in the Han river system. This model was based on the theory of Box-Jenkins Multiplicative ARIMA(SARIMA) and the state space model to simulate changes of water qualities. Variable of water qualities included in the model are temperature and dissolved oxygen(DO). The models development were based on the data obtained from Jan. 1990 to Dec. 1997 and followed the typical procedures of the Box-Jenkins method including identification and estimation. The seasonality of DO and temperature data to formulate for the SARIMA model are conspicuous and the period of revolution was twelve months. Both models had seasonality of twelve months and were formulates as SARIMA {TEX}$(2,1,1)(1,1,1)_{12}${/TEX} for DO and temperature. The models were validated by testing normality and independency of the residuals. The prediction ability of SARIMA model and state space model were tested using the data collected from Jan. 1998 to Oct. 1999. There were good agreements between the model predictions and the field measurements. The performance of the SARIMA model and state space model were examined through comparisons between the historical and generated monthly dissolved oxygen series. The result reveal that the state space model lead to the improved accuracy.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.74-79
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• 2009

과학 교육의 출발점이라 할 수 있는 초등학교의 교육과정에서 자기학 단원이 어떻게 교육되는지 검토하였다. 초등학교에서 자기학은 3학년 1학기 자석놀이 단원과 6학년 1학기 전자석 단원에서 다루어지는 것을 알 수 있다. 과학 과목에서 자기 단원이 적절한 학년에서 교육되는지 검토하였고, 교과서의 내용을 분석하여 문제점과 대안을 제시하였다.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.141-150
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• 2013

Hanok is Korea's traditional housing, which is build detached unit. Most of the People who live in the environment of residential high-rise apartments likes new residential environment, and pursue eco-friendly homes, health homes, especially traditional Hanok was reassure potential. In urban context, resident think more compact land use in Hanok also, because Hanok is dissatified in compact land use, and it should be build as more economic aspect. The purpose of this study is to propose a typology which traditional Hanok also can be build higher land use and traditional values as a modern housing type; First of all, clustered Hanok is formed by traditional houses and interior spaces in modern house., and its types are configured by lifestyle of modern and image element of traditional Hanok. This kinds of clustering Hanok can be seen from historical city, but the trends is a minority of the housing type and form. Now, the modern clustering Hanok, even though handful of cases, appears as sustainable housing type, its possibilities as a new housing should be more detailed researches. A elements of Modern cluster Hanok discused in layout, plan, envelopment of house, structure, roofs, and the coordination of the element can be so much diverse.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2014

Objectives: The objective of study was to calculate the municipal level environmental burden of disease (EBD) due to heat wave. Methods: The data used were Korea National Health Insurance 2011 claim data and 2011 death registry. Heatwave related diseases included hypertensive heart diseases, ischemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular disease, and heat related illness. According to the method that WHO proposed, the study computed population-attributable fraction with relative risk which come from previous study and proportion of exposure which the study calculated with historical meteorology data. Results: The Average of 251 municipal EBD was 2.11 per thousand persons. The value of years lost due to disability was 11 times higher than that of years of life lost. On average EBD of county and southern geographical areas tended to be higher than those of District or city areas. The relationship between municipal deprivation index (composite deprivation index) and EBD showed the positive association, which means that the worse deprived municipal is, the higher EBD takes. Conclusions: Climate change is getting one of the major risk factors of cardio-cerebrovascular disease, which is the second leading cause of death. The study results suggested the urgent policy planning and reaction of climate change adaptation.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2009년 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.69-72
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of the non-sedentary in contemporary multi-housing planning through the understanding and interpretation of the modern nomadic life. A document research method was used to analyze and classified the spatial characteristics and development of the non-sedentary dwelling spaces since 20th century. Finally, today the applicable cases of non-sedentary space are as follows; the sharing housing, the adapting housing, and temporary housing for the multi-purpose spaces, huge spaces and the industrialization housing. First of all, in order to conform the concept of nomadism, the theory and characteristics were divided into three aspects; The concept of thought of lines, events and Rhisome, and the spatial characteristics of fluidity, multiplicity and the non-hierarchy, that is mainly based on the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze. This study attempted to analyze how the concept of non-sedentary dwelling space has been developed in what form and method they have been applied and interpreted in the historical background. It attempted to resolve the concept of movement and mobility through the experiment so that they might apply to the space of contemporary city.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.321-335
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• 2020

The aim of the present contribution is to consider and underline the essential interactions among the historical knowledge, the seismic vulnerability assessment, the investigation experimental tools, the preservation of the architectural quality and the strengthening design in regard to architectural heritage conservation. These topics are argued in relation to Palazzo Murena in Perugia, designed in the eighteenth century by the famous Architect Luigi Vanvitelli, and currently headquarters of the city's University. Based on the surveys and the visual inspections, a preliminary a priori global analysis has been performed by means of the FME method. The obtained results permitted to plan an experimental tests campaign inclusive of structural health monitoring. The new achieved "knowledge" of the building allowed to refine the seismic safety assessment. In particular it was highlighted that the "mezzanine floor" can be a vulnerable element of the building with the collapse of its masonry walls. Preserving the architectural characteristics, a local reinforcement intervention is proposed for the above-mentioned level; this consists of the application of plaster with FRCM, assuring an adequate strength, without burden the masonry structure with additional weight, and therefore a decreasing of the seismic vulnerability. The necessity to consider, in this ongoing research, other local mechanisms is highlighted in the unfolding of the last part of work.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.56-78
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• 2009

Currently, climate change is regarded as one of the most important environmental issues in the 21st century. However, climate change education is not seriously carried out in schools. This study is concerned about enhancing students' recognition about climate change and actions responding to climate change through an history discipline. More specifically, this study tried to identify the effect of history lessons on environmental education, especially focused on climate change, by performing an experiment. The experiment was designed based on Solomon four-group design and carried out in one high school in Gwangmyeong city. Findings of the experiment are as follows. First, students who had taken the reorganized history lesson based on climate change - that is, students with experimental treatments - gained higher understanding of climate change than before and students of control groups. Second, students with experimental treatments gained higher understanding about relationship between history and climate change. Third, students with experimental treatments showed higher possibility of taking responding actions to climate change. In conclusion, history lessons reorganized with environmental issues, for instance climate change, have big potential for environmental education since they contribute to enhancing environmental recognition and prompting responding actions through exploration the effects of existing historical facts. Interdisciplinary approach like that taken in this study will provide students with more comprehensive and extended prism for the environment.