• Title/Summary/Keyword: Hill

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Environmental Factors Influencing Tree Species Regeneration in Different Forest Stands Growing on a Limestone Hill in Phrae Province, Northern Thailand

  • Asanok, Lamthai;Marod, Dokrak
    • Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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    • v.32 no.3
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    • pp.237-252
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    • 2016
  • Improved knowledge of the environmental factors affecting the natural regeneration of tree species in limestone forest is urgently required for species conservation. We examined the environmental factors and tree species characteristics that are important for colonization in diverse forest stands growing on a limestone hill in northern Thailand. Our analysis estimated the relative influence of forest structure and environmental factors on the regeneration traits of tree species. We established sixty-four $100-m^2$ plots in four forest stands on the limestone hill. We determined the species composition of canopy trees, regenerating seedlings, and saplings in relation to the physical environment. The relationships between environmental variables and tree species abundance were assessed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and we used generalized linear mixed models to examine data on seedling/sapling abundances. The CCA ordination indicated that the abundance of tree species within the mixed deciduous forest was closely related to soil depth. The abundances of tree species growing within the sink-hole and hill-slope stands were positively related to the extent of rocky outcropping; light and soil moisture positively influenced the abundance of tree species in the hill-cliff stand. Physical factors had a greater effect on tree regeneration than did factors related to forest structure. Tree species, such as Ficus macleilandii, Dracaena cochinchinensis, and Phyllanthus mirabilis within the hill-cliff or sink-hole stand, colonized well on large rocky outcroppings that were well illuminated and had soft soils. These species regenerated well under conditions prevailing on the limestone hill. The colonization of several species in other stands was negatively influenced by environmental conditions at these sites. We found that natural regeneration of tree species on the limestone hill was difficult because of the prevailing combination of physical and biological factors. The influence of these factors was species dependent, and the magnitude of effects varied across forest stands.

Construction of Modified Yield Loci with Respect to the Strain Rates using Hill48 Quadratic Yield Function (Hill48 이차 항복식을 이용한 변형률 속도에 따른 수정된 항복곡면의 구성)

  • Lee, Chang-Soo;Bae, Gi-Hyun;Kim, Seok-Bong;Huh, Hoon
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.56-60
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    • 2010
  • Since the forming process involves the strain rate effect, a yield function considering the strain rate is indispensible to predict the accurate final blank shape in the forming simulation. One of the most widely used in the forming analysis is the Hill48 quadratic yield function due to its simplicity and low computing cost. In this paper, static and dynamic uni-axial tensile tests according to the loading direction have been carried out in order to measure the yield stress and the r-value. Based on the measured results, the Hill48 yield loci have been constructed, and their performance to describe the plastic anisotropy has been quantitatively evaluated. The Hill48 quadratic yield function has been modified using convex combination in order to achieve accurate approximation of anisotropy at the rolling and transverse direction.

Effect of different plant densities on growth and yield of sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.)

  • Cho, Young Dae;Jung, Ki Yuol;Chun, Hyun Chung;Lee, Sang Hun;Kang, Hang Won
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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    • 2017.06a
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    • pp.206-206
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    • 2017
  • Sorghum is a crop with a various plant height depending on the planting density. If the height exceeds 1.8m, which is the harvestable height of the combine, loss is caused by clogging of the installation, entrance of the threshing section and the threshing section. The purpose of this study is to set the planting distance and number of plants per hill suitable for combine harvesting as the plant length does not exceed 1.8m. The experimental variety was Nampungchal. The experiment design was a split-plot design with three replications. The treatments were as follow: Main-plot were 1 and 2 plants as number of plants per hill and sub-plots were $60{\times}20cm$ (practice), $70{\times}15$, 20, 25, 30 cm as planting distance. The amount of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilization were 100, 70, $80kg\;ha^{-1}$. Data were collected: (1) grain yield: weight of grain in $kg\;ha^{-1}$, (2) 1000 grain weight: average weight of 1000 grain, (3) plant height: distance from soil to top of panicle, (4) ear length: distance from top of stem to top of ear in cm, (5) stem diameter: diameter of second internode, (6) tiller number per hill. Analyses of variance were performed using R version 3.3.1(https://www. r- project. org). The Duncan's multiple range test(DMR) was used to separate treatment means at P < 0.05. As number of plants per hill increased, plant height and yield increased and tiller number decreased. As planting distance increased, plant height and yield decreased and tiller number increased. At 1 plant per hill, the plant height did not exceed 1.8m at all planting distance. At 2 plants per hill, the plant height did not exceed 1.8m from the planting distance of $70{\times}25cm$. At 1 plant per hill, the tiller number increased to 0.23, 0.27, 0.60 and 0.70 as the planting distance increased to $70{\times}15$, 20, 25 and 30 cm, respectively. At 2 plants per hill, the tiller number increased to 0.03, 0.03, 0.14 and 0.40 as the planting distance increased to $70{\times}15$, 20, 25 and 30 cm, respectively. At 1 plant per hill, the yield decreased to 6030, 4280, 3400 and $3230kg\;ha^{-1}$ as the planting distance increased. At 2 plant per hill, the yield decreased to 7850, 5770, 5720 and $4960kg\;ha^{-1}$ as the planting distance increased. We recommend that the optimum number of plants per hill and planting distance is 2 and $70{\times}25cm$ suitable for combine harvesting.

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Effects of Plant Number Per Hill on Growth and Yield of High Ridge Hill-Seeded Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.) (조 고휴점파 시 재식본수에 따른 생육 및 수량특성)

  • Jung, Ki-Youl;Park, Soo-Kwon;Kang, Hang-Won;Cho, Young-Son;Jeon, Seung-Ho
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.61 no.2
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    • pp.119-123
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    • 2016
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of plant number per hill (PNH) on growth and yield of foxtail millet in drained paddy fields. Crop growth, development, and yield in the field were examined for 2 years to assess the efficiency of proposed cropping system. The greatest culm length of 138 and 148 cm in the first and the second year, respectively, at the harvest stage was observed in plots with one plant per hill. The greatest culm diameter of 7.79 and 7.67 mm in the first and second year, respectively, was measured in plots with one plant per hill. The greatest tiller number of foxtail millet in plots with one plant per hill was 2.9 and 2.7 in the first and the second year, respectively. However, there was no significant difference between plots with four and five plant per hill. Among the measured yield components, the spike length and seed number per spike were one plant per hill in both years. The highest grain yield of foxtail millet ($324kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$ and $333kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$ in the first and second year, respectively) was obtained from plots with two plants por hill, followed by plots one, three, four, and five plants per hill.

A Study on the Characteristics of Campidoglio Hill Plan by Michelangelo (미켈란젤로의 캄피돌리오 언덕계획의 특성에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Seok-Man
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.18 no.6
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    • pp.85-101
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    • 2009
  • The Purpose of this paper is a study on the characteristics of Campidoglio hill plan by Michelangelo. 1. The plan of the Campidoglio hill is composed of the harmonized and united space, in spite of the existing conditions of a steep flight of land, a irregular site shape, a building of each other different dimension and form. And it is newly changed by site left through the modification of existing building elevation, utilization of existing building for new planning, connection with existing building and newly planned building from plaza composition of trapezoid form. 2. The concept of planning of the Campidoglio hill is planned by compromising for requirements of Baroque after Renaissance which urban planning characteristics of Baroque is as the relation with urban street through a inclined stairs and process such as street-approach stairs-plaza-symbol of inside plaza-building. 3. The section plan of the Campidoglio hill is planned by which can be easily approached to the plaza through the inclined stairs of gentle angle from street at the center east-west direction of main axis such as main axis, utilizing the existing site shape, and it is composed of the convex shape ascending gently at the center central part of the plaza. 4. The plan of the Campidoglio hill is composed of the elation with the axis of existing Senatorio palace, building planning of perfect balance, plaza composition of reversed trapezoid form bybuilding planning, central concentrated planning of buildings surrounding plaza. 5. The three palace of the plan of the Campidoglio hill is composed of the concept as theater which the stage background forms the front elevation of Senatorio palace higher two palace and the wings of either side of stage form the front elevation of Conservatori palace and Nuovo palace, surrounding three palace elevation around plaza of trapezoid form.

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Comparison of the Intra-hill Distribution of Culm and Panicle Length between Different Planting Numbers of Seedlings per Hill in Paddy Rice (수도주당재식본수에 따른 간장 및 수장의 주내분포에 관한 연구)

  • Kwang-Ho Kim;Eun-Woong Lee
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.24-29
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    • 1979
  • Intra-hill variances and coefficients of variance of culm and panicle length were increased while the avrage culm and panicle lenghts were decreased in the plot of the more planting numbers of seedlings per hill in paddy rice. The cumulative frequency of shorter culm than average lenght showed great differences between different planting numbers of seedling per hill. Verietal response of intra-hill culm and panicle length variation to different planting numbers of seedling per hill was not same and non-application of nitrogen fartilizer induced length under the more planting numbers of seedlings per hill.

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Study on Bulge Test by Moire Method (모아레法 에 의한 벌지試驗 에 관한 硏究)

  • 백남주;지용주;강대민
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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    • v.7 no.3
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    • pp.286-293
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    • 1983
  • This study measures polar compressive thickness strain and radius of curvature of the bulge through Moire' method in bulge test. Hill's and Alexander's bulge theories, instability conditions derived by Swift's, Hill's, Alexander's and wang's theories, are also investigated, compared with Moire' experimental results. In order to review and compare with Hill's and Alexander's bulge theories, the relationships between radius of curvature of the bulge and polar height, between polar compressive thickness strain and polar height, are used. Mild steel, soft copper and commercial pure aluminum are used in Moire' experiment. According to this study, Hill's and Alexander's bulge theories, instability conditions derived by Swift's, Hill's, Alexander's and Wang's theories are agreement to Moire' experiment results.

Lip Recognition using Lip Shape Model and Down Hill Search Method (입술의 형태 모델과 Down Hill 탐색 방법을 이용한 입술 인식)

  • 이임건;장경식
    • Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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    • v.6 no.6
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    • pp.968-976
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    • 2003
  • In this paper, we propose a novel method for lip recognition. Lip model is built based on the concatenated gray level distribution model, and the recognition problem is simplified as the minimization problem of matching object function. The Down Hill Simplex Algorithm is used for the minimization with the proposed novel method for setting initial condition, which can refrain Iteration from converging to local minima. The proposed algorithm shows extracting lip shape from the test image where Active Shape Model fails.

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