[KSCI] Korea Science Citation Index Service

http://dx.doi.org/10.7747/JFES.2016.32.3.237

Environmental Factors Influencing Tree Species Regeneration in Different Forest Stands Growing on a Limestone Hill in Phrae Province, Northern Thailand

Asanok, Lamthai (Department of Agroforestry, Maejo University, Phrae Campus)
Marod, Dokrak (Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University)

Publication Information

Journal of Forest and Environmental Science / v.32, no.3, 2016 , pp. 237-252 More about this Journal

Abstract

Improved knowledge of the environmental factors affecting the natural regeneration of tree species in limestone forest is urgently required for species conservation. We examined the environmental factors and tree species characteristics that are important for colonization in diverse forest stands growing on a limestone hill in northern Thailand. Our analysis estimated the relative influence of forest structure and environmental factors on the regeneration traits of tree species. We established sixty-four $100-m^2$ plots in four forest stands on the limestone hill. We determined the species composition of canopy trees, regenerating seedlings, and saplings in relation to the physical environment. The relationships between environmental variables and tree species abundance were assessed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and we used generalized linear mixed models to examine data on seedling/sapling abundances. The CCA ordination indicated that the abundance of tree species within the mixed deciduous forest was closely related to soil depth. The abundances of tree species growing within the sink-hole and hill-slope stands were positively related to the extent of rocky outcropping; light and soil moisture positively influenced the abundance of tree species in the hill-cliff stand. Physical factors had a greater effect on tree regeneration than did factors related to forest structure. Tree species, such as Ficus macleilandii, Dracaena cochinchinensis, and Phyllanthus mirabilis within the hill-cliff or sink-hole stand, colonized well on large rocky outcroppings that were well illuminated and had soft soils. These species regenerated well under conditions prevailing on the limestone hill. The colonization of several species in other stands was negatively influenced by environmental conditions at these sites. We found that natural regeneration of tree species on the limestone hill was difficult because of the prevailing combination of physical and biological factors. The influence of these factors was species dependent, and the magnitude of effects varied across forest stands.

Keywords

environmental factors; limestone hill; Northern Thailand; tree species regeneration; tropical limestone forest;

Citations & Related Records

Times Cited By KSCI : 1 (Citation Analysis)

Reference
Cited By KSCI

1	Aiba M, Nakashizuka T. 2007. Variation in juvenile survival and related physiological traits among dipterocarp species co-existing in a Bornean forest. J Veg Sci 18: 379-388. DOI
2	Alameda D, Villar R, Iriondo JM. 2012. Spatial pattern of soil compaction: Trees' footprint on soil physical properties. For Ecol Manage 283: 128-137. DOI
3	Anctil F, Lauzon N, Filion M. 2008. Added gains of soil moisture content observations for streamflow predictions using neural networks. J Hydrol 359: 225-234. DOI
4	Aquilina L, Ladouche B, Dorfliger N. 2006. Water storage and transfer in the epikarst of karstic systems during high flow periods. J Hydrol 327: 472-485. DOI
5	Asanok L, Marod D, Duengkae P, Pranmongkol U, Kurokawa H, Aiba M, Katabuchi M, Nakashizuka T. 2013. Relationships between functional traits and the ability of forest tree species to reestablish in secondary forest and enrichment plantations in the uplands of northern Thailand. For Ecol Manage 296: 9-23. DOI
6	Bakalowicz M. 2005. Karst groundwater: a challenge for new resources. Hydrogeol J 13: 148-160. DOI
7	Bakalowicz M. 2013. Epikarst processes. Treatise Geomorphol 6: 164-171.
8	Bogutskaya NG, Zupancic P, Bogut I, Naseka AM. 2012. Two new freshwater fish species of the genus Telestes (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae) from karst poljes in Eastern Herzegovina and Dubrovnik littoral (Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia). Zookeys (180): 53-80.
9	Brahim N, Bernoux M, Gallali T. 2012. Pedotransfer functions to estimate soil bulk density for Northern Africa: tunisia case. J Arid Environ 81: 77-83. DOI
10	Butscher C, Huggenberger P. 2009. Modeling the temporal variability of karst groundwater vulnerability, with implications for climate change. Environ Sci Technol 43: 1665-1669. DOI
11	Carreno-Rocabado G, Pena-Claros M, Bongers F, Alarcon A, Licona JC, Poorter L. 2012. Effects of disturbance intensity on species and functional diversity in a tropical forest. J Ecol 100: 1453-1463. DOI
12	Chen WH, Shui YM, Yang JB, Wang H, Nishii K, Wen F, Zhang ZR, Moller M. 2014. Taxonomic status, phylogenetic affinities and genetic diversity of a presumed extinct genus, Paraisometrum W.T. Wang (gesneriaceae) from the karst regions of Southwest China. PLoS One 9: e107967. DOI
13	Cohen-Fernandez AC, Naeth MA. 2013. Increasing woody species diversity for sustainable limestone quarry reclamation in Canada. Sustain 5: 1340-1366. DOI
14	Chen X, Zhang Z, Chen X, Shi P. 2009. The impact of land use and land cover changes on soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity along the karst hillslopes of southwest China. Environ Earth Sci 59: 811-820. DOI
15	Chimento C, Amaducci S. 2015. Characterization of fine root system and potential contribution to soil organic carbon of six perennial bioenergy crops. Biomass and Bioenergy 83: 116-122. DOI
16	Clark P, Hessl A. 2015. The effects of rock climbing on cliff-face vegetation. Appl Veg Sci 18: 705-715. DOI
17	Crottini A, Glaw F, Casiraghi M, Jenkins RK, Mercurio V, Randrianantoandro C, Randrianirina JE, Andreone F. 2011. A new Gephyromantis (Phylacomantis) frog species from the pinnacle karst of Bemaraha, western Madagascar. Zookeys (81): 51-71.
18	Crowther J. 1989. Groundwater chemistry and cation budgets of tropical karst outcrops, Peninsular Malaysia, I. Calcium and magnesium. J Hydrol 107: 169-192. DOI
19	Csergoa AM, Hufnagelb L, Hohnc M. 2014. Positive relationship between genetic- and species diversity on limestone outcrops in the Carpathian Mountains. Ecol Complex 20: 233-239. DOI
20	De Gouvenain RC, Kobe RK, Silander J. 2007. Partitioning of understorey light and dry-season soil moisture gradients among seedlings of four rain-forest tree species in Madagascar. J Trop Ecol 23: 569-579. DOI
21	de Graaff MA, Jastrow JD, Gillette S, Johns A, Wullschleger SD. 2014. Differential priming of soil carbon driven by soil depth and root impacts on carbon availability. Soil Biol Biochem 69: 147-156. DOI
22	De Waele J, Plan L, Audra P. 2009. Recent developments in surface and subsurface karst geomorphology: An introduction. Geomorphology 106: 1-8. DOI
23	de Souza Gomes Guarino E, Scariot AO. 2012. Tree seedling survival and growth in logged and undisturbed seasonal deciduous forest fragments in central Brazil. J For Res 17: 193-201. DOI
24	De Souza JP, Araujo GM, Haridasan M. 2007. Influence of soil fertility on the distribution of tree species in a deciduous forest in the Triangulo Mineiro region of Brazil. Plant Ecol 191: 253-263. DOI
25	De Vasconcellos S, Pessoa A, Dunn De Araujo DS. 2014. Tree community dynamics in a submontane forest in southeastern Brazil: growth, recruitment, mortality and changes in species composition over a seven-year period. Acta Bot Brasilica 28: 190-197. DOI
26	Denk T, Guner TH, Grimm GW. 2014. From mesic to arid: Leaf epidermal features suggest preadaptation in Miocene dragon trees (Dracaena). Rev Palaeobot Palynol 200: 211-228. DOI
27	Dirnbock T, Kobler J, Kraus D, Grote R, Kiese R. 2016. Impacts of management and climate change on nitrate leaching in a forested karst area. J Environ Manage 165: 243-252. DOI
28	Dlugos DM, Collins H, Bartelme EM, Drenovsky RE. 2015. The non-native plant Rosa multiflora expresses shade avoidance traits under low light availability. Am J Bot 102: 1323-1331. DOI
29	Duangjai W, Schmidt-Vogt D, Shrestha RP. 2015. Farmers' land use decision-making in the context of changing land and conservation policies: A case study of Doi Mae Salong in Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thailand. Land Use Policy 48: 179-189. DOI
30	Duarte JF, de Carvalho D, de Almeida Vieirab F. 2015. Genetic conservation of Ficus bonijesulapensis R.M. Castro in a dry forest on limestone outcrops. Biochem Syst Ecol 59: 54-62. DOI
31	Dupuy JM, Chazdon RL. 2008. Interacting effects of canopy gap, understory vegetation and leaf litter on tree seedling recruitment and composition in tropical secondary forests. For Ecol Manage 255: 3716-3725. DOI
32	Ediriweera S, Singhakumara BMP, Ashton MS. 2008. Variation in canopy structure, light and soil nutrition across elevation of a Sri Lankan tropical rain forest. For Ecol Manage 256: 1339-1349. DOI
33	Edwards DP, Tobias JA, Sheil D, Meijaard E, Laurance WF. 2014. Maintaining ecosystem function and services in logged tropical forests. Trends Ecol Evol 29: 511-520. DOI
34	Engone Obiang NL, Ngomanda A, Hymas O, Chezeauxl E, Picard N. 2014. Diagnosing the demographic balance of two light-demanding tree species populations in central Africa from their diameter distribution. For Ecol Manage 313: 55-62. DOI
35	Felfili JM, Nascimento ART, Fagg CW, Meirelles EM. 2007. Floristic composition and community structure of a seasonally deciduous forest on limestone outcrops in Central Brazil. Rev Bras Botanica 30: 611-621. DOI
36	Flores O, Gourlet-Fleury S, Picard N. 2006. Local disturbance, forest structure and dispersal effects on sapling distribution of light-demanding and shade-tolerant species in a French Guianian forest. Acta Oecologica 29: 141-154. DOI
37	Gao Y, Ai B, Kong H, Kang M, Huang H. 2015. Geographical pattern of isolation and diversification in karst habitat islands: a case study in the Primulina eburnea complex. J Biogeogr 42: 2131-2144. DOI
38	Gevaert AI, Parinussa RM, Renzullo LJ, van Dijk AIJM, de Jeu RAM. 2016. Spatio-temporal evaluation of resolution enhancement for passive microwave soil moisture and vegetation optical depth. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 45: 235-244. DOI
39	Gaviria J, Engelbrecht BM. 2015. Effects of Drought, Pest Pressure and Light Availability on Seedling Establishment and Growth: Their Role for Distribution of Tree Species across a Tropical Rainfall Gradient. PLoS One 10: e0143955. DOI
40	Geology Bureau. 2012. Geological province report. Department of Mineral Resource, Rama VI, Ratchathewi, Bankkok.
41	Gotelli NJ, Chao A. 2013. Measuring and estimating species richness, species diversity and biotic similarity from sampling data, Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Elsevier 5: 195-211.
42	Gustafsson M, Gustafsson L, Alloysius D, Falck J, Yap S, Karlsson A, Ilstedt U. 2016. Life history traits predict the response to increased light among 33 tropical rainforest tree species. For Ecol Manage 362: 20-28. DOI
43	Han J, Shen Z, Ying L, Li G, Chen A. 2015. Early post-fire regeneration of a fire-prone subtropical mixed Yunnan pine forest in Southwest China: Effects of pre-fire vegetation, fire severity and topographic factors. For Ecol Manage 356: 31-40. DOI
44	Hashemian M, Ryu D, Crow WT, Kustas WP. 2015. Improving root-zone soil moisture estimations using dynamic root growth and crop phenology. Adv Water Resour 86: 170-183. DOI
45	Hill MO. 1973. Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54: 427-432. DOI
46	Hu K, Chen H, Nie Y, Wang K. 2015. Seasonal recharge and mean residence times of soil and epikarst water in a small karst catchment of southwest China. Sci Rep 5: 10215. DOI
47	Kelly JWG, Landhausser SM, Chow PS. 2015. The impact of light quality and quantity on root-to-shoot ratio and root carbon reserves in aspen seedling stock. New Forests 46: 527-545. DOI
48	Huang Y, Li X, Zhang Z, He C, Zhao P, You Y, Mo L. 2011. Seasonal changes in Cyclobalanopsis glauca transpiration and canopy stomatal conductance and their dependence on subterranean water and climatic factors in rocky karst terrain. J Hydrol 402: 135-143. DOI
49	Ing CK, Sin CY, Yu SH. 2012. Model selection for integrated autoregressive processes of infinite order. J Multivar Anal 106: 57-71. DOI
50	Juwarkar AA, Singh L, Singh SK, Jambhulkar HP, Thawale PR, Kanfade H. 2015. Natural vs. reclaimed forests - a case study of successional change, reclamation technique and phytodiversity. Int J Mining Reclam Environ 29: 476-498. DOI
51	Khurana E, Singh JS. 2001. Ecology of seed and seedling growth for conservation and restoration of tropical dry forest : a review. Environ Conserv 28: 39-52.
52	Koh LP, Kettle CJ. 2010. Biodiversity state and trends in Southeast Asia. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Elsevier Ltd.
53	Koonkhunthod N, Sakurai K, Tanaka S. 2007. Composition and diversity of woody regeneration in a 37-year-old teak (Tectona grandis L.) plantation in Northern Thailand. For Ecol Manage 247: 246-254. DOI
54	Latinne A, Waengsothorn S, Herbreteau V, Michaux JR. 2011. Thai limestone karsts: an impending biodiversity crisis. Proceeding, "Environmental Supporting in Food and Energy Security: Crisis and Opportunity" Thai Society of Higher Education Institutes on Environment, 22-25 March 2011, Bangkok, Thailand.
55	Li C, Xiong K, Wu G. 2013. Process of biodiversity research of Karst areas in China. Acta Ecol Sin 33: 192-200. DOI
56	Liu S, Zhang W, Wang K, Pan F, Yang S, Shu S. 2015. Factors controlling accumulation of soil organic carbon along vegetation succession in a typical karst region in Southwest China. Sci Total Environ Jul 521-522: 52-58. DOI
57	Li S, Ren HD, Xue L, Chang J, Yao XH. 2014. Influence of bare rocks on surrounding soil moisture in the karst rocky desertification regions under drought conditions. Catena 116: 157-162. DOI
58	Liu CC, Liu YG, Fan DY, Guo K. 2012. Plant drought tolerance assessment for re-vegetation in heterogeneous karst landscapes of southwestern China. Flora Morphol Distrib Funct Ecol Plants 207: 30-38. DOI
59	Liu CQ. 2009. Biogeochemical Processes and the Surface Material Cycle: The Cycles of Biogenic Elements of Soil - Vegetation System in the Southwestern Karst China. Science Press, Beijing, China.
60	Lu X, Toda H, Ding F, Fang S, Yang W, Xu H. 2014. Effect of vegetation types on chemical and biological properties of soils of karst ecosystems. Eur J Soil Biol 61: 49-57. DOI
61	Lusk CH, Sendall K, Kooyman R. 2011. Latitude, solar elevation angles and gap-regenerating rain forest pioneers. J Ecol 99: 491-502.
62	Lusk CH1, Kelly JW, Gleason SM. 2013. Light requirements of Australian tropical vs. cool-temperate rainforest tree species show different relationships with seedling growth and functional traits. Ann Bot 111: 479-488. DOI
63	Magnago LFS, Martins SV, Schaefer CEGR, Neri AV. 2012. Restinga forests of the Brazilian coast: richness and abundance of tree species on different soils. An Acad Bras Cienc 84: 807-822. DOI
64	Mao P, Zang R, Shao H, Yu J. 2014. Functional trait trade-offs for the tropical montane rain forest species responding to light from simulating experiments. Sci World J 2014: 1-9.
65	Musser GG, Smith AL, Robinson MF, Lunde DP. 2005. Description of a new genus and species of rodent (Murinae, Muridae, Rodentia) from the Khammouan Limestone National Biodiversity Conservation Area in Lao PDR. Am Museum Novit 3497: 1-31. DOI
66	Marod D, Kutintara U, Yarwudhi C, Tanaka H, Nakashizuka T. 1999. Structural dynamics of a natural mixed deciduous forest in western Thailand. J Veg Sci 10: 777-786. DOI
67	Marques MC, Oliveira PE. 2008. Seasonal rhythms of seed rain and seedling emergence in two tropical rain forests in southern Brazil. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 10: 596-603. DOI
68	McLaren KP, McDonald MA. 2003. The effects of moisture and shade on seed germination and seedling survival in a tropical dry forest in Jamaica. For Ecol Manage 183: 61-75. DOI
69	Nangngam P, Sreepoowiang K, Pupichit W, Watanakarn S, Chuayna C. 2011. Vegetation of Limestone Mountain in Thung Salaeng Luang National Park, Phitsanuloke Province. NU Science Journal 8: 72-86.
70	Nguyen TT, Bauer S, Uibrig H. 2010. Land privatization and afforestation incentive of rural farms in the Northern Uplands of Vietnam. J For Pol Econ 12: 518-526. DOI
71	Nguyen TT, Koellner T, Le QB, Lambini CL, Choi I, Shin H, Pham VD. 2014. An economic analysis of reforestation with a native tree species: The case of Vietnamese farmers. Biodivers Conserv 23: 811-830. DOI
72	Nguyen TV, Mitlohner R, Van Nguyen B, Van Do T. 2015. Environmental factors affecting the abundance and presence of tree species in a tropical lowland limestone and non-limestone forest in ben en national park, Vietnam. J For Env Sci 31: 177-191.
73	Olofsson P, Eklundh L, Lagergren F, Jonsson P, Lindroth A. 2007 Estimating net primary production for Scandinavian forests using data from Terra/MODIS. Adv Sp Res 39: 125-130. DOI
74	Nie YP, Chen HS, Wang KL, Yang J. 2012. Water source utilization by woody plants growing on dolomite outcrops and nearby soils during dry seasons in karst region of Southwest China. J Hydrol 420-421: 264-274. DOI
75	Niskanen A. 1998. Financial and economic profitability of reforestation in Thailand. For Ecol Manage 104: 57-68. DOI
76	Office of Industrial Economics. 2014. Annual report 2014. Ministry of Industry Thailand, Rama VI, Ratchathewi, Bankkok.
77	Palomaki MB, Chazdon RL, Arroyo JP, Letcher SG. 2006. Juvenile tree growth in relation to light availability in second-growth tropical rain forests. J Trop Ecol 22: 223-226. DOI
78	Peng CI, Lin CW, Yang HA, Kono Y, Nguyen HQ. 2015. Six new species of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from limestone areas in Northern Vietnam. Bot Stud 56: 9. DOI
79	Phrae Information Department. 2013. Summary Report of Phrae 2013. Phrae Department, Phrae, Thailand.
80	Pooma R. 2011. New species in Thailand. Forest and Plant Conservation Research office, Department of National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok.
81	Quero JL, Herrero A, Zamora R. 2011. Linking stochasticity to determinism of woody plant recruitment in a mosaic landscape: A spatially explicit approach. Basic Appl Ecol 12: 161-171. DOI
82	Read J, McCoy S, Jaffre T. 2015. Shade-tolerance of seedlings of rain-forest trees: monodominants vs. subordinates and episodic vs. continuous regenerators. J Trop Ecol 31: 541-552. DOI
83	Shanmughavel P, Zheng Z, Liqing S, Min C. 2001. Floristic structure and biomass distribution of a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, southwest China. Biomass and Bioenergy 21: 165-175. DOI
84	Ruxton GD, Beauchamp G. 2008. Some suggestions about appropriate use of the Kruskal-Wallis test. Anim Behav 76: 1083-1087. DOI
85	Schonbeck L, Lohbeck M, Bongers F, Ramos MM, Sterck F. 2015. How do Light and Water Acquisition Strategies Affect Species Selection during Secondary Succession in Moist Tropical Forests? Forests 6: 2047-2065. DOI
86	Seidler R, Bawa KS. 2000. Biodiversity in logged and managed forests. Encycl Biodivers 1: 446-458.
87	Sodhi NS, Posa MRC, Lee TM, Bickford D, Koh LP, Brook BW. 2010. The state and conservation of Southeast Asian biodiversity. Biodivers Conserv 19: 317-328. DOI
88	Speziale KL, Ezcurra C. 2012. The role of outcrops in the diversity of Patagonian vegetation: Relicts of glacial palaeofloras? Flora Morphol Distrib Funct Ecol Plants 207: 141-149. DOI
89	Tang CQ, Li YH, Zhang ZY. 2010. Species Diversity Patterns in Natural Secondary Plant Communities and Man-made Forests in a Subtropical Mountainous Karst Area, Yunnan, SW China. Mt Res Dev 30: 244-251. DOI
90	Tang JW, Yin JX, Qi JF, Jepsen MR, Lu XT. 2012. Ecosystem carbon storage of tropical forests over limestone in Xishuangbanna, SW China. J Trop For Sci 24: 399-407.
91	Tarvainen L, Rantfors M, Wallin G. 2015. Seasonal and within-canopy variation in shoot-scale resource-use efficiency trade-offs in a Norway spruce stand. Plant Cell Environ 38: 2487-2496. DOI
92	Thai Meteorological Department. 2015. Daily Rainfall and temperature Report. Sukhumvit Road, Bangna, Bangkok.
93	Tripathi AK, Shankar U. 2014. Patterns of species dominance, diversity and dispersion in ‘Khasi hill sal' forest ecosystem in northeast India. For Ecosyst 1: 23. DOI
94	Thai Society of Higher Education Institutes on Environment, Bangkok, pp 176-187.
95	The Forest Herbarium. 2014. Thai Plant Names: Tem Smitinand. Royal Forest Department, Bangkok.
96	Trejo-torres JC, Ackerman JD. 2002. Composition Patterns of Caribbean Limestone Forests: Are Parsimony, Classification, and Ordination Analyses Congruent? Biotropica 34: 502-515. DOI
97	Uselman SM, Snyder KA, Leger EA, Duke SE. 2015. Emergence and early survival of early versus late seral species in Great Basin restoration in two different soil types. Appl Veg Sci 18: 624-636. DOI
98	Waengsothorn S, Nabhitabhata J, Moochan T. 2007. The ecological distribution of Thai endemic rodents with a new distributional range of Niviventer hinpoon. J Thai Nat His Museum 2: 31-42.
99	Wei Y, Yu LF, Zhang JC, Yu YC, Deangelis DL. 2011. Relationship between vegetation restoration and soil microbial characteristics in degraded karst regions: a case study. Pedosphere 21: 132-138. DOI
100	Westera L, Yongvanit S. 2005. Farmers, foresters and forest temples: conservation in the Dong Mun uplands, Northeast Thailand. Geoforum 36: 735-749. DOI
101	Wezel A. 2007. Changes between 1927 and 2004 and effect of rock climbing on occurrence of Saxifraga paniculata and Draba aizoides, two glacial relicts on limestone cliffs of the Swabian Jura, southern Germany. J Nat Conserv 15: 84-93. DOI
102	Yang W, Liu F, Zhou L, Zhang S, An S. 2011. Trade-offs between growth and survival of non-pioneer light-demanding tree seedlings in tropical forest of Hainan Island, China. J Trop Ecol 27: 611-620. DOI
103	Williamson SD, Balkwill K. 2015. Plant census and floristic analysis of selected serpentine outcrops of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, Mpumalanga, South Africa. South African J Bot 97: 133-142. DOI
104	World Bank. 2004. Thailand environment monitor 2004, biodiversity conservation. World Bank Report. http://go.worldbank.org/VPRE208MZ0.
105	Yang R, Chen B, Liu H, Liu Z, Yan H. 2015. Carbon sequestration and decreased CO2 emission caused by terrestrial aquatic photosynthesis: Insights from diel hydrochemical variations in an epikarst spring and two spring-fed ponds in different seasons. Appl Geochemistry 63: 248-260. DOI
106	Yin H, Wheeler E, Phillips RP. 2014. Root-induced changes in nutrient cycling in forests depend on exudation rates. Soil Biol Biochem 78: 213-221. DOI
107	Zhang C, Wei Y, Zhao X, von Gadow K. 2013. Spatial characteristics of tree diameter distributions in a temperate old-growth forest. PLoS One 8: e58983. DOI
108	Zhang J, Chen H, Su Y, Shi Y, Zhang W, Kong X. 2011. Spatial Variability of Surface Soil Moisture in a Depression Area of Karst Region. Clean - Soil, Air, Water 39: 619-625. DOI
109	Zhou G, Huang J, Tao X, Luo Q, Zhang R, Liu Z. 2015. Overview of 30 years of research on solubility trapping in Chinese karst. Earth-Science Rev 146: 183-194. DOI