• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.23-39
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• 1980

The purpose of this study is to investigate various factors which affect father's child-rearing attitudes through the examination of father-child relationships. In other words, the study aims at finding out how the variables possessed by father side operate on his child-rearing attitudes according to the sex and birth-order of children. Hence, the study is carried out on the hypothesis that father's variables such as age, education, occupation, religion, etc. show different aspects on child-rearing attitudes by way of a child's sex and birth-order. The results of the study show that the factors that affect father's child-rearing attitudes are child's variables such as sex and birth-order as well as father's variables such as education, occupation and religion. describing these factors I detail, the study shows that father has higher concern on daughter rather than on son; the higher education he has, the higher his concern is; and when father has a white-collar job or is a Christian, he shows higher concern on his children. The above mentioned factors are analyzed and classified as follows by the child-rearing contents: A. The factors which affect father's concern one his children are: 1) sex, 2) father's education and 3) occupation related to the sex and birth-order of children. B. The factors which affect father's participation in child-care are; 1) sex, 2) birth-order, 3) father's education, 4) occupation and 5) religion related to the sex and birth-order. C. The factors which affect father's disciplinary attitudes (Praise or scolding) are ; 1) sex, 2) father's education and 3) religion related to the sex and birth-order. C. The factors which affect father's disciplinary attitudes (praise or scolding) are; 1) sex, 2) father's education related to sex, and 3) sex in terms of negative attitudes. E. Finally, father's age is proved to be a factor that does not give any significance in his child-rearing attitudes.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.343-359
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• 2008

In the present study, an efficient method for the optimum design of three-dimensional (3D) steel framed structures is proposed. In this method, in addition to choosing the best position of columns based on architectural requirements, the optimum cross-sectional dimensions of elements are determined. The preliminary design variables are considered as the number of columns in structural plan, which are determined by a direct optimization method suitable for discrete variables, without requiring the evaluation of derivatives. After forming the geometry of structure, the main variables of the cross-sectional dimensions are evaluated, which satisfy the design constraints and also achieve the least-weight of the structure. To reduce the number of finite element analyses and the overall computational time, a new third order approximate function is introduced which employs only the diagonal elements of the higher order derivatives matrices. This function produces a high quality approximation and also, a robust optimization process. The main feature of the proposed techniques that the higher order derivatives are established by the first order exact derivatives. Several examples are solved and efficiency of the new approximation method and also, the proposed method for the best position of columns in 3D steel framed structures is discussed.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.71-93
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• 2019

Finite element simulations of solid mechanics problems often involve the use of Non-Confirming Meshes (NCM) to increase accuracy in capturing nonlinear behavior, including damage and plasticity, in part of a solid domain without an undue increase in computational costs. In the presence of material nonlinearity and plasticity, higher-order variables are often needed to capture nonlinear behavior and material history on non-conforming interfaces. The most popular formulations for coupling non-conforming meshes are dual methods that involve the interpolation of a traction field on the interface. These methods are subject to the Ladyzhenskaya-Babuska-Brezzi (LBB) stability condition, and are therefore limited in their implementation with the higher-order elements needed to capture nonlinear material behavior. Alternatively, the enriched discontinuous Galerkin approach (EDGA) (Haikal and Hjelmstad 2010) is a primal method that provides higher order kinematic fields on the interface, and in which interface tractions are computed from local finite element estimates, therefore facilitating its implementation with nonlinear material models. The inclusion of higher-order interface variables, however, presents the issue of preserving material history at integration points when a increase in integration order is needed. In this study, the enriched discontinuous Galerkin approach (EDGA) is extended to the case of small-deformation plasticity. An interface-driven Gauss-Kronrod integration rule is proposed to enable adaptive enrichment on the interface while preserving history-dependent material data at existing integration points. The method is implemented using classical J2 plasticity theory as well as the pressure-dependent Drucker-Prager material model. We show that an efficient treatment of interface variables can improve algorithmic performance and provide a consistent approach for coupling non-conforming meshes in inelasticity.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.305-313
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• 2019

Generalized canonical correlation analysis (GCCA) extends the canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to the case of more than two sets of variables and there have been many studies on how two-set canonical solutions can be generalized. In this paper, we derive certain stationary equations which can lead the higher-order solutions of several GCCA methods and suggest a type of iterative procedure to obtain the canonical coefficients. In addition, with some numerical examples we present the methods for graphical display, which are useful to interpret the GCCA results obtained.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.208-216
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• 2009

A number of estimation of distribution algorithms have been proposed that do not use explicitly crossover and mutation of traditional genetic algorithms, but estimate the distribution of population for more efficient search. But because it is not easy to discover higher-order correlations of variables, lower-order correlations are estimated most cases under various constraints. In this paper, we propose a new estimation of distribution algorithm that represents higher-order correlations of the data and finds global optimum more efficiently. The proposed algorithm represents the higher-order correlations among variables by building random hypergraph model composed of hyperedges consisting of variables which are expected to be correlated, and generates the next population by Bayesian sampling algorithm Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can find global optimum and outperforms the simple genetic algorithm and BOA(Bayesian Optimization Algorithm) on decomposable functions with deceptive building blocks.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2000.06a
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• pp.536-542
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• 2000

The present paper introduces a new fixed interface component mode synthesizing technique based on the notion of higher-order field-consistency. The present technique employs higher-order residual constraint modes in addition to lower fixed interface normal modes while consistency in matching field variables at the substructure interface is maintained. The present field-consistency approach does not increase the size of the synthesized system even if higher-order residual constraint modes are included. A new field-consistent higher-order synthesis technique is first presented and a numerical example is given to verify the present method.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.75-86
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• 1995

This study was performed to investigate the negative side effects of video display terminal (VDT) work on the human body and to provide data for preventing VDT syndrome. A questionnaire survey was made to 339 VDT workers at 22 offices in Taegu, Kyungpook and Kyungnam areas from July 1 to August 31, 1994, and 280 of them were finally used for statistical analysis. The VDT syndrome in the present study inclhded five factors, namely as eye-related symptom, psychological symptom, general body symptom, musculoskeletal symptom, and skin-related symptom, and the estimates of Crombach coefficients of the five factors were 0.954, 0.952, 0.953, 0.957, and 0.955, respectively, showing very high reliability. In view of socio-economical characteristics, the symptoms of female were higher than those of male in the order of musculoskeletal symptom, eye-related symptom, skin-related symptom and psychological symptom. The age group of 30 years or less was higher than the older groups in the order of musculoskeletal symptom, eye-related symptom, psychological symptom and skinrelated symptom. The group of lower education level showed higher skin-related symptom. The psychological symptom and skin-related symptom increased as the amount of smoking increased. Higher eye-related symptom was observed in the group without glasses. In the job-related variables, the group of working on programming and data input showed higher eye-related symptom and psychological symptom. The group of working on programming and graphic design showed higher musculoskeletal symptom and skin-related symptom. The skin-related symptom increased as the total time of VDT operation per day increased. The group of working 2-4 hours followed by 15 minutes rest was higher in musculoskeletal symptom and psychological symptom. Higher musculoskeletal symptom was observed from the group working on Friday and Sunday. The group of 1 year or less working showed higher in skin-related symptom. In relation with the VDT type, all symptoms except skin-related symptom were higher in the group using monochrome monitor. As showed above, the questionnaire could be a tool for evaluating VDT syndrome and prevention of the syndrome would be possible by a comprehensive consideration of factors including socio-economic characteristics, job-related variables and VDT type.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.201-220
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to investigate communication style & communication in the family and marital satisfaction. This study focuses on the following aspects: 1) to find out which variables of background variables(oe, sociodemographic variables & communication styles) have effect on communica-tion and marital satisfaction in the family. 2) to find out the relationships between communication in the family and marital satisfaction. 3) to find out the independent influence of background variables on marital satisfaction. In order to clarify the above problems the data were obtained from questionaires with 72 items. The selected sample is composed of 365 housewives in chong Joo city. SAS pc program was used for th statistical analysis of the data. Data was analyzed by frequency percentage mean F-test Duncan's multiple range test regression analysis path analysis pearson's correlation coefficient. Major findings are as follows: first age of couples education of couples durati n of marriage family life cycle number of children income were variables to have influence on communication in the family, And communication styles were variables to have influence on communication in the family. Second age of couple education of couple duration of marriage family life cycle number of children were variables to have influence on marital satisfaction. And communication styles were variables to have influence on marital satisfaction. Third there were positive relation between communication in the family and marital satisfaction. The higher communication about clothing food housing skill health affection money, time and infstitutional facilities the higher marital satisfaction. Fourth influential variables related to marital satisfaction were communication about clothing affection & money and communication styles(ie, random style, morphogenic style, mophostatic style)

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.219-228
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• 1982

This study aimed at assessing the industrial workers' mental health status and identifing the relationship between mental health status and socio-demographic variables. We administered psychiatric self report rating scale (SCL-90)to 622 manual workers and 191 office workers in a textile .industry. The study began on 1 November, 1981 and lasted for 30 days The results were as follow: 1. Scores of symptom dimension were higher in female rather than male, younger than older, lower income group than higher one, lower educated group than higher one, manual workers than office workers and unmarried group than married one respectively. 2. The result of dimension scores of total samples showed that the score of Obsessive-compulsive scale was highest. The rest symptom dimension showed the order as follows: Interpersonal sensitivity, Depression, Hostility, Anxiety, Paranoid ideation, Somatization, Psychoticism and Phobic anxiety. 3. In order to identify the partial contribution of each socio-demographic variables on the mental health, multiple regression method was applied, and the result was as follows. 1) Sex was the most important one to explain the Somatization, Phobic-anxiety and Psychoticism scales among the 7 variables in the multiple regression equation. 2) Economic status was the most important variable to explein the Obsessive-compulsive, Depression and Hostility scales. 3) Marital status was the most important variable to explain the Interpersonal-sensitivity and Paranoid ideation scales.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.492-505
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• 2002

This paper examined gender differences in a rate, type, relevant variables of delinquent behavior, and a gender differences regarding the relative influence of family, personality, academic achievement, sexual abuse and alcohol .drug abuse on delinquent behavior among Korean adolescents. Method: Data were collected by self-report questionnaires. Subjects consisted of 2,100 adolescents (male 1,396, female 704) in Korea, using proportional stratified random sampling method. Statistical methods were Chi-square, t-test and path analysis. Result: Male adolescents had higher rate of delinquent behavior, and more all types of delinquent behavior (antisocial, aggressive, and psychopathic) than female. Male adolescents showed more dysfunctional family dynamic environments, higher antisocial personality and sociability than female adolescents. Female adolescents had higher depressive tendencies than male. The most powerful contributing variables on male delinquent behavior were age, antisocial personality, parent-child relationship, isolation feelings, and sexual abuse in this order named. Drug abuse, isolation feelings, antisocial personality and parent-child relationship tended to be contributing variables for female delinquent behaviors in this order named. Conclusion: This investigation will provides a foundation for theory that addresses the complexities of both gender-specific and gender influences on delinquent behavior and development of preventive strategies for female delinquency.