• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.488-492
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• 2003

Yeast cell wall mutant, Saccharomyces cerevisiae IS2 was screened by the NTG treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCTC 7911. The mutant was highly resistant to zymolase, which specifically degrades ${\beta}$-1,3-D-glucose chain of ${\beta}$-glucan and mechanical disruption by glass beads. These phenomena demonstrate that the yeast mutant has cell wall structure different from the wild-type. The ${\beta}$-glucan of yeast mutant and wild-type strains was recovered by sequential extraction with NaOH. The injection of ${\beta}$-glucan into the abdominal cavity of mouse resulted in an increase in the number of peritoneal immune cells, NO (nitric oxide) production, and phagocytic activity of macrophage. The number of immune cells was found to be $3.90{\times}10^6\;cells/10\;mL$ and $5.48{\times}10^6\;cells/10\;mL$ with the wild-type and mutant ${\beta}$-glucan, respectively. The effect on the NO production and phagocytic activity of mutant ${\beta}$-glucan were 1.69 and 1.43-fold higher than those of wild-type. These results indicate that the immuno-stimulating activity of alternated ${\beta}$-glucan from mutant yeast is higher than that of wild-type.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.428-438
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• 2014

Functional effects of cauliflower mushroom (Sparassis latifolia) have been magnified by various media and internal and external research papers, recently. So, optimum condition of wood chip particle size and cultivation method of high ${\beta}$-glucan content for bulk cultivation generalization of cauliflower mushroom farms researched. As a result, T7 (1~2 mm 25%, 2~4 mm 50%, over 4 mm 25%) media as mixed media of certain ratio of particle size, showed excellent growth at $11.5{\pm}1.0$ cm / 44 days. Also, production of fruit body found higher than control and marketable pileus part took 85% ratio. The ${\beta}$-glucan content at media composition condition showed 1.4~2.4 times higher content in stipe part than pileus part. Also, PCF300 medium found 59.5% highest ${\beta}$-glucan content in stipe part. While ${\beta}$-glucan content showed 33.0% low content in pileus part. Therefore it needed additional study that ${\beta}$-glucan content improved in pileus part. In conclusion, production of high ${\beta}$-glucan content cauliflower mushroom was possible by T7 condition (wood chip particle size: 1~2 mm 25%, 2~4 mm 50% and over 4 mm 25%, composition: corn powder, flour and 300 ppm yeast).

• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.307-312
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• 2000

Physiologically active material ${\beta}$-glucan extracted from mushroom has an antitumor effect. Agaricus blazei murill(A blazel) fruiting bodies were reported to contain large amounts of ${\beta}$-glucan. The purpose of this study was to maximize ${\beta}$-glucn extraction from A. blazei by microwave assisted extraction method. Optimal extraction conditions were obtained under various extraction time and applied power which was examined as 200, 500 and 650 watt. The structure and concentrations of the raffinates were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(NMR) and infrared spectroscopy(IR) It was proved that the extraction yield of microwave assisted extraction method was higher than that of conventional solvent extraction method. It was also observed that microwave assisted extraction method requires less amounts of solvents and extraction time compared to the conventional solvent extraction method.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.1027-1032
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• 2008

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary yeast derived ${\beta}$-glucan and single-strain probiotics on the growth performance and antibody response in broiler chicks. Six hundred and thirty 1-d-old male broiler chicks were divided into seven groups, placed into three pens per group (30 birds per pen) and fed one of seven non-medicated corn-SBM based experimental diets containing 0.025, 0.05 or 0.1% Saccharomyces cerevisiae ${\beta}$-glucan and 0.05, 0.1 or 0.2% Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA-pro, $1.3{\times}10^9/g$) or devoid of them for 5 wk. The body weight gains in groups fed diets containing 0.025 or 0.1% ${\beta}$-glucan, 0.1% or 0.2% BA-pro were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the control over 1-35 d. Feed conversion rates of groups fed ${\beta}$-glucan and BA-pro tended to be improved compared to the control group. There were no significant differences in the relative weights of liver, abdominal fat and breast muscle. No significant differences were observed in the activities of serum enzymes and concentrations of various cholesterol fractions. The antibody titers against Newcastle disease or infectious bronchitis virus in the chicks fed diets containing ${\beta}$-glucan and BA-pro were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the control. The concentrations of cecal lactic acid bacteria in all groups fed BA-pro were significantly increased (p<0.05) compared to the control. These results indicated that dietary yeast derived ${\beta}$-glucan and BA-pro exerted growth-promoting and immune-enhancing effects in broiler chickens. In addition, BA-pro added to the diets modulated the profiles of cecal microflora, reflecting a potential to be beneficial microorganisms in chickens.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.79-83
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• 2015

In this study, SCAR marker that differentiates Pleurotus eryngii strains with higher ${\beta}$-glucan from control strain was developed. Genomic DNAs of 9 control strains of Pleurotus eryngii and 9 Pleurotus eryngii strains with higher ${\beta}$-glucan were analyzed by bulked segregant analysis (BSA) using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). One-hundred twenty RAPD primers were screened on bulked DNA samples and a unique DNA fragment with the size of 91 bp was yielded by OP-R03 primer from the Pleurotus eryngii strains with higher ${\beta}$-glucan. A sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker, designated as OP-R03-1-F and OP-R03-1-R, was designed on the basis of the determined sequence. The PCR analysis with the OP-R03-1 primer showed that this SCAR marker can clearly distinguish the Pleurotus eryngii strains with higher ${\beta}$-glucan from the control strains.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.401-408
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• 2012

The grain and agronomic characteristics of Korean barley cultivars were investigated with respect to ethanol yield. Test weight, grain yield, and starch yield showed noticeable variation among the cultivars. Grain yields were higher in covered barley and non-waxy barley. Starch yield was higher in non-waxy barley than waxy barley. Protein, ${\beta}$-glucan, and starch content of tested cultivars ranged in 10.0-12.9%, 4.4-7.5% and 49.7-65.3%, respectively. Naked barley cultivar had higher starch content than covered barley cultivar. However, covered barley had high starch yield because it has higher grain yield than naked barley. Covered barley cultivar had higher husk content, ranging 7.6-14.0%, than that of naked barley cultivar, ranging 5.3-8.0%. Starch content was positively correlated with amylose content, test weight, ethanol yield and negatively correlated with protein, husk, ${\beta}$-glucan content. Ethanol yield per ton was positively correlated with starch content, but negatively correlated with husk content. Ethanol yield per hectare was positively correlated with starch yield, grain yield, grain weight and negatively correlated with protein, test weight. From this research, the important characteristics of barley cultivar as a bioethanol producing material were starch content and grain yield. Optimum barley genotype was non-waxy naked barley that had low protein, ${\beta}$-glucan, husk content, and high starch content and grain yield.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.661-668
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• 2009

A total of 107 pearled barley products produced in Korea, 58 non-waxy and 49 waxy, were analyzed for protein and $\beta$-glucan content, whiteness, cooking characteristics (water absorption and expansibility), and pasting properties, with respect to the region of production. We compared non-waxy and waxy pearled barley products and sought correlations between levels of chemical components and cooking characteristics. Waxy pearled barley products had higher concentrations of protein (7.17-12.57%, w/w) and $\beta$-glucan (2.81-7.38%, w/w), a higher whiteness grade (27.1-49.6), and a greater water absorption (218-593%) and expansibility (366-593%) than did non-waxy barley products. The pasting temperature of non-waxy pearled barley ($73.9^{\circ}C$) was higher than that of waxy pearled barley ($66.9^{\circ}C$). Peak viscosity, hot paste viscosity, and final viscosity of non-waxy pearled barley products were higher than those of waxy products. The results showed that waxy pearled barley products had better cooking characteristics than did non-waxy products. A significant positive correlation was observed between protein and $\beta$-glucan content in both non-waxy and waxy pearled barley products ($r=0.632^{***}$ and $r=0.453^{**}$, respectively). Whiteness showed a negative correlation with protein content of both non-waxy and waxy pearled barley products ($r=-0.433^{***}$, $r=-0.343^{**}$). However, neither water absorption nor expansibility showed any significant correlation with protein or $\beta$-glucan content. The waxy ratio of 49 waxy pearled barley products ranged from 84-100%.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.352-355
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• 2003

${\beta}$-(1,6)-Branched ${\beta}$-(1,3)-D-glucans are known to enhance the immune system in human body, and in most cases have higher molecular weights over 1 MDa. In order to enhance the efficacy of glucans by decreasing their molecular weights, sonication, acid treatment, and enzymatic hydrolysis were tested and compared in this work. Treatment of sonication was effective to decrease the molecular weight to the extent of several dozens of kilo-daltons, but have a risk to disorder the triple helical structure of the glucans. Acid treatment was also an effective method to degrade polysaccharides, but ${\beta}$-(1,6)-branched of the glucan molecules was found to be also hydrolyzed. Treatment of ${\beta}$-(1,3)-glucanase was an effective method to decrease the molecular weight in mild conditions, but could not hydrolyse the highly ${\beta}$-(1,6)-branched ${\beta}$-(1,3)-glucans efficiently.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The present study investigated the hypothesis that a highly pure linear ${\beta}$-1,3-glucan produced by Agrobacterium sp. R259 enhances human natural killer (NK) cell activity and suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In an eight-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 83 healthy adults with white blood cell counts of $4,000-8,000cells/{\mu}L$ were participated and randomly assigned to take two capsules per day containing either 350 mg ${\beta}$-1,3-glucan or placebo. Six participants withdrew their study consent or were excluded due to NK cell activity levels outside the normal range. NK cell activity and serum levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ were measured. RESULTS: NK cell activity and the serum levels of IL-10 were significantly higher from baseline to week 8 in the ${\beta}$-glucan group compared with the placebo group (P = 0.048, P = 0.029). Consumption of ${\beta}$-1,3-glucan also significantly increased NK cell activity compared with placebo after adjusting for smoking and stress status (P = 0.009). In particular, the effect of ${\beta}$-1,3-glucan on NK cell activity was greater in participants with severe stress than in those experiencing mild stress. However, the administration ${\beta}$-1,3-glucan did not significantly modulate the levels of IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IgG compared with the placebo. CONCLUSION: The results showed that supplementation with bacterial ${\beta}$-1,3-glucan significantly increased NK cell activity without causing any adverse effects. Additionally, the beneficial effect of ${\beta}$-1,3-glucan on NK cell activity was greater in participants experiencing severe stress.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.1548-1557
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• 2019

Objective: To investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different levels and molecular weights of fungal ${\beta}$-glucan on productive performances, health, carcass traits and meat quality in broilers. Methods: Two hundred and ten of one-day-old chicks with equal sex were assigned to seven experimental groups in $2{\times}4$ factorial arrangement. These groups were supplemented with (0, 10, 30, and 60 ppm) of molecular weight 1-3, 1-6 ${\beta}$-glucan (low or high). High molecular weight ${\beta}$-glucan (H: 943 kDa) was obtained from Ophiocordyceps dipterigena BCC 2073, whereas H with ${\gamma}$-Irradiation treatment was performed to achieve low molecular weight ${\beta}$-glucan (L: 8 kDa). Results: There was no statistical significance in productive performances, apparent digestibility and interaction between fixed factors along 42 days of experiment (p>0.05). A higher caecal amylase activity was present in the group that received L, while there was a dramatic decrease in H and the control groups, respectively (p<0.05). The increase of supplemental dose increased caecal amylase activity (p<0.05). Immunomodulatory effects from L was revealed by the marked increase of phagocytic activity, relative weight of thymus and bursa of fabricius (p<0.05). Similarly, the additive dose at 30 ppm provided the same results, whereas the only significant difference with supplementation at 60 ppm was an increase in phagocytic activity (p<0.05). Interestingly, villi height of broilers fed L was higher than other groups (p<0.05). The treatments did not influence haematology, blood chemistry, antibody production level against vaccination, carcass traits and meat quality (p>0.05). Conclusion: The supplementation of L at 30 ppm was suggested to achieve benefits of immune modulation without adverse effects on other parameters.