• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.45-55
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• 2007

We elucidated the effects of various components of ischemic medium on the outcome of simulated ischemia-reperfusion injury. Hypoxia for up to 12 hours induced neither apoptotic bodies nor LDH release. However, reoxygenation after 6 or 12 hours of hypoxia resulted in a marked LDH release along with morphological changes compatible with oncotic cell death. H9c2 cells were then subjected to 6 hours of simulated ischemia by exposing them to modified hypoxic glucose-free Krebs-Henseleit buffer. Lowered pH (pH 6.4) of simulated-ischemic buffer resulted in the generation of apoptotic bodies during ischemia, with no concomitant LDH release. The degree of reperfusion-induced LDH release was not affected by the pH of ischemic buffer. Removal of sodium bicarbonate from the simulated ischemic buffer markedly increased cellular damages during both the simulated ischemia and reperfusion. Addition of lactate to the simulated ischemic buffer increased apoptotic cell death during the simulated ischemia. Most importantly, concomitant acidosis and high lactate concentration in ischemic buffer augmented the reperfusion-induced oncotic cell death. These results confirmed the influences of acidosis, bicarbonate deprivation and lactate on the progression and outcome of the simulated ischemia-reperfusion, and also demonstrated that concomitant acidosis and high lactate concentration in simulated ischemic buffer contribute to the development of reperfusion injury.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 1994

The effects of lidocaine on the parameters of haematology and blood chemistry were investigated in the carp(Cyprinus carpio). At low concentrations(100 and 200 ppm) of lidocaine, no significant changes in the parameters of haematology and blood chemistry were observed during recovery period from the treatment of lidocaine. However, at high concentrations(300 and 400 ppm) of lidocaine, red blood cell(RBC) and hematocrit(Ht) value, plasma glucose concentration, and the activity of lactate dehydogenase(LDH) were markedly increased compared with the controls. These increases were maintained for up to 60 min. Based on these results, it is suggested that lidocaine is generally not toxic to fish but has shown the physiological stress responses at high concentrations.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.231-240
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• 2009

Sixteen ruminally cannulated Korean native steers (Hanwoo; $626.2\pm47.72$ kg) were used to investigate the effects of polyclonal antibodies against abdominal (AAb) and subcutaneous adipocyte membrane proteins (SAb) on ruminal fermentation patterns and blood metabolites. The body weight (BW) of Hanwoo was decreased 2-weeks after AAb and SAb injection, BW reduction was also observed in control and non-immunized serum groups, indicating that stress induced by other factors (e.g. blood sampling etc.) rather than antibodies injection may affect the BW reduction. Antibodies treatment did not affect (P > 0.05) rumen pH, volatile fatty acids and ammonia-N concentration. The ranges were similar with typical ranges of those in Hanwoo. Compared with control, blood urea N concentration was decreased in AAb group and increased (P < 0.05) in SAb group before antibodies treatment. However, none of the groups were significantly (P > 0.05) affected at 2- or 4-weeks after the treatment. Concentration of plasma glucose in the non-immunized serum group was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the other groups at 0-week after treatment. However, antibodies treatment did not affect the concentration of plasma glucose. Concentration of plasma triglyceride showed no difference (P > 0.05) between the groups and ranged from 11.4 to 19.9 mg/dl, which is the perfect range of plasma triglyceride of Hanwoo fed concentrate based diets. In conclusion, these results may indicate that the present AAb and SAb have safety in nutritional physiological metabolism in Hanwoo. Further study on in vivo fat reduction of the antibodies against abdominal and subcutaneous adipocytes PMPs of Hanwoo is required for inedible fat-reduced high quality beef production.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.22-27
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• 2001

It have been investigated how algal and bacterial symbiotic reaction influences on removal of organic carbon in river ecosystem. And artificial experimentation apparatus was made for algae'and bacteia'culture as lab scale. Investigating and researching minutely the change of concentration of organic carbon substrate and the change of population density of algae'and of bacteria'with this artificial experimentation apparatus, the next results could be obtained. 1. Successful decrease of DOC(dissolved organic carbon) could not be expected unless algal and bacterial biomass floe was nut formed effectively and unless biosorption was not proceeded effectively in the very culture system in which artificial synthetic wastewater was supplied continuously at constant rate. 2. In conditions of culture liquid of 1335 glucnse mg/L(type 1) and of 267 glucose mg:L(type 2), the algal dominant species was always Chlorella vulgaris in both types in which artificial synthetic wastewater were supplied continuously at constant rate and algae population density was around maximum 107 cells/mL. 3. It was around 108 ~ 107 cells/mL that the population density of heterotrophic bacterium. In culture medium systems type 1 and type 2 in which artificial wastewater were supplied continuously at constant rate, the same density appeared initially when using the population density of Escherichia coli w 3110 as indirect indicator. And this density decreased rapidly till the culturing date 35 days were passed away, while this density increased with gentle slope after same date and then the trend of change at type 2 was more severe than one at type 1. 4. When seeing such a change of population density of Escherichia coli w 3110, the growth of heterotrophic bacterium appeared as survival instinct pattern of broader requirement of nutrient at condition of low concentration of organic carbon substrate than condition of high concentration of same substrate.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.44.1-44.8
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• 2016

Rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii (mean length $14.53{\pm}1.14cm$ and mean weight $38.36{\pm}3.45g$), were exposed for 4 weeks with the different levels of ammonia in the concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/L at 19 and $24^{\circ}C$. The indicators of growth performance such as daily length gain, daily weight gain, condition factor, and hematosomatic index were significantly reduced by the ammonia exposure and high temperature. The ammonia exposure induced a significant decrease in hematological parameters, such as red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht), whose trend was more remarkable at $24^{\circ}C$. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were also notably decreased by the ammonia exposure. Blood ammonia concentration was considerably increased by the ammonia concentration exposure. In the serum components, the glucose, glutamic oxalate transaminase (GOT), and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were substantially increased by the ammonia exposure, whereas total protein was significantly decreased. But, the calcium and magnesium were not considerably changed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.1290-1295
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• 2000

The present study was conducted to evaluate effects of the increased dietary vitamin A supplementation on the vitamin A, vitamin E and ascorbic acid concentrations in the plasma and liver and activities of some enzymes in the liver of the growing chicken. One hundred and twenty female chickens at 4 weeks of age were divided in 6 equal groups in accordance with their body weight. They were housed in cages and fed on standard wheat-barley-based broiler diet balanced in the major nutrients. Vitamin A was supplemented in the form of retinyl acetate. Control diet was supplemented with 10 IU/g and experimental feeds were supplemented with 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 IU/g. At days 42 and 56 of the development 8 chickens from each group were killed, plasma and liver were collected for vitamin and enzyme analyses. The increased vitamin A supplementation was associated with its increased accumulation in the liver and with a reduction of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ concentrations in the plasma and liver. The blood plasma was more resistant to vitamin A concentration changes and the retinol level was elevated only when the vitamin A dose exceeded 100 IU/g feed. Ascorbic acid concentration in the liver was elevated when moderately high vitamin A supplementation was used but significantly decreased at the highest vitamin A dose. Similar changes were observed with glycogen concentration in the liver. Activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in the chicken liver were also dependent on vitamin A supplementation, decreasing with highest vitamin A doses. Therefore the observations showed that the vitamin A excess compromises antioxidant system of the growing chickens suggesting that prooxidant activity may be responsible for at least part of the toxicity of vitamin A.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.381-386
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• 1990

This study was investigated the effects of water soluble extract of Ganoderma lucidum kale juice and soidium dextrothyroxine on lipid components in serum of hypercholesterolmemic rats in vivo in order to prevent in cardiovascular disease. Total cholesterol concentrations in serum were significantly increased after feeding cholesterol diet group compared with control group and were significantly increased after feeding cholesterol diet group compared with control group and were lower in Ganoderma lucidum kale juice and sodium dextrothyrioxine diet groups than in control group. Ratio of high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration to total cholesterol were significantly highest in sodium dextrothyroxine fed groups among diet groups and were higher in Ganodrma lucidum and kale juice fed group than in control group. Phospholipid concentrations in seurm were significantly lower in Ganoderma lucidum kale juice and sodium dextrothyroxine(1.25mg/kg diet) fed groups than in control group and triglyceride concentra-tions were lower in Ganderma lucidum sodium dextrothyroxine fed groups than in other groups. Triiodothyronine concentration in serum were lower in Ganoerma lucdum and kale juice fed groups than in the other groups while it was higher in sodium dextrothyroxine diet group than in other groups. Tetraiodothyronine concentrations is serum were remakably higher in sodium dextrothyroxine fed group than in other groups. Blood glucose concentration was lower in cholesterol diet group than in other groups but was higher in sodium dextrothyroxine diet group than in other groups.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.411-429
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• 1997

Recent survey shows that chronic liver disease such as chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatoma is the third leading causes for death in Korea. In oriental medicine, viral hepatitis is related to Hwangdal(黃疸) and alcoholic liver disease is related to Joosang(酒傷). ARTEMISIAE HERBA and PUERARIAE RADIX have long been used in treating those symptoms. This study was done to evaluate the effect of AR1EMISIAE HERBA and PUERARIAE RADIX on viral and alcoholic hepatitis. ARTEMISIAE HERBA and PUERARIAE RADIX were decocted respectively with water and followed by vaccum evaporation. The solution was diluted to adequate concentration. Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this experiment. Each group was given PUERARIAE RADIX or ARTEMISIAE HERBA solution orally and CCl4, d-galactosamine or alcohol was given orally 30 minutes later. After 24 hours of starvation, blood samples were taken to check serum GOT, GPT, LDH and ALP activities, TC, TG, glucose and BUN levels. These results show that ARTEMISIAE HERBA has better effect on liver injury induced by d-Galactosamine than PUERARIAE RADIX and that both ARTEMISIAE HERBA and PUERARlAE RADIX have good effect on acute alcoholic liver disease while in the liver injury induced by $CCl_{4}$, PUERARIAE RADIX has better inhibitory effect on serum AST, ALT and ALP levels and ARTEMISIAE HERBA has better inhibitory effect on serum total cholesterol and triglyceride. And the result that high concentration group has better effect shows these effects are concentration-dependent. Further study on the mechanism of these herbs is still required.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 2001

Tolerance limits of the adult crab were determined by exposing them to different temperatures (5~2$0^{\circ}C$) and salinities(12~32$\textperthousand$). The tolerance limit for high temperature was determined at 14$^{\circ}C$ and 16$^{\circ}C$ for male and female snow crab, respectively and that for salinity was 21 $\textperthousand$ at 5 $^{\circ}C$. Osmolality concentration, Na$^{+}$ and $K^{+}$ ions in the haemolymph of especially, the females was positively related to the salinity changes. Increased water temperature resulted in a marked decreased in ionic and osmolality concentrations near the limit of tolerance in male, however, such a clear pattern was not apparent for the females. The concentration of glucose in the haemolymph was positively related to water temperature but negatively to salinity.ity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.511-517
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• 2013

In this work, a fibrous bed bioreactor with high specific surface area and good adsorption efficacy for S. cerevisiae cells was used as the immobilization matrix in the production of ethanol. In batch fermentation, an optimal ethanol concentration of 91.36 g/l and productivity of 4.57 g $l^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ were obtained at an initial sugar concentration of 200 g/l. The ethanol productivity achieved by the immobilized cells was 41.93% higher than that obtained from free cells. Ethanol production in a 22-cycle repeated batch fermentation demonstrated the enhanced stability of the immobilized yeast cells. Under continuous fermentation in packed-bed reactors, a maximum ethanol concentration of 108.14 g/l and a productivity of 14.71 g $l^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ were attained at $35^{\circ}C$, and a dilution rate of 0.136 $h^{-1}$ with 250 g/l glucose.