• 천문학회보
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.74.2-74.2
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• 2014

Magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) dynamo depends on many factors such as viscosity ${\gamma}$, magnetic diffusivity ${\eta}$, magnetic Reynolds number $Re_M$, external driving source, or magnetic Prandtl number $Pr_M$. $Pr_M$, the ratio of ${\gamma}$ to ${\eta}$ (for example, galaxy ${\sim}10^{14}$), plays an important role in small scale dynamo. With the high PrM, conductivity effect becomes very important in small scale regime between the viscous scale ($k_{\gamma}{\sim}Re^{3/4}k_fk_f$:forcing scale) and resistivity scale ($k_{\eta}{\sim}PrM^{1/2}k_{\gamma}$). Since ${\eta}$ is very small, the balance of local energy transport due to the advection term and nonlocal energy transfer decides the magnetic energy spectra. Beyond the viscous scale, the stretched magnetic field (magnetic tension in Lorentz force) transfers the magnetic energy, which is originally from the kinetic energy, back to the kinetic eddies leading to the extension of the viscous scale. This repeated process eventually decides the energy spectrum of the coupled momentum and magnetic induction equation. However, the evolving profile does not follow Kolmogorov's -3/5 law. The spectra of EV (${\sim}k^{-4}$) and EM (${\sim}k^0$ or $k^{-1}$) in high $Pr_M$ have been reported, but our recent simulation results show a little different scaling law ($E_V{\sim}k^{-3}-k^{-4}$, $EM{\sim}k^{-1/2}-k^{-1}$). We show the results and explain the reason.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.386-394
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• 2002

The present work is aimed at investigating an unusual variation in flow and performance characteristics of a small propeller fan at low flow rates. A performance test of the fan showed dual performance characteristics, i.e., radial type characteristics at low flow rates and axial type at high flow rates. Dual performance characteristics of the fan are numerically investigated using viscous flow calculations. The Finite Volume Method is used to solve the continuity and Navier-Stokes equations in the flow domain around a fan. The performance parameters and the circumferentially averaged velocity components obtained from the calculations are compared with the experimental results. Numerical values of the performance parameters show good agreement with the measured values. The calculation simulates the steep variations of performance parameters at low flow rates and shows the difference in the flow structure between high and low flow rates. At a low flow coefficient of $\Phi$=0.2, the flow enters the fan in an axial direction and is discharged radially outward at its tip, which is much like the flow characteristics of a centrifugal fan. The centrifugal effect at low flow rates makes a significant difference in performance characteristics of the fan. As the inlet flow rate increases, flow around the fan changes into the mixed type at $\Phi$=0.24 and the axial discharge at $\Phi$=0.4.

• 유공압시스템학회논문집
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2005

In order to improve the efficiency of hydraulic gear pumps or motors especially for high operating pressure, power losses due to viscous friction and leak flow through gear teeth end-gaps are considered in this paper. Optimal gaps minimizing the power loss for pumps and motors with uniform heights of gaps are analysed first. And the effect of the shapes of gaps with unequal heights on the power loss are studied and discussed by simulation. Considering that the outer shell lacing gear teeth may expand due to high internal pressure or thermal stress, the results drawn in this paper can be used for the design of high efficiency pumps and motors.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2003년도 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.371-376
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• 2003

The hot embossing process has been mentioned as one of major nanoreplication techniques. This is due to its simple process, low cost, high replication fidelity and relatively high throughput. As the initial step of quantitating the embossing process, simple parametric study about embossing time have been carried out using high-resolution masters which patterned by the DRIE process and laser machining. Under the various embossing time, the viscous flow of thin PMMA films into microcavities during Compression force has been investigated. Also, a study about simulating the viscous flow during embossing process has planned and continuum scale FDM analysis was applied on this simulation. With currently available test data and condition, simple FDM analysis using FLOW3D was made attempt to match simulation and experiment.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2009년 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.269-276
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• 2009

The local preconditioning method has both robust convergence and accurate solutions by using local flow properties for parameters in the preconditioning matrix. Preconditioning methods have been very effective to low speed inviscid flows. In the viscous and turbulent flows, deterioration of convergence should be overcame on the high aspect ratio grids to get better convergence and accuracy. In the present study, the local time stepping and min-CFL/max-VNN definitions are applied to compare the results and we propose the method that switches between two methods. The min-CFL definition is applied for inviscid flow problems and the min-CFL/max-VNN definition is implemented to viscous and turbulent flow problems.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회A
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• pp.873-878
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• 2007

Stability of high-speed roll-to-roll printing machines is one of the most important factors that are required for the printing machines to operate properly and to obtain reasonable printing performance. This paper proposes a new model for the web-tension system of a high-speed gravure printing machine considering span-length variations due to dancer rollers, and analyzes the stability of plant dynamics of the printing machine using the proposed model. Span-length variations due to dancer motions are considered for the modeling of plant dynamics in two ways; one is to include the effect of span-length variations without considering dancer inertias and viscous frictions, and the other is to include the effect of span-length variations with considering dancer inertias and viscous frictions. The stability of the plant model is analyzed for various web-speeds using the eigenvalues of the linearized model about operating points.

• 공업화학
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.685-691
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• 2009

하이드록시기 유무, 극성도, 분자 크기가 서로 다른 용매 6종의 단일 용매 또는 혼합 용매계 흄드 실리카 분산체를 제조하고 각 분산체의 점도 및 유변학적 거동을 용매계의 특성의 관점에서 고찰하였다. 하이드록시기 포함 용매에 실리카를 분산하였을 때 안정적이고 저점도의 sol을 형성하였고 하이드록시기가 없고 비극성인 용매는 고점도의 gel을 형성하였다. 비극성 용매계 실리카 분산체에 하이드록시기 함유 용매를 첨가하면 일정 함량까지는 점도 감소 현상을 관찰할 수 있었으며, 더 이상의 점도 변화가 발생하지 않는 최소 임계함량이 있었다. 최소 임계함량은 하이드록시기 미포함 용매의 극성도가 클수록 줄어들었다. 하이드록시기 포함 용매계 실리카 분산체가 안정적인 저점도의 sol을 형성하는데 이는 실리카 표면의 실란올기와 용매의 하이드록시기간의 수소결합을 통한 용매화로 저점도 sol을 형성하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 비극성용매에 실리카를 분산하였을 때는 실리카 표면의 실란올기 사이의 수소 결합을 통해 응집이 일어나 고점도의 gel이 형성되었다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.501-519
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• 2012

As an alternative to current conventional force-based assessment methods, the energy-based seismic performance of a code-designed 20-storey high-rise steel building is evaluated in this paper. Using 3D nonlinear dynamic time-history method with consideration of additional material damping effect, the influences of different restoring force models and P-${\Delta}/{\delta}$ effects on energy components are investigated. By combining equivalent viscous damping and hysteretic damping ratios of the structure subjected to strong ground motions, a new damping model, which is amplitude-dependent, is discussed in detail. According to the analytical results, all energy components are affected to various extents by P-${\Delta}/{\delta}$ effects and a difference of less than 10% is observed; the energy values of the structure without consideration of P-${\Delta}/{\delta}$ effects are larger, while the restoring force models have a minor effect on seismic input energy with a difference of less than 5%, but they have a certain effect on both viscous damping energy and hysteretic energy with a difference of about 5~15%. The paper shows that the use of the hysteretic energy at its ultimate state as a seismic design parameter has more advantages than seismic input energy since it presents a more stable value. The total damping ratio of a structure consists of viscous damping ratio and hysteretic damping ratio and it is found that the equivalent viscous damping ratio is a constant for the structure, while the equivalent hysteretic damping ratio approximately increases linearly with structural response in elasto-plastic stage.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.13-23
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• 2008

시간영역에서 수행되는 비선형 지반응답해석에서 지반의 미소변형률 감쇠는 Rayleigh 감쇠공식을 이용하여 점성감쇠로서 모사된다. 실제 지반의 미소변형률 감쇠는 주파수의 영향을 받지 않는 반면 시간영역해석에서의 점성감쇠는 주파수의 영향을 크게 받으며 이의 영향정도는 Rayleigh 감쇠공식에 따라서 결정된다. 본 연구에서는 국내 지반에 대한 비선형 지반응답해석시 감쇠공식의 영향을 평가하고자 일련의 해석을 수행하였다. 해석결과 점성감쇠공식은 계산된 응답에 매우 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 널리 사용되는 Simplified Rayleigh 공식은 심도 30m 이상의 지반에서 수치적으로 발생하는 인공감쇠로 인하여 고주파수에서의 에너지 소산을 과대예측하는 것으로 나타난 반면, Full Rayleigh 공식을 사용하며 적절하게 최적주파수를 선정한 경우, 인공감쇠는 크게 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 나아가 해석결과를 등가선형해석과 비교한 결과 20m 미만의 얕은 심도 지반에서도 등가선형 해석은 최대가속도를 과대예측 할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국원자력학회 1996년도 춘계학술발표회논문집(2)
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• pp.233-240
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• 1996

Analyses of the viscous and end effects on electromagnetic (EM) pumps of annular linear induction type for the sodium coolant circulation in Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors have been carried out based on the MHD laminar flow analysis and the electromagnetic field theory. A one-dimensional MHD analysis for the liquid metal flowing through an annular channel has been performed on the basis of a simplified model of equivalent current sheets instead of three-phase currents in the discrete primary windings. The calculations show that the developed pressure difference resulted from electromagnetic and viscous forces in the liquid metal is expressed in terms of the slip, and that the viscous loss effects are negligible compared with electromagnetic driving forces except in the low-slip region where the pumps operate with very high flow velocities comparable with the synchronous velocity of the electromagnetic fields, which is not applicable to the practical EM pumps. A two-dimensional electromagnetic field analysis based on an equivalent current sheet model has found the vector potentials in closed form by means of the Fourier transform method. The resultant magnetic fields and driving forces exerted on the liquid metal reveal that the end effects due to finiteness of the pump length are formidable. In addition, a two-dimensional numerical analysis for vector potentials has been performed by the SOR iterative method on a realistic EM pump model with discretely-distributed currents in the primary windings. The numerical computations for the distributions of magnetic fields and developed pressure differences along the pump axial length also show considerable end effects at both inlet and outlet ends, especially at high flow velocities. Calculations of each magnetic force contribution indicate that the end effects are originated from the magnetic force caused by the induced current ( u x B ) generated by the liquid metal movement across the magnetic field rather than the one (E) produced by externally applied magnetic fields by three-phase winding currents. It is concluded that since the influences of the end effects in addition to viscous losses are extensive particularly in high-velocity operations of the EM pumps, it is necessary to find ways to suppress them, such as proper selection of the pump parameters and compensation of the end effects.