• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.34.1-34.11
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• 2022

Multilevel analysis is an appropriate and powerful tool for analyzing hierarchical structure data widely applied from public health to genomic data. In practice, however, we may lose the information on multiple nesting levels in the multilevel analysis since data may fail to capture all levels of hierarchy, or the top or intermediate levels of hierarchy are ignored in the analysis. In this study, we consider a multilevel linear mixed effect model (LMM) with single imputation that can involve all data hierarchy levels in the presence of missing top or intermediate-level clusters. We evaluate and compare the performance of a multilevel LMM with single imputation with other models ignoring the data hierarchy or missing intermediate-level clusters. To this end, we applied a multilevel LMM with single imputation and other models to hierarchically structured cohort data with some intermediate levels missing and to simulated data with various cluster sizes and missing rates of intermediate-level clusters. A thorough simulation study demonstrated that an LMM with single imputation estimates fixed coefficients and variance components of a multilevel model more accurately than other models ignoring data hierarchy or missing clusters in terms of mean squared error and coverage probability. In particular, when models ignoring data hierarchy or missing clusters were applied, the variance components of random effects were overestimated. We observed similar results from the analysis of hierarchically structured cohort data.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.53-75
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• 2014

This study discovers the dynamic nature of an interactional hierarchy as well as an institutional hierarchy in the use of Korean honorifics. Data was collected from the conversations of two Korean female interlocutors. The interlocutors met for the first time in the U.S. and often changed their use of honorifics. The paper examines the method in which the two interlocutors negotiate hierarchies during interaction and how the negotiation is reflected in their use of honorific shifts. The paper also investigates honorific shifts in terms of self-representation to suggest that there is another hierarchy at work other than the institutional hierarchy. An examination of the data shows that the shifts occurred not randomly but strategically. The findings suggest that 1) interlocutors may negotiate interactional hierarchy during their conversation, often in the same sentence, 2) interactional hierarchy often cross the boundary of the institutional hierarchy to obtain interactional goals, in this case, intimacy, and 3) the utterance contents may play a significant role in the interlocutors' honorific shifts.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.107-113
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• 2018

Object-oriented databases (OODBs) canbe used for many non-traditional database application areas such as computer-aided design, etc. Usually those application areas require advanced modeling power for expressing complicated relationships among data sets. OODBs have more distinguished features than the traditional relational database systems. One of the distinguished characteristics of OODBs is class hierarchy (also called inheritance hierarchy). A class hierarchy in an OODB means that a class can hand down the definitions of the class to the subclass of the class. In other words, a class is allowed to inherit the definitions of the class from the superclass. In this paper, we present performance evaluation metrics for class hierarchy in OODBs from a concurrency control perspective. The proposed performance metrics are developed to determine which concurrency control scheme in OODBs can be used for a given class hierarchy. In this study, in order to develop performance metrics, we use class hierarchy structure (both of single inheritance and multiple inheritance), and data access frequency for each class. The proposed performance metrics will be also used to compare performance evaluation for various concurrency control techniques.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.115-125
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• 2006

개념 계층은 지식을 그룹화하여 다단계로 표현하며, 이는 자료의 분류, 저장 및 검색을 효율적으로 지원해 준다. 일반적으로 도메인 전문가의 수작업을 통해 개념 계층이 생성되었으며, 이는 생성과 유지에 많은 비용이 소요되면서도 일관성 유지가 어려운 단점이 있다. 본 논문은 미리 정의된 상위어 관계를 이용하여 문자형 자료의 개념 계층을 자동으로 생성하는 방법에 대한 연구이다. 개념 계층의 자동 생성을 위해서는, 다중 의미로 사용되는 단어에서 적절한 의미를 찾아 내어 모호성을 제거해야 하며, 외부 정보를 이용하여 모호성이 제거된 단어를 그룹화하고 계층을 생성하는 작업이 필요하다. 우리는 워드넷 (WordNet)의 다중 의미에 대한 설명 및 상위어 관계를 이용하여 모호성을 제거하고 개념 계층을 생성하는 방법을 제안 한다.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.19-30
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study examines the mediating effect of clan leadership in the relationship between hierarchy culture and organizational commitment. Most previous research focused on the relationship between organizational culture and organizational performance or organizational culture and job satisfaction. There are few empirical studies that focus on organizational commitment data because it is difficult to collect in many cases of export-driven small and medium sized enterprises. However, this research measures affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment differently than previous research, which is mostly focused on the hierarchy culture, clan leadership, and organizational commitment measurements. Research design, data, methodology: Conceptual research model is based on the studies of Cameron and Quinn (2011), and Gungor and Sahin (2018). The model is designed with three constructs such as hierarchy culture, organizational commitment, and clan leadership. The monitor culture and coordinator culture are as proxy for the hierarchy culture. The affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment are as proxy for the organizational commitment. And also the facilitator leadership and mentor leadership are as proxy for the clan leadership. Based on three hundred cases such as export-driven small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), this study verify the hypothesis. Hypothesis was analyzed with the structural equation modeling. Results: In case of export-driven small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), clan leadership acts as a mediator in the relationship between hierarchy culture and organizational commitment. In case of export-driven small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) with high organizational commitment, clan leadership acts as a mediator in the relationship between hierarchy culture and organizational commitment. In case of export-driven small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) with low organizational commitment, clan leadership did not act as a mediator in the relationship between hierarchy culture and organizational commitment. Conclusions: By controlling for the mediating effect of clan culture, this study have improved the academic contributions as well as policy and practical implications through empirical study of clan leadership that affect organizational commitment in the fields of hierarchy culture. In addition, this study means that the mediating effects on the variables of clan leadership were examined.

• 대한안전경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한안전경영과학회 2010년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.199-207
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• 2010

Decision analysis has becomes an important technique for decision making in the face of uncertainty. It is characterized by enumerating all the available courses of action, identifying the payoffs for all possible outcomes, and quantifying the subjective probabilities for the all possible random events. When the data are available, decision analysis becomes a powerful tool for determining an optimal course of action. In this paper, we use the analytic hierarchy process in weights calculating. For the purpose of making optimal decision, the data of three different smart phones models are used.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.441-453
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• 2005

본 연구의 목적은 지형자료에 대한 계층화 알고리즘을 개발하여 하계망을 일반화하고자 하였다. 하계망은 계층적인 구조를 갖기 때문에 일반화를 위해 선형사상들에 대한 지형자료의 계층화가 요구된다. 하계망 일반화의 절차는 하계망의 계층화, 차수별 선택과 제거, 그리고 알고리즘 적용으로 진행하였다. 계층화는 하계망의 고도에 따른 방향 결정, Stroke Segment 서열화. Strahler 차수화로 진행하였으며, 선형사상의 선택과 제거는 지리자료의 질의를 통해 차수와 선의 길이를 기준으로 처리하였다 개선된 Simoo 알고리즘은 선형사상의 곡률을 낮추고 완만화에 효과적이었다 연구결과는 공간적으로 다양한 계층구조를 갖는 사상들에 대한 일반화를 개선할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2006

데이터베이스 시스템에서 협력적 질의응답이란 질의 내용과 정확히 일치하는 자료뿐만 아니라 좀 더 넓은 인근 범위의 자료 또는 근사적인 자료를 검색해 주는 것을 말한다. 협력적 질의응답은 질의 분석, 질의 유연화, 유연화된 질의에 따른 근사적 자료 제공의 세 단계로 이루어져 있다. 질의 유연화를 수행하기 위해 의미적 관계를 표현하는 지식추상화 방법과 자료 사이의 정량적인 유사도를 거리로 표현하는 방법들이 지식표현 방법으로 사용된다. 본 논문에서는 보다 효과적으로 질의 유연화 단계를 지원하기 위해, 다단계 데이터 추상화 계층과 거리 척도를 지원하는 계량화된 지식추상화 계층(MKAH: Metricized Knowledge Abstraction Hierarchy)을 제안한다. MKAH는 카테고리화 될 수 있는 자료에 대해 질의 유연화를 효과적으로 지원하며 두 값 사이의 정량적인 의미상의 유사도를 제공하여, 질의 결과에 순위가 매겨질 수 있도록 한다. MKAH의 실용성과 효율성을 검증하기 위하여 경력직 검색 분야에 대한 원형 시스템을 구현해보았다. 다양한 실험을 통하여 MKAH가 풍부한 의미 표현이 가능하면서 질적으로도 높은 거리 척도를 제공해 준다는 것을 보였다. 그 결과 MKAH를 채택하는 도메인은 다른 정량적인 숫자 도메인과 호환될 수 있다는 점과, 큰 규모의 시스템을 만드는 데에도 장점이 있음을 확인하였다.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.93-98
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• 2002

It is important to evaluate the performance of candidates mathematically from various aspects, and reflect it on decision making. In decision making, we judge the candidates through two steps, classification of objects and comparison of objects or candidates with plural elements. In the former step, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is useful method to evaluate candidates from plural viewpoints, and in the later step, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is also useful method to evaluate candidates with plural categorized data. In fact, each candidate has plural elements, nevertheless it has been more important to evaluate from various aspects in IT society. So, we propose a new procedure complementing AHP with DEA.

• 농촌계획
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2016

Throughout the economic development era of Korea, migration occurred within a spatial hierarchy, with upward flows from rural areas to urban. The concept of step migration is a typical theory to explain these upward migration flows. Recent migration data and trends, however, indicate that migration-pattern regime shows strongly opposite-direction flows, with many of the major migration flowing downward on this national-spatial hierarchy, away from urban areas. In this study, we examine the most recent structure of migration flows up and down within the national-spatial hierarchy. We define seven tiers to tabulate origin-destination migration flows from population density of local administrative districts for the period 2001-2014, and then analyze the migration patterns between the tiers over time. The results show differentiated patterns of migration within the national-spatial hierarchy over time including specific states of migrants' life cycles.