• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.603-609
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• 2022

Passivation quality is mainly governed by epitaxial growth of crystalline silicon wafer surface. Void-rich intrinsic a-Si:H interfacial layer could offer higher resistivity of the c-Si surface and hence a better device efficiency as well. To reduce the resistivity of the contact area, a modification of void-rich intrinsic layer of a-Si:H towards more ordered state with a higher density is adopted by adapting its thickness and reducing its series resistance significantly, but it slightly decreases passivation quality. Higher resistance is not dominated by asymmetric effects like different band offsets for electrons or holes. In this study, multilayer of intrinsic a-Si:H layers were used. The first one with a void-rich was a-Si:H(I₁) and the next one a-SiO_x:H(I₂) were used, where a-SiO_x:H(I₂) had relatively larger band gap of ~2.07 eV than that of a-Si:H (I₁). Using a-SiO_x:H as I₂ layer was expected to increase transparency, which could lead to an easy carrier transport. Also, higher implied voltage than the conventional structure was expected. This means that the a-SiO_x:H could be a promising material for a high-quality passivation of c-Si. In addition, the i-a-SiO_x:H microstructure can help the carrier transportation through tunneling and thermal emission.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.388-388
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• 2016

Chemical mist deposition (CMD) of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was investigated with cavitation frequency f, solvent, flow rate of nitrogen, substrate temperature $T_s$, and substrate dc bias $V_s$ as variables for efficient PEDOT:PSS/crystalline (c-)Si heterojunction solar cells (Fig. 1). The high-speed camera and differential mobility analysis characterizations revealed that average size and flux of PEDOT:PSS mist depend on f, solvent, and $V_s$. The size distribution of mist particles including EG/DI water cosolvent is also shown at three different $V_s$ of 0, 1.5, and 5 kV for a f of 3 MHz (Fig. 2). The size distribution of EG/DI water mist without PEDOT:PSS is also shown at the bottom. A peak maximum shifted from 300-350 to 20-30 nm with a narrow band width of ~150 nm for PEDOT:PSS solution, whose maximum number density increased significantly up to 8000/cc with increasing $V_s$. On the other hand, for EG/water cosolvent mist alone, the peak maximum was observed at a 72.3 nm with a number density of ~700/cc and a band width of ~160 nm and it decreased markedly with increasing $V_s$. These findings were not observed for PEDOT:PSS/EG/DI water mist. In addition, the Mie scattering image of PEDOT:PSS mist under white bias light was not observed at $V_s$ above 5 kV, because the average size of mist became smaller. These results imply that most of solvent is solvated in PEDOT:PSS molecule and/or solvent is vaporized. Thus, higher f and $V_s$ generate preferentially fine mist particle with a narrower band width. Film deposition occurred when $V_s$ was impressed on positive to a c-Si substrate at a Ts of $30-40^{\circ}C$, whereas no deposition of films occurred on negative, implying that negatively charged mist mainly provide the film deposition. The uniform deposition of PEDOT:PSS films occurred on textured c-Si(100) substrate by adjusting $T_s$ and $V_s$. The adhesion of CMD PEDOT:PSS to c-Si enhanced by $V_s$ conspicuously compared to that of spin-coated film. The CMD PEDOT:PSS/c-Si solar cell devices on textured c-Si(100) exhibited a ${\eta}$ of 11.0% with the better uniformity of the solar cell parameters. Furthermore, ${\eta}$ increased to 12.5% with a $J_{sc}$ of $35.6mA/cm^2$, a $V_{oc}$ of 0.53 V, and a FF of 0.67 with an antireflection (AR) coating layer of 20-nm-thick CMD molybdenum oxide $MoO_x$ (n= 2.1) using negatively charged mist of 0.1 wt% 12 Molybdo (VI) phosphoric acid n-Hydrate) $H_3(PMo_{12}O_40){\cdot}nH_2O$ in methanol. CMD. These findings suggest that the CMD with negatively charged mist has a great potential for the uniform deposition of organic and inorganic on textured c-Si substrate by adjusting $T_s$ and $V_s$.

• Journal of Information Display
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.145-152
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• 2011

Since the discovery of fullerenes as a class of nanostructure compounds, many potential applications have been suggested for their unusual structures and properties. The isolated pentagon rule (IPR) states that all pentagonal carbon rings are isolated in the most stable fullerene. Fullerenes $C_n$ are a class of spherical carbon allotrope group with unique properties. Electron transfer between fullerenes and other molecules is thought to involve the transfer of electrons between the molecules surrounding the fullerene cage. One class of electron transfer molecules is the methanofullerene derivatives ([6,6]-phenyl $C_{61}$-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), 4-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-[6,6]-phenyl $C_{61}$-butyric acid methyl ester (p-EHO-PCBM), and 4-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-[6,6]-phenyl $C_{61}$-butyric acid (p-EHO-PCBA), 10-12). It has been determined that $C_{60}$ does not obey IPR. Supramolecular complexes 1-9 and 10-12 are shown to possess a previously unreported host.guest interaction for electron transfer processes. The unsaturated, cis-geometry, thiocrown ethers, (1-9) (described as [X-UT-Y], where X and Y indicate the numbers of carbon and sulfur atoms, respectively), are a group of crown ethers that display interesting physiochemical properties in the light of their conformational restriction compared with a corresponding saturated system, as well as the sizes of their cavities. Topological indices have been successfully used to construct mathematical methods that relate structural data to various chemical and physical properties. To establish a good relationship between the structures of 1-9 with 10-12, a new index is introduced, ${\mu}_{cs}$. This index is the ratio of the sum of the number of carbon atoms ($n_c$) and the number of sulfur atoms ($n_s$) to the product of these two numbers for 1-9. In this study, the relationships between this index and oxidation potential ($^{ox}E_1$) of 1-9, as well as the first to third free energies of electron transfer (${\Delta}G_{et(n)}$, for n = 1-3, which is given by the Rehm-Weller equation) between 1-9 and PCBM, p-EHO-PCBM, and p-EHO-PCBA (10-12) as [X-UT-Y]@R(where R is the adduct PCBM, p-EHO-PCBM, and p-EHO-PCBA group) (13-15) supramolecular complexes are presented and investigated.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.151-151
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• 2013

무기물 기반, Si-based 태양전지에 비해 가볍고 저렴하다는 관점에서 유기태양전지에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 유기태양전지는 Si-based 태양전지에 비해 그 효율이 낮다는 점이 문제로 제기되어 왔지만, 억셉터와 도너의 nanocomposite 구조인 bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) 구조가 개발이 되면서 유기물의 짧은 엑시톤(exciton) 거리를 극복할 수 있게 되어 그 효율이 비약적으로 증가되는 결과를 낳았다. 또한 넓은 범위의 파장을 흡수 할 수 있는 작은 band-gap을 갖는 물질이 개발됨으로써 유기 태양전지의 효율은 점차 증가하고 있다. 최근에는 독일 회사인 Heliatek에서 12%가 넘는 유기태양전지를 발표함으로써 유기태양전지가 Si-based 태양전지를 대체할 수 있는 차세대 에너지 공급원으로의 가능성을 충분히 보였다. 이런 유기 태양전지는 하부 투명전극인 인듐주석산화물(ITO)/정공이동층(PEDOT:PSS)/광흡수층/전자이동층(LiF)/낮은 일함수를 갖는 상부전극인 Al 구조의 일반적인 구조; ITO/전자이동층/광흡수층/정공이동층/높은 일함수를 갖는 상부전극(Ag), 전하의 이동방향이 반대인 역구조 태양전지, 두 가지로 분류할 수 있다. 하지만 소자 안정성의 관점에서 일반적인 구조의 태양전지는 ITO/PEDOT:PSS 계면에서의 화학적 불안정성과, 낮을 일함수를 갖는 상부전극이 쉽게 산화되는 등의 문제가 있어 상부전극으로 높은 일함수를 갖는 전극을 사용하는 역구조 태양전지가 더 유리하다. 이러한 역구조 태양전지에서 효율을 높일 수 있는 요인 중 하나는 전자이동층에 있다. 광흡수층에서 형성되어 분리된 전자가 전극으로 이동하기위해서는 전자이동층을 거쳐야 한다. 하지만 이 전자이동층 내에서의 전자 이동속도가 느리다면, 즉 저항이 크다면 광흡수증과의 계면에서 Back electron trasnfer현상으로 재결합이 일어나게 되어 전극으로 도달하는 전자의 양이 줄어들게 되고, 이는 유기태양전지 효율을 낮추는 요인이 된다. 전자이동층 자체의 저항뿐만 아니라, 전자이동층의 표면 거칠기(morphology) 또한 유기 태양전지의 효율을 좌우하는 요인 중 하나이다. 광흡수층과 전자이동층의 계면에서 전자의 이동이 일어나는데, 전자이동층의 표면 거칠기가 크게되면 그 위에 박막으로 형성되는 광흡수층과의 계면저항이 증가하게 되고, 이는 광흡수층에서 전자이동층으로의 원활한 전자이동을 저해함으로써 소자 효율의 감소를 일으키게 된다. 따라서 우리는 전자이동층인 ZnO 박막의 스퍼터링 조건을 변화시킴으로써 ZnO 층의 두께에 따른 광투과도, 전기전도성 변화 및 유기태양전지의 효율변화와, 표면 거칠기에 따른 광변환 효율 변화를 관찰하고자 한다.