• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.21-38
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• 1999

Herbicide is an essential agricultural chemical in the modern agriculture. Due to its bioactivity, however, risk of herbicide use against non-target organisms should be seriously considered. Among the unfavorable aspects given by herbicide, the residue is the most important because herbicide residue in soil and agricultural product is closely related to human safety. The residue in soil and crop is dependent on conditions of soil, weather, herbicide use and crop cultivation, etc. In general, the residue in soil or agricultural product in Korea is known to be not serious at this moment, except for some problems like carry-over effect on succeeding crops. To secure safety of herbicide use for the health, soil ecology and other environment, researches on herbicide residue including monitoring survey should be done more frequently and extensively. Safety guide for herbicide usage should be kept by farmers and development of long toxic herbicide should be accelerated.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.35-39
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• 2000

In order to develop the indicators of environmental impact of pesticide, its actual usage in paddy rice was surveyed, and usage trends of individual pesticides were evaluated. The tendency of pesticide use indicated insecticide 43%, herbicide 29%, fungicide 27% and top ranking item in insecticide, herbicide and fungicide was carbofuran, molinate + pyrazosulfuran-ethyl, IBP. The usage statistics of formulation types showed GR>DP>WP>EC>FG>SP. Pesticide usage(a.i.) per hectare was 7.13kg and total usage for paddy rice was estimated at 8,387 M/T. In the result of comparison of fact-usage with pesticide consumption reported in 1998, the fitness was 94.7% for fungicide, 84.3% for insecticide, 77.8% for herbicide. The result of monitoring pesticide residue of unpolished-rice sampled from farm house of survey indicated 0.14 ppm(BPMC), 0.16 ppm(Isoprocarb), 0.17 ppm(Isoprothiolane). In case of rice straw, the residue level was 0.27 ppm(Isoprothiolane), 0.28 ppm(IBP), 0.39 ppm(Carbofuran). The residue levels of pesticides were below MRLs.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 2012

The occurrence of sulfonylurea-resistant weeds has recently increased in Korea. A survey was performed to investigate major paddy field weeds and frequently used herbicides in Gangwon province, Korea in order to establish a system to efficiently control herbicide-resistant weeds. The dominant paddy field weeds included Monochoria vaginalis (14%), Sagittaria trifolia (14%), Scirpus juncoides (13%), and Echinochloa spp. (13%), and the most widely used herbicides were oxadiazon 12% EC (27%), butachlor 5% GR (20%), oxadiargyl 1.7% EC (16%), and benzobicyclon+imazosulfuron+pyriminobac-methyl 6.1% SC (14%) in Gangwon province, Korea. Many paddy rice growers considered Scirpus juncoides, S. trifolia, Echinochloa spp. and M. vaginalis as herbicide-resistant weeds. An extensive research deserves to be conducted to monitor occurrence of herbicide-resistant paddy weeds in Gangwon province, Korea.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.234-249
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• 1993

Herbicide is an essential agricultural chemical in the modern agriculture. Due to its bioactivity, however, risk of herbicide use against non-target organisms should be seriously considered. Among the unfavorable aspects given by herbicide, the residue is the most important because herbicide residue in soil and agricultural product is closely related to human safety. The residue in soil and crop is dependent on conditions of soil, weather, herbicide use and crop cultivation, etc. In general, the residue in soil or agricultural product in Korea is known to be not serious at this moment, except for some problems like carry-over effect on succeeding crops. To secure safety of herbicide use for the health, soil ecology and other environment, researches on herbicide residue including monitoring survey should be done more frequently and extensively. Safety guide for herbicide usage should be kept by farmers and development of long toxic herbicide should be accelerated.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.127-132
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• 2021

Background: Herbicides such as glyphosate, paraquat, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid have been reported to cause adverse side effects through production of reactive oxygen species. However, there were no data representing the adverse effects of a mixture herbicide usage in farmers, especially the changes in oxidative marker and antioxidant defense. This study aimed to determine the urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) level in farmers using mixed herbicides. Methods: Ninety-three farmers were recruited, and two spot urine samples (before and after work) were collected. The urinary MDA level was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay, and the urinary GSH level was determined using the enzymatic recycling method. Results: Sixty-two percent of the participants were men, and 59% of the participants worked in a farm for 20-40 years. The common combinations of herbicide usage were glyphosate with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (36.5%). There was no significant difference between pre- and post-work urinary MDA and GSH levels among the 3 groups of herbicides. However, the urinary MDA levels in farmers using the combination of glyphosate and paraquat were significantly higher than those found in farmers using glyphosate alone. The associated factors with changes in MDA levels found that the exposure intensity index (B = 0.154), the cumulative exposure intensity index (B = 0.023), and wearing gloves while working (B = -2.347) were found to be significantly associated with MDA level. Conclusion: The results suggest that the combined use of glyphosate and paraquat caused a significant increase in urinary MDA levels. Moreover, intensity of exposure to herbicide and wearing gloves were associated with the level of MDA.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

Studies were carried out to provide basic information for establishing the weed control in Chungbuk, Korea. The present surveys targeting 260 farmers in Chungbuk province were conducted for the cultivation system, weeds occurrence and usage of herbicides. To estimate the occurring area of herbicide resistant weeds, soil samples from 400 paddy fields were collected twice on August, 2011 and April, 2012. In the results of survey, the 99.6% of farmers used the rice planting machine and the 78% of the farmers disseminated herbicides twice to control weeds before and after planting rice. The most commonly used herbicide were as follows; soil-applied herbicide : butachlor 46.6%, mid-term herbicide : mefenacet + pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 10.7%, foliar herbicides : bentazone 62%. The dominant paddy field weeds included Echinochloa crusgalli (16.2%), Scirpus juncoides (12.2%), Monochoria vaginalis (11.9%) and Sagittaria trifolia (9.5%). Occurrence area of sulfonylurea herbicide resistant weeds was 13,659 ha in 26.8% of the paddy area. Monochoria vaginalis showed the highest with 4,605 ha (36.4%) followed Scirpus juncoides (30.7%), and Lindernia dubia (10.6%) at 2011. Monochoria vaginalis and Scirpus juncoides occurred were evenly distributed and the most problematic weed in Chungbuk, Korea.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.352-357
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• 2013

A survey was performed to investigate major paddy field weeds and frequently used herbicides in Gyeonggi province, Korea in order to establish a system to efficiently control herbicide-resistant weeds. The dominant paddy field weeds included Echinochloa spp. (22%), Eleocharis kuroguwai (14%), Sagittaria trifolia (13%), Scirpus juncoides (12%), Monochoria vaginalis (9%) and Sagittaria pygmaea (7%), and the most widely used herbicides were butachlor 33% CS (25%), benzobicyclon + fentrazamide + imazosulfuron 11.5% SC (9%), cyclosulfamuron + mefenacet 22.2% SC (9%), butachlor 5% GR (6%), and oxadiazon 12% EC (6%) in Gyeonggi province, Korea. Many paddy rice growers considered S. juncoides, M. vaginalis, S. pygmaea and C. difformis as herbicide-resistant weeds. An extensive research deserves to be conducted to monitor occurrence of herbicideresistant paddy weeds in Gyeonggi province, Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.40-44
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• 2001

Pesticide actual usage in fruit crop cultivation was surveyed, and usage trends of individual pesticides were evaluated to provide data for the development of indicators of environmental impact. The amount of pesticide used for fruit crops indicated the order of fungicide>insecticide>herbicide unlike the case of paddy rice. The fungicide rate of total usage was 72% in apple cultivation. Top ranking fungicides used on fruits were Mancozeb, Propineb, Thiophanate-methyl and the main insecticides were Mancozeb, Propineb, Thiophanate-methyl. The usuage by formulation types showed the order of WP>EC>SL>SC>SP>WG. Pesticide usage (a.i.) per hectare by different fruits was citrus 48.6kg, apple 27.1kg, pear 18.6kg, persimmon 17.5kg, peach 11.3kg and grape 9.2kg. Comparison of pesticide usage (a.i.,kg/ha) in some fruit crops between Korea and USA indicated that more pesticides were used for citrus, pear and peach in USA than Korea while more pesticides were used in Korea than USA for apple.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.102-107
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• 1998

The objective was to know if seed potato farmers in Kangwon alpine area control weeds effectively and use herbicides properly to control weeds. Seed potato farmers in Pyongcbang, Hoengsong, and Kangnung have noxious weeds, such as marsh pepper, lambsquarters, barnyard grass, mugwort, asiatic dayflower, hairy carbgrass, ladysthumb, common chickweed, field horsetail, and common purslain, in their farmyard. These are controlled by a combination of physical and chemical weed control methods. However, several weeds such as marsh pepper, field horsetail and, mugwort are poorly controlled by 2-fold amount of several herbicides, including paraquat, pendimethalin, and metribuzin (58% of the answered). Herbicides are not selected and used in a proper manner by seed potato farmers: most of farmers selected herbicides by their experience (51% of the answered) and dealers recommendation (34% of the answered), while only a few farmers of the answered took advantage of the Farmers Handbook for Herbicide Application. In addition, the selected herbicides, including non-registered ones such as paraquat and fluazifop-butyl, are applying three to five years in a succession. With these improper selection and usage of herbicides, sixty-seven percent of the answered farmers have experienced crop damage and seventy-five percent have poisoning. We conclude that a systemic educational program for the proper selection and use of herbicides is needed for seed potato farmers in Kangwon alpine area.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 2003

Actual pesticide usage in fruit vegetable cultivation was surveyed. Usage trend of in of vidual pesticides was evaluated to provide the data for the development of indicators of environmental impact and the production of safe agricultural products. The amount of the pesticides used for fruit vegetables was revealed in order of fungicide> insecticide> herbicide, showing that the portion of fungicide to the total amount used was about 70 to 80%. Main fungicides used on fruit vegetables were mancozeb, thiophanate-methyl propineb, etc while the insecticides were imidacloprid, milbemectin, methomyl, etc. Main formulation types of pesticide were wettable powder and emulsifiable concentrate. By different fruit vegetables and cultivation patterns, pesticide use per unit area was revealed red pepper (field cultivation, 13.2kg/ha), cucumber (field cultivation, 12.4kg/ha), sweet melon (field cultivation, 11.2kg/ha) as high pesticide use crops, meanwhile, water melon (greenhouse cultivation, 1.2kg/ha), sweet melon (greenhouse cultivation, 2.2kg/ha), strawberry (field cultivation, 2.8kg/ha) as low pesticide use crops.