• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2005

목 적 : 소아 신증후군에서 알부민을 비롯한 단백들과 IgG 치의 감소가 관찰된다. 신증후군에서 관찰되는 IgG 감소에서 IgG 아군간에 차이가 있는 지와 B형 간염 및 홍역 항체의 양성률이 대조군과 차이가 있는지를 알아보았다. 방 법 : 가톨릭대학교 대전성모병원 소아과에 신증후군으로 입원하였던 21명과 같은 연령대의 건강한 환아 25명을 대상으로, 혈청에서 IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE 및 IgG subclasses(IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 및 IgG4), B형 간염 표면 항체(anti-hepatitis B suface IgG, anti-HBs IgG) 및 항홍역 IgG 항체(anti-measles IgG)를 측정하였다. 결 과 : 신증후군 환아들의 평균 연령 $6.9{\pm}3.0$세로, 면역글로불린 평균값은 IgG $390{\pm}187\;mg/dL$, IgG1 $287{\pm}120\;mg/dL$를 보였다. 대조군의 평균 연령은 $7.5{\pm}3.4$세로, IgG $1,025{\pm}284\;mg/dL$, IgG1 $785{\pm}19\;mg/dL$이었다. IgE 값에서 250 IU/mL 이상을 보인 경우는 신증후군에서 11명(52.4$\%$), 대조군에서 7명(28$\%$)이 있었다(.P=0.01). 신증후군 환아에서 IgG 및 IgG 아군 모두에서 유의한 감소를 보였으며(P<0.001), IgM 값은 증가($251{\pm}183\;mg/dL\;vs.\;153{\pm}55\;mg/dL$, P=0.02)를 보였으나 IgA 값은 차이를 보이지 않았다. 한편 Anti-HBs의 양성률은 신증후군 환아군에서 42.9$\%$(21명 중 9명), 대조군에서 52$\%$ (13/25명)를, 항홍역 항체 양성률은 각각 76$\%$ (16/21명)와 92$\%$ (23/25명)를 보였으나 통계학적으로 두 군간에 차이는 없었다. 결 론 : 소아 신증후군 환아에서 IgG 및 모든 IgG 아군의 감소를 보였다. 예방접종에 의한 B형 간염 및 홍역 항체 양성률의 감소가 관찰되었으나 통계학적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. IgG 감소의 기전에 대한 후속 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.89-98
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• 1988

While there have been not a few reports on the seroepidemiological characteristics of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Korea, most of them, however, have had several limitations; operational definition of HBV infection, validity of detection methods of HBV serologic markers, size of the study population, and confirmation of the vaccination history against HBV, etc. In order to avoid such limitations, authors randomly selected 1,495 healthy adults among the 217,511 insured (target population) of Korean Medical Insurance Corporation, living in seoul, and tested HBV serologic markers by RIA method and conducted direct interview to them. Although HBV serologic markers (HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc) of all the subjects were tested, 392(26.2%) of interview failure cases and 361 vaccinee were excluded from the actual population. Finally, the serologic markers tested of 742 nonvaccinee (study population) only were analysed for the seroepidemiologic observation of the natural infection of HBV. The seroepidemiological characteristics of HBV infection in Korea were as follows ; 1. Point prevalence of HBs antigenemia was 11.7(9.1{\sim}14.3)% in male, which was slightly higher than that of female, 9.5($3.7{\sim}15.3$)%. This level was one of the highest among those of Asian-Pacific countries. Decreasing tendency of HBsAg prevalence alter the age of 50 was observed, which seems to be due to selective attrition of HBV chronic carriers among the healthy adults and/or to the limited-lasting duration of the HBs antigenemia, in part. 2. Point prevalence of anti-HBc(78.8% in male,50.9% in female) was higher than that of anti-HBs(65.2% in male,46.6% in female), respectively. And both of them were higher in male than in female. Increasing tendency of the prevalence of both antibodies was observed by age, which seems to be largely due to recurrent infection in adults and to some cumulative effect, in part, of their relatively longer-lasting duration. 3. The level of HBV infection defined by positive for at least one of the 3 serologic markers of HBV by RIA method was 84.7($81.8{\sim}87.6$)% in male and 61.2($51.9{\sim}70.5$)% in female, which was also one of the highest among those of Asian-Pacific countries. The proportion of susceptible population to HBV infection among healthy adults was 15.3% in male and 38.8% in female. 4. The relative frequency of current or past infection and chronic carrier among HBV infected person was estimated. The currently or past infected was estimated 75.7% in male and 71.8% in female, and chronic carrier state, 13.8% in male and 14.1% in female. The analysis of the geometric mean of the antibody titer in anti-HBs positive sera indicated also to be compatible with the above findings, suggesting that active, even though inapparent, infection of HBV occur so frequently among healthy adults in Korea.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.175-179
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• 2019

This study is a descriptive research of paramedic students who could be exposed to blood and body fluids during the clinical practicum to analyze the risk factors. From June 1 to June 30, 2018, 172 paramedic students who attended the University in Jeolla-do region were analyzed. The collected data were analyzed by using the SPSS WIN 21.0 program. The general characteristics of subjects, the exposure level of blood and body fluids, and etc were obtained for frequency and percentage analysis. The study found that 72.7 percent of students had experience to blood or body fluids exposure during the clinical practicum. Except for any needle injury, 70.4 percent of student were exposed to blood or body fluids. 28.8 percent of them which was the highest percentage of injection injury were exposed during the venous blood draw. 36.5 percent of exposure were related to wound dressings which was the highest percentage related to clinical procedures. 71.2 percent of students mentioned that they did not report this exposure because 68.5 percent students thought that it has no danger. According to the survey on hepatitis B, 50.6% of students had antibodies, but 31.8 percent of students did not confirm that the antibodies were formed. Even though paramedic students do practical training in a hazardous environment with repeated exposure to blood and body fluids due to the nature of job characteristics, the systemic infection control education program is insufficient. In order to prevent exposure and to protect paramedic students who do practical training with patients, it is necessary to make more systematic and active efforts in the continuous monitoring and the preventive education.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.271-279
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• 2000

Objectives : To assess the seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis in high school students in Cheju Province, Korea. Methods : A total of 4,570 high school students from 18 schools in Cheju Province were investigated for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies(IgG) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Risk factors for toxoplasmosis, such as place of residence, type of house, contact with cats and other pets, and rare meat consumption, were examined by questionnaire. Results . The overall antibody positive rate was 5.5% and ranged from 2.6 to 11.5% by school. There was no significant difference between males and females. Statistical analyses of the questionnaire data indicated that the risk factors for seropositivity were: (1) birth place (Cheju/others), (2) place of residence (rural/urban), (3) dietary habits (vegetarian/non vegetarian), (4) eating rare meat, (5) exposure to pets and (6) hepatitis B. Conclusion : We confirmed that the prevalence of the anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody in a population of high school students in Cheju Province was to the previously reported prevalence.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.173-177
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• 2006

In this study, a novel strategy was developed for the highly selective immobilization of proteins, using the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) depolymerase substrate binding domain (SBD) as an active binding domain. In order to determine the appropriacy of this method for immunodiagnostic assays, the single-chain antibody (ScFv) against the hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS2 surface protein and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) envelope protein (SCVe) were fused to the SBD, then directly immobilized on PH A-coated slides via microspotting. The fluorescence-labeled HBV antigen and the antibody against SCVe were then utilized to examine specific interactions on the PHA-coated surfaces. Fluorescence signals were detected only at the spotted positions, thereby indicating a high degree of affinity and selectivity for their corresponding antigens/antibodies. Furthermore, we detected small amounts of ScFv-SBD (2.7 ng/mL) and SCVe-SBD fusion proteins (0.6ng/mL). Therefore, this microarray platform technology, using PHA and SBD, appears generally appropriate for immunodiagnosis, with no special requirements with regard to synthetic or chemical modification of the biomolecules or the solid surface.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.280-291
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• 2011

Vaccines are products for immunization which can provoke antibodies by eliciting immune reponses without causing disease and have played an important role in preventing fatal and contagious diseases as well as H1N1 influenza. They are classified by two following categories; lived attenuated vaccine and killed vaccine and currently commonly using vaccines are BCG, diphtheria, tetanus, mumps, measles, rubella, polio, Haemophilus influenza type b, hepatitis B, influenza etc. All vaccines must be used correctly to reach optimal therapeutic goals and also informed well to patients to decrease potential problems. In order to do, pharmacists must have good knowledge of vaccines. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the necessity of vaccine education for pharmacists and develop a vaccine leaflet for patient counseling. We have performed a survey with questionnaire for a total of 176 pharmacists and nurses(hospital pharmacists, n=65; community pharmacists, n=50; hospital nurses, n=61) from January 27th to March 12th, 2010. The questionnaire includes items about vaccine education and counseling and 12 quizzes to evaluate responders' knowledge of vaccines. We used the SPSS(Version 12. for windows) program to analyze the data. In results, 94.9% of all responders said they had not been educated on vaccines. And only 1.1% of all responders said they know about vaccines enough to counsel patients. Pharmacists who have an experience recommending vaccines to other people are 21.7%. On the other hand, nurses who have an experience recommending vaccines to other people are 55.7%(p=0.000). The mean number of correct answers at the 12 quizzes are followings; hospital pharmacist, 8.1; community pharmacist, 6.1, hospital nurses, 6.2(p=0.000). A vaccine leaflet for patient counseling is developed with several references. In conclusion, due to no opportunity of vaccine education, pharmacists have no confidence to counsel patients and lack of knowledge of vaccine. But importance of vaccine's role is increasing, pharmacists should counsel patients in vaccination. So they need vaccine education and a vaccine leaflet will be helpful for their counseling.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.605-622
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• 1996

Needle stick injury, in which blood-borne pathogens including Human Immune-Deficiency virus and hepatitis B virus are transmitted, is one of the major occupational hazards that health professionals face everyday. In order to provide basic data for the development of educational programs for health professionals aimed at preventing and effectively managing needle stick injuries, a retrospective descriptive study was carried out .The subjects of the study were 630 health professionals, 499 nurses and 131 physicians, from two university hospitals in Seoul, Korea. Data on episodes of needle stick experiences over the past is months September 1994 through August 1995, were collected between September 1 and 7, 1995. A Questionaire developed by the researcher was used. The frequencies and the percentile score for episodes of needle stick injuries were calculated using the PC-SAS program. The differences and similarities in reference to the structure, career, and specialty variables were analysed by X$^2$-tests. Results are as follows : 1. Of the sample, 521(82.7%) reported a needle stick injury, 33.4% reported 3 or more episodes of needle stick injuries. 2. The needle stick injuries occured in the following processes : process of percutaneous venepuncture for intra-venous injection and infusion(55.3%), medical examination and treatment(48.9%), per-cutaneous venepuncture for blood sampling (46.3%) and intra-muscular injection(42.2%). 3. The study showed that needle stick injuries occured before(19%), during(25%), and after (56%) client treatment. The major causes of needle stick injuries were perceived to be hastiness(82.2%) and carelessness(48.3%). Of these injuries, 91.8% occured in emergency situations. 4. Follow of care for the injury consisted of : treating the injured site immediately using disinfectants(89.7%), reviewing the clinical records of the patient involved(84.2%), immunological investigation for the status of antibodies(11.1%) and self-medication of antibiotics (10.7%). Only 16.3% of the total episodes were founded to have been reported to the administrative unit. 5. The length of clinical experience of the nurses, clinical specialty and length of clinical experience in physicians were found to have influenced the episodes of needle stick injuries ; nurses with less than 1 year and with more than 6 years of clinical experiences had significantly lower levels (X$^2$=25.04, P=.00), surgeons had significantly higher levels (X$^2$=9.89, P=.02) compared to that of internists and interns, higher(X$^2$=4.54, P=.03)than residents.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2003

목 적 : b형 Haemophilus influenzae(Hib)의 피막 다당질인 polyribosyl -ribitol-phosphate(PRP)가 Hib 질환의 발병기전에 중요한 역할을 하며, 이에 대한 항체가 있으면 Hib 질환을 예방할 수 있다. Hib 질환을 예방하기 위해 개발된 단백 결합 백신에는 PRP-D, PRP-T, PRP-OMP 및 PRP-CRM197 등이 있다. Hib 피막 다당질에 대한 항체 반응은 백신에 사용된 결합 단백의 종류에 따라 다르지만 인종이나 제조 회사에 따라서 유효성 및 안전성에 차이가 있을 수 있다. PRP-T에는 기존에 국내에 공급되던 $ActHib^{(R)}$(Aventis)와 최근에 국내에 도입되기 시작한 $Hiberix^{TM}$(GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals)가 있다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 영아에서 PRP-T 백신인 $Hiberix^{TM}$의 면역원성 및 안전성을 평가하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2001년 3월부터 2002년 4월까지 소아과에 예방접종을 위해 내원한 건강한 생후 2개월 이상의 영아 73명(남아 43명)을 대상으로 하였다. 생후 2, 4, 6개월에 PRP-T 백신($Hiberix^{TM}$)을 필요한 경우에 DTaP, TOPV, B형 간염백신과 같이 접종하였고, 1회 접종 전(2개월), 2회 접종 2개월 후(생후 6개월) 그리고 3회 접종 1개월 후(생후 7개월)에 혈청내 항 PRP 항체가를 효소면역법(ELISA)으로 측정하였다. 매 접종 후 72시간내에 발생하는 국소적, 전신적 이상반응을 관찰하였다. 면역원성은 계획한대로 접종을 완료한 영아에 대하여 분석하였으며, 이상반응은 1회 이상 접종받은 모든 영아에 대하여 분석하였다. 결 과 : 73명 중 63명(남아 37명)이 계획한대로 접종을 완료하였다. 생후 2개월에 측정한 접종 전항 PRP 항체가의 기하 평균치는 0.17 ${\mu}g/mL$(95% CI; 0.13~0.22)이었다. 2회 접종 후(생후 6개월) 항체가의 기하 평균치는 4.14 ${\mu}g/mL$(95% CI; 2.65~6.48), 3회 접종 후(생후 7개월)의 기하 평균치는 14.65 ${\mu}g/mL$(95% CI; 10.83~19.81)이었다. 항체가가 1.0 ${\mu}g/mL$ 이상인 비율은 2회 접종 후 77.8% (95% CI; 67.5~88.0), 3회 접종 후 98.4%(95% CI;95.3~100)이었다. 백신 접종 후 발생한 이상반응중 전신반응으로서 보챔(45.5%)이 가장 많았고 졸음(30.5%), 수유감소(26.7%), 발열(5.6%) 순이었다. 국소반응으로서 동통이 7.9%, 발적(${\geq}5$ mm) 2.8%, 부종(${\geq}5$ mm) 1.8% 순이었다. 이러한 이상반응은 대부분 경증으로 모두 회복되었다. 결 론 : 결론적으로, PRP-T 백신인 $Hiberix^{TM}$는 우리나라 영아에서 우수한 면역원성과 안전성을 보였으며, 특히 2회 접종으로도 항체가의 기하 평균치가 장기적인 방어 수준으로 상승함은 과거의 다른 PRP-T 백신($ActHib^{(R)}$)의 연구 결과들과 일치하는 소견으로 향후 국내에서 PRP-T 백신의 접종 방법에 대한 재고가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.225-234
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• 2006

In the present study toxicity and immunostimulating activity of the lectin(KML-C), which was extracted from Korean mistletoe(Viscum album coloratum) were investigated in swine. To determine the toxicity, lectin was injected into thigh or cervical muscles of 4-week-old piglets(Landrace) and observed clinically and pathologically. For determination of the immnunostimulating activity, lectin($0.7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight)-adjuvanted vaccine of Aujeszky's disease virus(ADV)(NYJ1-87) which was inactivated by 0.2% formalin was injected into the cervical muscle of antibody-negative piglets in the same age group. Subpopulation of the immune cells and serum neutralizing(SN) antibodies in the piglets were examined after vaccination, and resistance of the piglets against challenge by virulent NYJ1-87 was further examined. The results were also compared with those from piglets injected with aluminum hydroxide [$Al(OH)_3$]-adjuvanted vaccine of inactivated NYJ1-87 and NYJ1-87 vaccine without adjuvant, and the results are as follows. By injection of lectin with $30{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the thigh muscle, all of 12 piglets died after signs such as dyspnea, fever, systemic erythema and subcutaneous hemorrhages, and lesions pertaining to poisonous hepatitis and dysfunction of kidney were observed. By injection of lectin with $7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the thigh muscle, all of 12 piglets showed signs such as edema and cutaneous hemorrhage in the injected area, lameness and depression, and lesions pertaining to poisonous hepatitis and dysfunction of kidney were observed. By injection of lectin with 1, 3 and $5{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the thigh muscle of each one piglet, signs such as congestion, induration and grayish coloration in the injected area, depression and inappetence were observed in all piglets. Toxic changes were also observed in the liver and kidney of piglets by lectin of 3 and $5{\mu}g$. By injection of lectin with 0.5 and $0.7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the cervical muscle of each 9 piglets, all piglets were clinically normal and there were no significant changes in blood counts and chemistry values. Whereas, epithelial swelling and vacuolation of convoluted tubules were observed from one piglet injected with lectin of $0.7{\mu}g$, and necrosis and fibrosis of muscular fiber were observed in the muscle of one piglet injected with lectin of $0.5{\mu}g$. Only population of sIgM+ B lymphocytes increased among immune cells in all of 15 piglets immunized with lectin($0.7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight)-adjuvanted vaccine, while compared to those in $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine and vaccine without adjuvant. No additional stimulation to the immune cells was recognized when lectin was added to $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine. In piglets immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccine, SN titers in reciprocal values for loge were 1.3-4.0 at 1-4 weeks after vaccination, which was similar to those with 1.0-3.3 by vaccine without adjuvant but lower than those with 2.0-5.7 by $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine. Also, no additional increase in the SN titers was recognized when lectin was added to $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine. Piglets immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccine were resistant to challenge by the virulent NYJ1-87 at 4 weeks after vaccination, and the SN titers reached to 5.0 one week after challenge, which was higher than those with 4.0 by vaccine without adjuvant but somewhat lower than those with 7.7 by $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine.