• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.5
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• pp.167-186
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• 1996

This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of the MeoH extract of Ikhwangsan against galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity. In the experiments, after treated with Ikhwangsan methanol extract to the rats for 15days and then induced hepatotoxicity with galactosamine for 2days. Then content of glutathione, level of lipid peroxide and activity of GOT GPT in the hepatic tissue, activity of GOT GPT ${\gamma}$-GTP ALP and ratio albumin/globulin in serum were measured. The results were obtained as followed : 1. The content of hepatic glutathione was significantly reduced by galactosamine. The test group which have been pre-treated by Ikhwangsan was confirmed considerably increased. 2. The level of hepatic lipid peroxide was increased by galactosamine. The test group which have been pre-treated by Ikhwangsan was confirmed considerably reduced. 3. The activity of GOT GPT in the hepatic tissue was significantly constrained by galactisamine. The test group which have been pre-treated by Ikhwangsan was confirmed considerably increased. 4. The activity of GOT GPT in serum was increased by galactosamine. The test group which have been pre-treated by Ikhwangsan was confirmed considerably reduced. 5. The activity of ${\gamma}$-GTP in serum was increased by galactosamine. The test group which have been pre-treated by Ikhwangsan was reduced. 6. The activity of ALP in serum was increased by galactosamine. The test group which have been pre-treated by Ikhwangsan was confirmed considerably reduced. 7. The ratio albumin/globulin in serum was reduced by galactosamine. The test group which have been pre-treated by Ikhwangsan was increased.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.1184-1194
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• 2022

Objective: High concentrate diets are widely used to satisfy high-yielding dairy cows; however, long-term feeding of high concentrate diets can cause subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). The endocrine disturbance is one of the important reasons for metabolic disorders caused by SARA. However, there is no current report about thyroid hormones involved in liver metabolic disorders induced by a high concentrate diet. Methods: In this study, 12 mid-lactating dairy cows were randomly assigned to HC (high concentrate) group (60% concentrate of dry matter, n = 6) and LC (low concentrate) group (40% concentrate of dry matter, n = 6). All cows were slaughtered on the 21st day, and the samples of blood and liver were collected to analyze the blood biochemistry, histological changes, thyroid hormones, and the expression of genes and proteins. Results: Compared with LC group, HC group showed decreased serum triglyceride, free fatty acid, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased hepatic glycogen, and glucose. For glucose metabolism, the gene and protein expression of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 in the liver were significantly up-regulated in HC group. For lipid metabolism, the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1, and fatty acid synthase in the liver was decreased in HC group, whereas carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α were increased. Serum triiodothyronine, thyroxin, free triiodothyronine (FT3), and hepatic FT3 increased in HC group, accompanied by increased expression of thyroid hormone receptor (THR) in the liver. Conclusion: Taken together, thyroid hormones may increase hepatic gluconeogenesis, β-oxidation and reduce fatty acid synthesis through the THR pathway to participate in the metabolic disorders caused by a high concentrate diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.207-214
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• 2015

The effects of high carbohydrate diet on growth, serum physiological response, and hepatic heat shock protein 70 expression in Wuchang bream were determined at $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. At each temperature, the fish fed the control diet (31% CHO) had significantly higher weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activities, lower feed conversion ratio and hepatosomatic index (HSI), whole crude lipid, serum glucose, hepatic glucokinase (GK) activity than those fed the high-carbohydrate diet (47% CHO) (p<0.05). The fish reared at $25^{\circ}C$ had significantly higher whole body crude protein and ash, serum cholesterol and triglyceride, hepatic G-6-Pase activity, lower glycogen content and relative levels of hepatic growth hormone (GH) gene expression than those reared at $30^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). Significant interaction between temperature and diet was found for HSI, condition factor, hepatic GK activity and the relative levels of hepatic GH gene expression (p<0.05).

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.132-137
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• 2013

Geniposide is an active product extracted from the gardenia fruit, and is one of the most widely used herbal preparations for liver disorders. This study examined the cytoprotective properties of geniposide and its metabolite, genipin, against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 60 min of ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion. Geniposide (100 mg/kg) and genipin (50 mg/kg) were administered orally 30 min before ischemia. In the I/R mice, the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and hepatic lipid peroxidation were elevated, whereas hepatic glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio was decreased. These changes were attenuated by geniposide and genipin administration. On the other hand, increased hepatic heme oxygenase-1 protein expression was potentiated by geniposide and genipin administration. The increased levels of tBid, cytochrome c protein expression and caspase-3 activity were attenuated by geniposide and genipin. Increased apoptotic cells in the I/R mice were also significantly reduced by geniposide and genipin treatment. Our results suggest that geniposide and genipin offer significant hepatoprotection against I/R injury by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.260-267
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• 2012

This study examined the effects of baicalin, a bioactive flavonoid isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, on hepatic injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in alcoholic fatty liver. Rats were fed an ethanol liquid diet or a control isocaloric diet for 5 weeks, and then subjected to 60 min of hepatic ischemia and 5 h of reperfusion. Baicalin (200 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 24 and 1 h before ischemia. After reperfusion, baicalin attenuated the increase in serum alanine aminotransferase activity. The levels of cytosolic cytochrome c protein expression, caspase-3 activity, the number of apoptotic cells increased after reperfusion, which were higher in ethanol-fed animals, were attenuated by baicalin. Following I/R, the hepatic lipid peroxidation was elevated, whereas hepatic glutathione content was decreased. These changes attenuated by baicalin. In ethanol-fed animals, baicalin augmented the increases in heme oxygenase-1 protein and mRNA expressions, and nuclear Nrf2 expression. In conclusion, our findings suggest that baicalin ameliorates I/R-induced hepatocellular damage by suppressing apoptosis and oxidative stress in alcoholic fatty liver.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 1995

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Taraxacum herba extract on the hepatic xanthine oxidase activity as a oxygen free radical generating enzyme in vitro and in vivo. It was observed that partial purified hepatic xanthine oxidase (type O) activity was strongly inhibited by the addition of Taraxacum herba n-butanol extract in vitro. The Km value of xanthine oxidase without affecting the Vmax value for xanthine was significantly increased by the addition of ta-dase (type O) activity was significantly inhibited by the treatment of Taraxacum gerba n-butanol ex-tract for 5days(over 40mg/kg, i.p), whereas, xanthine oxidase (type D) activity was not changed by the injection of Taracacum herba n-butanol extract. Meanwhile, liver weight / body weight(%), serum alanine aminotransferase activity and hepatic lipid peroxide content in Taraxacum herba n-buta-nol extract-treated rat were not changed. These findings led us to conclude that Taraxacum herba n-butanol extract may regulate the hepatic xanthine oxidase type O activity to prevent toxic effect of oxidative stress by the oxygen free radicals.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1386-1391
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• 2005

This study examined the role of Kupffer cells in altering the hepatic secretory and microsomal function during ischemia and reperfusion (ls/Rp). Rats were subjected to 60 min of hepatic ischemia, followed by 1 and 5 h of reperfusion. Gadolinium chloride ($GdCl_{3}$, 7.5 mg/kg body weight, intravenously) was used to inactivate the Kupffer cells 1 day prior to ischemia. Is/Rp markedly increased the serum aminotransferase level and the extent of lipid peroxidation. $GdCl_{3}$ significantly attenuated these increases. Is/Rp markedly decreased the bile. flow and cholate output, and $GdCl_{3}$ restored their secretion. The cytochrome P450 content was decreased by Is/Rp. However, these decreases were not prevented by $GdCl_{3}$. The aminopyrine N-demethylase activity was decreased by Is/Rp, while the aniline p-hydroxylase activity was increased. $GdCl_{3}$ prevented the increase in the aniline p-hydroxylase activity. Overall, Is/Rp diminishes the hepatic secretory and microsomal drug-metabolizing functions, and Kupffer cells are involved in this hepatobiliary dysfunction.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.288.3-289
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• 2002

Increasing evidence regarding free radical generating agents and inflammatory processes suggests that accumulation of reactive oxygen species can cause hepatotoxicity. A short-chain analog of lipid hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP), can be metabolized to free radical intermediates by cytochrome P-450 in hepatocytes. which in turn can initiate lipid peroxidation, affect cell integrity and result in cell injury. (omitted)

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.593-623
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• 1999

This experimental study was designed to verify the anti-aging efficacy of Eukmigihwangtang (EMGHT) and Rehmannia Radix, and determine the specific role and actions of Rehmannia Radix. Normal rat (2 months old), aging rat (8 months old), and pathologically induced rat (2 months old, injected 30mg/kg of streptozotocin) are observed to study the aging eliciting factors such as peroxide contents and enzyme activities. The following results were obtained in this study: 1. For the body weight changes, normal group given Rehmannia Radix showed decrease in the body weight compared to the control group, aging group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the body weight, and STZ injected group showed suppression to the body weight loss when given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix. 2. For the content changes in serum lipid peroxide, normal group showed increasing level as the rat gets older. Aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the lipid peroxide level compared to the control group. Decrease was more prominant in the group given EMGHT. 3. For the changes in serum hydroxyl radical, normal group did not show significant changes, but aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the hydroxyl radical level compared to the control group. Decrease was more prominant in the group given EMGHT. 4. For the changes in serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, normal group did not show significant changes, but aging group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase in the SOD activity compared to the control group. STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the SOD activity compared to the control group. 5. For the content changes in hepatic lipid peroxide, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the lipid peroxide level compared to the control group. 6. For the changes in hepatic cytochrome P-450 activity, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease compared to the control group. Cytochrome b5 activity was significantly decreased only in the STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix. 7. For the changes in hepatic aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activity, aging group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease compared to the control group. STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase in the aminopyrine demethylase activity, and showed significant decrease in the aniline hydroxylase activity compared to the control group. 8. For the content changes in hepatic protein bound-SH and nonprotein bound-SH, againg group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase compared to the control group. 9. For the content changes in hepatic glutathione level, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase compared to the control group. 10. For the changes in hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase and decrease, respectively, compared to the control group. 11. For the changes in hepatic glutathione reductase activity, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase compared to the control group, while $\gamma$-Glutamylcystein synthetase activity did not show significant changes. 12. For the changes in hepatic superoxide dismutase activity, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease compared to the control group. From the above results, the antioxidant effects of EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix were proved, as well as the role of Rehmannia Radix, a chief of EMGHT, was examined. In addition, since no change was reconized as the quantity of Rehmannia Radix and the order herbs increased, the reasonableness on EMGHT was proven with respect to its composition and quantity. Thus, the significance of EMGHT could be objectively exmined in terms of its composition and quantity. Considering animals used in the experiment, there were obvious changes in aging rats and pathologically induced rats than in normal rats. Consequently, it was noticeable that EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix were working selectively on the subjects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1253-1261
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• 1998

Effects of dietary cholesterol and taurine supplementation on hepatic total and phospholipid fatty acid compositions were evaluated in rats fed one of the following semisynthetic diets for 5 weeks : control diet(CD, cholesterol free and taurine free diet); high cholesterol diet(HCD, CD＋1.5% cho lesterol); high cholesterol, high taurine diet(HCHTD, HCD＋1.5% taurine). Diet induced changes in hepatic total fatty acid compositions were very similar to those in hepatic phospholipid fatty acid compositions. The HCD significantly decreased the percentage of total saturated fatty acids(SFA), and increased the percentage of total monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA) of hepatic total lipids and phospholipids as compared to the values for the control rats(p<0.001). HCHTD significantly elevated the percentage of $\Sigma$SFA and lowered the percentage of $\Sigma$MUFA compared to the values for the HCD(p<0.001). Percentages of hepatic total and phospholipid 18:3$\omega$3, 20:5$\omega$3, 18:2$\omega$6 and 20:3$\omega$6 were significantly higher in rats fed the HCD than the values for the control rats, and the percentages of their elongation and desaturation products(22:5$\omega$3, 22:6$\omega$3, 20:4$\omega$6, 22l:4$\omega$6 and 22: 5$\omega$6) were significantly lower in rats fed the HCD compared to those for the control rats. HCD significantly lowered the Δ5 desaturation(20:3$\omega$6⇒20:4$\omega$6) and Δ4 desaturation(22:4$\omega$6⇒22:5$\omega$6) indices, and the elongation index of $\omega$3 fatty acid(20:5 $\omega$3⇒22:5$\omega$3) in rat liver. HCHTD reversed the cholesterol induced changes in the compositions of $\omega$3 and $\omega$6 fatty acids. These results suggest the possibility that dietary cholesterol and taurine supplementations affect plasma and liver lipid levels, at least in part, by changing the hepatic phospholipid fatty acid compositions and thereby modulating the physical characteristics of the membrane and the activities of microsomal enzymes involved in lipid metabolism.