• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.901-906
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• 1999

This study was designed to investigate the effect of Pueraria radix extract on lipid peroxidation in ethanol administered rats. Male sprague dawley rats were given 25% ethanol(2.5g per Kg body weight; E), 10% pueraria radix extract(CP), 25% ethanol and 10% pueraria radix extract(EP). The activity of hepatic superoxide dismutase was increased by ethanol and was lower in the EP group than in the E group. Hepatic catalase activity was increased by ethanol, but decreased by Pueraria radix extract. E group rats had significantly higher liver glutathione peroxidase activity. Activity of hepatic glutathione S transferase was higher in the CP group than in the other groups. No significant dif ferences was found in liver glutathione and lipid peroxide contents between control and EP group. These data indicate that the peroxidative damage associated with chronic ethanol consumption might be decreased by Pueraria radix extract.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1364-1369
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• 2003

In this study, we investigated the effect of seatangle drink and seatangle extract product on weight gain and serum and hepatic lipid composition in rats fed a hyperlipidemic diet. In the dietary hyperlipidemia induced rats, it was observed that serum triglyceride, phospholipid, total lipid, LDL-cholesterol level and atherosclerotic index were higher, while the HDL-cholesterol level was lower when compared to the normal group. Total hepatic lipid and cholesterol content of the dietary hyperlipidemia induced rats was conspicuously decreased by seatangle drink and seatangle extract product treatment. Especially, triglyceride content was decreased to 30% by seatangle drink treatment, and 45% by seatangle extract product treatment.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.287-293
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• 2013

This study determined the effects of fucoxanthin on gene expressions related to lipid metabolism in rats with a high-fat diet. Rats were fed with normal fat diet (NF, 7% fat) group, high fat diet group (HF, 20% fat), and high fat with 0.2% fucoxanthin diet group (HF+Fxn) for 4 weeks. Body weight changes and lipid profiles in plasma, liver, and feces were determined. The mRNA expressions of transcriptional factors such as sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT1), Cholesterol $7{\alpha}$-hydroxylase1 (CYP7A1) as well as mRNA expression of several lipogenic enzymes were determined. Fucoxanthin supplements significantly increased plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration (P < 0.05). The hepatic total lipids, total cholesterols, and triglycerides were significantly decreased while the fecal excretions of total lipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly increased in HF+Fxn group (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of hepatic Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), Fatty acid synthase (FAS), and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) as well as SREBP-1C were significantly lower in HF+Fxn group compared to the HF group (P < 0.05). The hepatic mRNA expression of Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) and Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) were significantly low while lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) was significantly high in the HF+Fxn group (P < 0.05). There was significant increase in mRNA expression of CPT1 and CYP7A1 in the HF+Fxn group, compared to the HF group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, consumption of fucoxanthin is thought to be effective in improving lipid and cholesterol metabolism in rats with a high fat diet.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 2007

In order to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of an herb distillate, ie., a mixture of 28 traditional Korean herbs, germanium, tormarine and Gijangsoo (Gijang water), $CCl_4$ was intraperitoneally administered to rats before or after supplementation of the diluted herb distillate (HD) for 2 weeks. Then hepatic xanthine oxidase activity and serum lipid profiles were determined. The experimental groups had higher feed intake than the normal control (NC), but had lower weight gain. Water intake and the amount of feces were not significantly different, but urine was excreted in lower amounts in all the experimental groups compared to the NC. Liver weights in the HD-supplemented groups were lower than that of the distilled water-supplemented groups (DW-groups) after $CCl_4$-administration. Serum ALT activities in all the experimental groups were higher than that of the NC-group. However, the increasing activity of serum ALT in the HD-supplemented groups (HD-groups) was lower than that of the DW-groups. Total serum and LDL-cholesterol levels were higher in all the $CCl_4$-administered groups than in the NC-groups, and serum HDL-cholesterol levels were lower in all the experimental groups compared with the NC-groups. Meanwhile, the increasing rate of total serum and LDL-cholesterol levels and the decreasing rate of HDL-cholesterol in the HD-groups were lower than that of the DW-groups. But, levels of serum TG were similar among all the experimental groups. The activities of hepatic xanthine oxidase (XOD) type O of the $CCl_4$-administered rats showed a significant increase in and an increasing rate of XOD in the HD-groups, which was lower than that of the DW-groups. On the other hand, GST activities in all the experimental groups were significantly decreased, and the decreasing rate was lower in the HD-groups than in the DW-groups. The hepatic contents of GSH and LPO in all the rats were not changed by $CCl_4$ administration. These results suggest that the decreased liver damage in the HD-supplemented groups was due to the inhibition of XOD-type O activity by constituents of HD, as well as by a prevention/inhibition of serum lipid profile changes in $CCl_4$-treated rats. However, further detailed studies are needed to support this hypothesis.

• Laboraroty Animal Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.133-139
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• 2018

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is becoming common chronic liver disease because of the increasing global prevalence of obesity and consequently Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the mechanism for progression of NAFLD to NASH and then cirrhosis is not completely understood, yet. The triggering of these hepatic diseases is thought from hepatocyte injury caused by over-accumulated lipid toxicity. Injured hepatocytes release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which can stimulate the Kupffer cells (KCs), liver-resident macrophages, to release pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and recruit monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). The increased activation of KCs and recruitment of MDMs accelerate the progression of NAFLD to NASH and cirrhosis. Therefore, characterization for activation of hepatic macrophages, both KCs and MDMs, is a baseline to figure out the progression of hepatic diseases. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current understanding of mechanisms of NAFLD and NASH, mainly focusing on characterization and function of hepatic macrophages and suggests the regulators of hepatic macrophages as the therapeutic target in hepatic diseases.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2 s.30
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• pp.320-336
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• 1995

SANGNYANGHYOLTANG(SYT) is one of the most important prescription that has been used in oriental medicine for diabetes mellitus. The sudy was done in order to elucidate the anti-diabetic effect of SYT. After pretreatment of SYT(1,000mg／kg) for 6 weeks, the effect of of SYT was prevented on serum liver function test and hepatic lipid peroxide content in rats i.v. injected with streptozotocin(STZ, 50mg／kg, tail vein) 5 weeks after pretreatment of SYT. The hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and aniline hydroxylase were significantly decreased, and aminopyrine N-demethylase activity was significantly increased in SYT-STZ group as compared with control group. Changes in aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, epoxide hydrolase, UDP-glucuronyltransferase and sulfotransferase activities were not significantly different in any of the group. The cytosolic glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly decreased in SYT-STZ group as compared with control group. The selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase was significantly increased in SYT-STZ group as compared with control group, but there was no significant difference in selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase in any of the groups. The hepatic glutathione concentration was significantly increased in SYT-STZ group as compared with control group, and ${\gamma}-glutamylcystein$ synthetase and glutathione reductase activities were not significantly different in any of the groups. The hepatic lipid peroxide content, serum aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities were slightly decreased in significantly in SYT-STZ groups.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.259-266
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• 2006

The current study examined the effect of quercetin supplements on the lipid-lowering and antioxidant metabolism in ethanol-fed rats. The control $group(E_8)$ received ethanol only diet for 8 wks, whereas the other group$(E_8Q_4)$ received a diet including quercetin supplementation(0.05% wt/wt) for 4 wks while on the ethanol diet for 8wks. The hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity was significantly higher in the $E_8Q_4$ group than in the $E_8$ group. Supplementation with quercetin significantly elevated the HDL- cholesterol concentration, the HDL-C/total-C ratio, and lowered the atherogenic index(AI) compared to the $E_8$ group. The hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol contents were significantly lowered by the quercetin supplement compared to those of the control group. The hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT activities of the $E_8Q_4$ group were significantly lower than those of the $E_8$ group. The overall potential for antioxidant defense was significantly enhanced by the quercetin supplement, as indicated by a decrease in plasma and hepatic TBARS levels. The hepatic GSH-Px and G6PD activities were significantly higher in the $E_8Q_4$ group compared to the $E_8$ group. The current results suggest that dietary quercetin leads to the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT, which in turn lowers cholesterol levels and normalizes antioxidant enzyme activities.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.503-511
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Ginger, a root vegetable, is known to have antioxidant and antiobesity effects. Preparation, such as by steaming, can affect the chemical composition of prepared root vegetables or herbs and can change their functional activities. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of steamed ginger against oxidative stress and steatosis in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet. MATERIAL/METHODS: The levels of polyphenols and flavonoids in two different extracts of steamed ginger, i.e., water extract (SGW) and ethanolic extract (SGE); as well, their antioxidant activities were examined. Forty male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet (ND, n = 10), high-fat diet (HFD, 60% fat, w/w, n = 10), HFD supplemented with 200 mg/kg of SGE or garcinia (GAR) by weight (SGED or GARD, respectively, n = 10) for 12 weeks. Serum chemistry was examined, and the expressions of genes involved in lipid metabolism were determined in the liver. Histological analysis was performed to identify lipid accumulations in epididymal fat pads and liver. RESULTS: The SGE had higher contents of polyphenols and flavonoids and higher DPPH and $ABTS^+$ free radical scavenging activities compared to those of SGW. Treatment with SGE or GAR significantly decreased the HFD-induced weight gain. Both SGE and GAR significantly reduced the high serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein levels induced by HFD. Compared to ND, HFD significantly increased hepatic TC and TG levels. SGE or GAR supplementation significantly decreased the increase of hepatic lipids by HFD. Interestingly, SGE had a more significant effect in reducing hepatic TC and TG levels than GAR. Furthermore, hepatic genes involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis were altered in both the SGED and GARD groups. CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicates that steamed ginger supplementation can decrease plasma TC and TG and can inhibit liver steatosis by regulating the expressions of hepatic genes.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1990.06a
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• pp.196-200
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• 1990

the ginseng polypeptide (GPP) isolated from the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer was demonstrated to decrease the levels of blood sugar and hepatic glycogen when injected intravenously to rats at a doses of 50-200mg/kg without affecting blood total lipid. When mice were injected subcutaneously daily at a dose of 50 and 100mg/kg for 7 successive days, GPP was also found to decreased blood sugar and hepatic glycoge. In addition, GPP was found to decrease various experimenta hyperglycemias induced by injection of adrenaline, glucose and alloxan. GPP exhibited inhibiting effect on the glycogen enhancement induced by glucose, but strengthening effect on the glycogen decrease induced by adrenaline. When the levels of blood total lipid and liver glycogen were increased by alloxan, GPP was shown to inhibit these changes except its lowering blood sugar. the toxicity of GPP is very low, its LD50 was found to be 1.62$\pm$0.130 g/kg for iv.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.338-342
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• 1990

The ginseng Polypeptide (GPP) Isolated from the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer was domonstrated to decrease the levels of blood sugar and hepatic glycogen when injected intravenoilsly to rats at a doses of 50-200 mg/kg without affecting blood total lipid. When mice were injected slibclitaneollsly daily at a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg for 7 successive days. GPP was also found to decrease blood sligar and hepatic glycogen. In addition, GPP was found to decrease variolls experimental hypergly cemias induced by injection of adrenaline, glilcose and alloxan. GPP exhibited inhibiting effect on the glut rogen enhancement indllced by glucose, but strenthening effect on the glycogen decrease indliced by adrenaline. When the levels of blood total lipid and lilrer glycogen were increased by T alloxan. GPP was shown to inhibit these changes except its lowering blood sugar. The toxicity of GPP is very low, LD50 was found to be 1.62 $\pm$ 0.130 g/kg for iv.