• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.448-453
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• 2009

This study was performed to elucidate anticancer activities of various parts, such as peel, flesh, placenta, seed, stalk and stem leaf of oriental melon. Chemopreventive and anticancer effects of oriental melon extract were evaluated by detoxifying enzyme, quinone reductase (QR) inductive activity, cytotoxicity and growth inhibitory effect against hepatoma cell. Stalk and stem leaf extracts of oriental melon showed the increment of QR inductive activity with dose-dependent manner and induced quinone reductase 3.9, 1.5-fold at $200{\mu}g/mL$ respectively compared to control. The growth inhibitory effect of oriental melon extract against mouse hepatoma cell (Hepa1c1c7) was investigated by crystal violet (CV) assay. Stalk and stem leaf of oriental melon showed potent growth inhibitory effect. Based on these result, the growth inhibitory effects of stalk, stem leaf at various concentration were examined in detail by MTT assay using human hepatoma cancer cell (HepG2). All of two parts showed growth inhibitory effects and expecially stalk exhibited inhibitory effect of 60.3% at maximum concentration. The above results suggest that stalk of oriental melon has a possibility as a source of natural cancer chemopreventive materials.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.231-243
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• 1998

In the present study, we provide evidence that ginsenoside $Rh_2$ (G-$Rh_2$) as well as staurosporine induces apoptosis of human hepatoma SK-HEP-1 cells by caspase 3-mediated processing of $p21^{WAFI/CIPI}$ in the early stage of apoptosls. Immunoblottings showed that G-$Rh_2$ as well as statrosporine induced the processing of caspase-3 to an active form, pl7. In stable Bcl-2 transfectants however, G-$Rh_2$ induced DNA fragmentation, while staurosporine did not. In the early stage of apoptosis, $p21^{WAFI/CIPI}$ was detected to undergo proteolytic processing specifically conducted by caspase-3. $p21^{WAFI/CIPI}$ translated in vitro was cleaved into a p14 fragment, when incubated with cell extracts obtained from either G-$Rh_2$- or staurosporine-treated cells. Cleavage was equally inhibited in both cases by adding Ac-DEVD-cho, a specific caspase-3 inhibitor, but not by Ac-YVkD-cho, a specific caspase-l inhibitor. Similarly, $p21^{WAFI/CIPI}$ was efficiently leaved by recombinant caspase-3 overexpressed in E. coli. Moreover, the endogenous $p21^{WAFI/CIPI}$ of untreated-cell extracts was also cleaved by recombinant caspase-3. Mutation analysis allowed identification of two caspase-3 cleavage sites, $DHVD^{112}$/L and $SMTD^{149}$/F, which are located within, or near the interaction domains for cyclins, Cdks, and PCNA. Taken together, these results show that G-$Rh_2$ as well as staurosporine increases caspase-3 activity, which in turn directly cleaves $p21^{WAFI/CIPI}$ resulting in elevation of Cdk kinase activity in the early stages of apoptosis. We propose that proteolytic cleavage of $p21^{WAFI/CIPI}$ is a functionally relevant event that allows unleashing the cyclin/Cdk activity from the inhibitor seen in the earlier stage of apoptosis, the event of which may be associated with the triggering mechanism for the execution of apoptosis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.3583-3587
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• 2012

SUMOylation has emerged as an important post-translational modification that modulates the localization, stability and activity of a broad spectrum of proteins. A dynamic process, it can be reversed by a family of SUMO-specific proteases (SENPs). However, the biological roles of SENPs in mammalian development and pathogenesis remain largely elusive. Here, we demonstrated that SENP2 plays a critical role in the control of hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth. SENP2 was found to be down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and over-expression suppressed the growth and colony formation of HCC cells. In contrast, silencing of SENP2 by siRNAs promoted cancer cell growth. We further found that stability of ${\beta}$-catenin was markedly decreased when SENP2 was over-expressed. Interestingly, the decrease was dependent on the de-SUMOylation activity of SENP2, because over-expression of a SENP2 catalytic mutant form had no obviously effects on ${\beta}$-catenin. Our results suggest that SENP2 might play a role in hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth control by modulating the stability of ${\beta}$-catenin.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 1994

The MeOH extract of the fruits of Melia toosendan was selected for futher study by its cytotoxicity and effect on the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. The active principle obtained by activity guided fractionation followed by purification gave rise to a needle crystal. The structure was deduced by employing NMR and was determined to be identical with 28-deacetyl sendanin by comparison with published data. This compound induced morphological change of MCF-7 to be rounded with tubule at concentrations between $50\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $0.025\;{\mu}g/ml$. This compound, however, showed strong cytotoxic effect on Hepalclc7 and HepG2, and their $GI_{50}$ on the hepatoma cell lines were $0.238\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $0.805\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Its effect on lymphocyte of mouse was stronger than hepatoma cell lines, and their $ED_{50}$ of polyclonal antibody response was $0.011\;{\mu}g/ml$, and $ED_{50}$ of cell viability was $0.039\;{\mu}g/ml$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.1057-1064
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of fermented herbal mixtures (FHMs) in HepG2 and PC12 cells. Two different types of fermented herbal mixtures consisted of Chrysanthemum morifolium, Ganoderma lucidum, Acanthopanax senticosus, Schisandra chinensis, Hovenia dulcis thumb, and Lycii fructus. FHM-A and FHM-B were separately fermented with Prunellae Spica, Portulaca oleracea (FHM-A) and Acorus gramineus, Pycnostelma paniculatum (FHM-B). Total phenolic content of FHM-B was higher than that of FHM-A. ORAC values in both FHM-A and FHM-B increased in a dose-dependent manner, and antioxidant activities against peroxyl radicals were higher in FHM-A than FHM-B. Both FHM-A and FHM-B effectively ameliorated AAPH- and ethanol-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. They also suppressed lipid formation induced by ethanol treatment. In addition, FHM-A and FHM-B prevented $H_2O_2$-induced PC12 cell death. FHM-B showed a relatively stronger protective effect than that of FMB-A. Taken together, these findings show that a fermented herbal mixture could be used in healthy and functional food design for oxidative stress-related diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1677-1685
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• 2012

The autolysate and hydrolysate of a common squid liver, Todarodes pacificus, were prepared. Autolysis (liver ratio, pH, temperature) and Protamex-treated hydrolysis (pH, temperature, ratio of protease to liver) conditions were optimized by response surface methodology using central composite design for under 1 hr of hydrolysis time. The desirability profile indicated that maximum DH could be achieved at a squid liver of 93.5%, pH 6.4, and $47^{\circ}C$ in autolysis, while that of Protamex-treated hydrolysis did at a Protamex-to-squid liver level of 0.33%, pH 6.0, and $55^{\circ}C$. Three amino acids, proline, cysteine, and methionine, were not detected in the total amino acid composition of the Protamex-treated hydrolysate, while they were detected in the free amino acid composition. Cadmium was $8.32{\pm}0.03$ mg/100 g-powder for raw, $3.56{\pm}0.02$ mg/100 g-powder for the autolysate, and $13.26{\pm}0.04$ mg/100 g powder for the Protamex-treated hydrolysate. The major molecular weight ranged from 1.0 to 1.5 kDa for the autolysate and from 210 to 470 Da for the Protamex-treated hydrolysate. Food functionalities of the autolysate, such as surface hydrolphobicity, emulsion activity index, emulsion stability, water, and fat adsorption, were similar to the Protamex-treated hydrolysate. Both the autolysate and Protamex-hydrolysate showed high inhibitory activities on the angiotensin-I converting enzyme. Cell toxicity against the HepG2 cell line was not detected in the autolysate or the Protamex-treated hydrolysate by 200 ${\mu}g/mL$.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2017

Effects of resveratrol glucosylation on the immunomodulation properties of resveratrol and on the viability of macrophage cells have been studied by using murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) expression in macrophages in vitro were studied after treatment with different concentrations of (E)-resveratrol, (E)-resveratrol 3-O-${\beta}$-${\small{D}}$-glucoside (R-3-G), or (E)-resveratrol 4'-O-${\beta}$-${\small{D}}$-glucoside (R-4'-G). In vitro viability of RAW 264.7 cells after treatment with the aforementioned three compounds was also studied. As demonstrated by macrophage cell viability assays, two different resveratrol monoglucosides, R-3-G and R-4'-G, exhibited 50-80% reduced cytotoxicity in comparison to (E)-resveratrol in A549 and HepG2 cells. Compared to the resveratrol aglycon, both glucosylated resveratrol derivatives positively modulated NO and IL-6 production in macrophages positively via transcriptionally up-regulating IL-6 and iNOS expression. Conjugation of a glucose moiety on resveratrol was found to enhance the immunomodulating activity of resveratrol and the viability of RAW 264.7 cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.726-731
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• 2000

This study was performed to evaluate the antitumor activities of water and ethanol (EtOH) extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza in vitro and in vivo. The proliferation of the human hepatoma (HepG2), rectum cancer (HRT-18) and colon cancer (HT-29) cells was inhibited by administration of extracts in a dose-dependent manner. Particularly, EtOH extract inhibited proliferation of the cells more effectively than water extract did. The morphology of cells induced by EtOH extract was characterized by reduction of cell size and deformatin. Oral administration of the EtOH extract (3 mg/head) to tumor-bearing mice inhibited the tumor (sarcoma-180) growth by 35% and prolonged their survival rate by 61%. The EtOH extract was shown to be nontoxic at 37.5% mg/head/day on the acute toxicity test. These studies suggest that the EtOH extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza may have antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.105-105
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• 2002

A wide range of chemicals derived from plant and human-made xenobiotics are reported to have hormonal activity. The present studies were performed to examine the estrogenic effect of Kwao Keur, Pueraria mirifica (PM), that has been used a rejuvenating folk medicine from Thailand, using recombinant yeast, MCF-7 cell proliferation and HepG2 cell transient transfection assay.(omitted)

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.217-223
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• 2011

Ischemic stroke constitutes about 80% of all stroke incidences. It is characterized by brain cell death in a region where cerebral arteries supplying blood are occluded. Under these ischemic conditions, apoptosis is responsible for the cell death, at least in part. Goat's-beard (Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus) is a perennial plant that grows naturally in the alpine regions of Korea. In the present study, we first determined whether water extract of goat's-beard (HY1646) and some of its fractions prepared by partitioning with organic solvents could improve the viability of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) cultured under hypoxic condition by blocking apoptotic pathways. Based on the in vitro findings, we subsequently investigated whether HY1646 and the ethyl acetate fraction (EA) selected from cell culture-based screening could attenuate brain injury in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemia (2 hr), followed by 22 hours of reperfusion. The cell number was sustained close to that initially plated in the presence of HY1646 even after 24 hr of cell culture under hypoxic condition (3% $O_2$), at which time the cell number reached almost zero in the absence of HY1646. This improvement in cell viability was attributed to the delay in apoptosis, identified by the formation of DNA ladder in gel electrophoresis. Of fractions soluble in hexane, ethyl acetate (EA) and butanol, EA was chosen for the animal experiments because EA demonstrated the best cell viability at the lowest concentration (10 ${\mu}g$/mL). HY1646 (200 mg/kg) and EA (10 and 20 mg/kg) significantly reduced infarct size, an index of brain injury, by 16.6, 40.0 and 61.0%, respectively, as assessed by 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. The findings suggest that prophylactic intake of goat's beard might be beneficial for preventing ischemic stroke.