• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.331-345
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the effects of Saenggantanggami-bang (SG) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods : HepG2 cells were used in an in vitro model. HepG2 cells were divided into three groups. The Normal group was incubated with no fatty acid. The Control group was incubated with 1mM palmitic acid to introduce fat overloading. The PA-SG group was incubated with 1mM palmitic acid and various concentrations of Saenggantanggami-bang (SG). Cell viability and cytotoxicity were analyzed by MTT assay and LDH assay. Intracellular triglyceride (TG) levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, ATP amount, and GST activity were measured. Cell death pattern and protective effect of SG on cell death were studied by DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 intensity (western blot). Results : Compared with the Control group, cell viability of the PA-SG group significantly increased (P<0.01), cytotoxicity of the PA-SG group decreased (P<0.01), and intracellular TG levels and ROS levels of the PA-SG group decreased (P<0.05). In DNA fragmentation assay, necrotic pattern was observed and DNA fragment decreased in the PA-SG group. In western blot, apoptotic pattern was observed, caspase-3 intensity of the PA-SG group was reduced significantly, but there were no significant differences in intracellular ATP amount and GST activity between the control group and the PA-SG group. Conclusion : The results suggest that Saenggantanggami-bang can be a potential candidate for the clinical treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 2002

Ixeris dentate was used to extract the natural compounds with methanol and then the extracts were further fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fraction. The methanol extract of Ixeris dentate had strong antimutagenic effect in Ames mutagenicity test. Among the extracts fractioned from the methanol extract, the butanol fraction exhibited the greatest antimutagenic effect suppressing the mutagenicity of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 with inhibition rate of 88.93%. Cancer cell lines include human lung carcinoma(A549), human breast adenocarcinoma(MCF-7) and human hepatocellular carcinoma(Hep3B). Hexane fraction showed the strongest effect against A549, MCF-7 and Hep3B at the same concentration compared to those of other fractions.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.376-382
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• 2011

Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a cytoprotective and homeostatic molecule with important signaling capabilities in physiological and pathophysiological situations. CO protects cells/tissues from damage by free radicals or oxidative stress. NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) is a highly inducible enzyme that is regulated by the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway, which is central to efficient detoxification of reactive metabolites and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Methods: We generated NQO1 promoter construct. HepG2 cells were treated with CO Releasing Molecules-2 (CORM-2) or CO gas and the gene expressions were measured by RT-PCR, immunoblot, and luciferase assays. Results: CO induced expression of NQO1 in human hepatocarcinoma cell lines by activation of Nrf2. Exposure of HepG2 cells to CO resulted in significant induction of NQO1 in dose- and time-dependent manners. Analysis of the NQO1 promoter indicated that an antioxidant responsible element (ARE)-containing region was critical for the CO-induced Nrf2-dependent increase of NQO1 gene expression in HepG2 cells. Conclusion: Our results suggest that CO-induced Nrf2 increases the expression of NQO1 which is well known to detoxify reactive metabolites and ROS.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.662-668
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• 2004

Ames test revealed most methanol extracts of 13 Korean wild mushroom species have strong antimutagenic effects against N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and benzo(a)pyrene[B(a)P]. Methanol extracts of Coriolus versicolor and Phaeolepiota aurea showed 74-94 and 83-88% antimutagenic effects against MNNG and B(a)P in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain, while 89 and 91% inhibitions were observed against B(a)P in TA98 strain, respectively. Most water extracts of wild mushrooms did not show antimutagenic activeiy on MNNG and B(a)P. Wild mushrooms extracts inhibited human colon carcinoma cells (HT29), human hepatoma cell (HepG2), and humann histiocytic lymphoma cell (U937) dose-dependently, with most methanol extracts exhibiting stronger effect than water extracts, Highest toxicity was observed against HT-29 cells in methanol extracts of Coriolus versicolor and Phaeolepiota aurea, showing 84% inhibition at 1 mg/mL, whereas C. versicolor water extract showed 53-65% inhibition against HepG2 and U937. These extracts did not show cytotoxic effects against human lymphocyte. Results revealed wild mushrooms have strong antimutagenic and in vitro cytotoxic effects.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.130-136
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• 1996

Evaluation of plant extracts that might inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication was performed to find potent anti-HBV agents. Eighty-five species of plants from forty-three families were tested for their anti-HBV activities using HBV-producing HepG2-derived 2.2.15 cells. The anti-HBV activity of plant extracts was measured by slot blot hybridization technique and cytotoxicity was determined by crystal violet staining procedure. All plants were extracted with methanol and the extracts were partitioned into n-hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous layer. The ethyl acetate fractions of Rhus verniciflua $(stem:\;EC_{50},\;8.2{\mu}g/ml;\;CC_{50},\;9.4{\mu}g/ml)$, Gastrodia elata $(root:\;EC_{50},\;17.7{\mu}g/ml;\;CC_{50},\;>20{\mu}g/ml)$, Raphanus sativus $(seeds:\;EC_{50},\;17.3{\mu}g/ml;\;CC_{50},\;>20{\mu}g/ml)$, and Angelica gigas $(root:\;EC_{50},\;8.3{\mu}g/ml;\;CC_{50},\;15.6{\mu}g/ml)$ revealed the anti-HBV activity in 2.2.15 cell culture system and these fractions are under the process of further sequential fractionation by column chromatography to find the active principles against HBV.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.210-218
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• 2015

The antioxidant activity of white ginseng was not recorded in Korea Functional Food Code, while its activity of red ginsengs was recorded. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and hepato protective effect of different ginsengs in H₂O₂-treated HepG2 cells. White and red ginseng were prepared from longitudinal section of the same fresh ginseng (4-year old). The whole parts of white and red ginsengs were separately extracted with 70% ethanol and distilled water respectively, at 70 ℃ to obtain therapeutic ginseng extracts namely, WDH (distilled water extract of white ginseng), WEH (70% ethanol extract of white ginseng), RDH (distilled water extract of red ginseng) and REH (70% ethanol extract of red ginseng). In this work, we have investigated the DPPH, hydroxyl radical, Fe²⁺-chelating activity, intracellular ROS scavenging capacity and lipid peroxidation of different ginsengs. All these extracts showed a dose dependent free-radical scavenging capacity and a ROS generation as well as lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced by treatment with bioactive extracts of white ginsengs (WDH) than red ginsengs. Additionally, white ginseng extracts (WDH) has dramatically increased intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities like superoxide dismutase and catalase in H₂O₂-treated HepG2 cells. All these results explain that administration of white ginseng is useful as herbal medicine than red ginseng for chemoprevention of liver damage.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.559-565
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• 1999

The two gericudranin E derivatives, GER-I & II, were synthesized and evaluated their antitumour activities for the elucidation of structure-activity relationship. 2,4,6-Trihydroxyacetophenone was converted to target molecules GER-I and GER-B in 5 steps via sequential protection, aldol condensation, Michael type-cyclization, regioselective C-benzylation. The cellular growth inhibition of compounds GER-I and GER-II were investigated against P388, L1210, K562, HCT-15, SK-HepG-1, MCF-7 as cancer cell lines and mouse splenocytes as a normal cell by MTT assay.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.607-614
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the anticarcinogenic and antioxidative activities of Hemicentrotus pulacherrimus (HP). HP was extracted with methanol (HPM), which was then further fractionated into four sub-fractions by using the solvent partition method, affording methanol (HPMM), hexane (HPMH), butanol (HPMB) and aqueous (HPMA) soluble fractions. We determined the anticarcinogenic activities of these four fractions in four kinds of cancer cell lines, such as HepG2, HT29, MCF-7 and B16-F10, by MTT assay. Among various fractions from HPM, the HPMH showed the strongest growth inhibition effect. We also determined the inductive effect on quinone reductase (QR) of HP fractions. HPMB fraction exhibited strong inductive effects in HepG2 cells at a level of 90 ${\mu}g/ml$, showing inductive indexes of 2.26 compared to the control value of 1.0. The antioxidant activities of fractions from HP were also investigated by measuring the scavenging activities of HP against reactive oxygen speicies (ROS), peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and NO. Among the various solvent fractions, HPMH fractions displayed marked antioxidative activities.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.155-166
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• 2017

Objectives : Polygoni Multiflori Ramulus has been widely used as a traditional medicinal herb for the treatment of insomnia, limb pain and itch. The extract of Polygoni Multiflori Ramulus (PMRE) is known to have a modulatory effect of many inflammatory responses. This study was performed to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of PMRE against arachidonic acid (AA) + iron-induced oxidative stress on HepG2 cell and carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced liver injury on mice. Methods : The effects of PMRE on cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. And flow cytometric analysis was performed to estimate the effects on mitochondrial function. To investigate its underlying mechanism, apoptosis-related proteins were analysed by using immunoblot analysis. In addition, ICR mouse were administrated (po) with the PMRE (30, 100 mg/kg) for 3 days and then, injected (ip) with $CCl_4$ (0.5 ml/kg body weight) to induce acute liver damage. The level of pro-caspase-3 was measured. Results : Treatment of PMRE increased relative cell viability, prevented a cleavage of poly (ADP ribose) polymerase and pro-caspase-3, and also reduced mitochondrial membrane permeability against AA + iron-induced oxidative stress. In addition, PMRE treatment decreased liver injury induced by $CCl_4$, as evidenced by increases in pro-caspase-3 level. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that PMRE has an ability to anti-oxidant and hepatoprotective effect against AA + iron-induced oxidative stress and $CCl_4$-induced liver injury.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.338-344
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine biological activities, such as lipid peroxidation inhibition and cytotoxic effect of ethanol extracts of Black Olympia grape seeds and skins, and of organic solvent fractionated ethanol extracts obtained from grape seeds and skins at different temperatures. Among different extraction temperatures, the ethanol extract of grape seed obtained at 30$\^{C}$ had the strongest lipid oxidation inhibition of 60.1%, while the strongest lipid oxidation inhibitory effect of 71.2% was observed in the presence of 20 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎖ ethylacetate fraction obtained from ethanol extract of grape seeds at 30$\^{C}$. The ethanol extract of grape seeds showed more strong lipid oxidation inhibition than that of skin extracts. Similar results were observed in cytotoxic effects. The ethanol extract of grape seeds at 30$\^{C}$ exhibited more strong cytotoxicity than that of skin extracts on MCF-7, Hep3B, and A549 cell lines. Among organic solvent fractions extracted from the ethanol extracts of gape seeds and skins, the hexane fraction showed the strongest cytotoxic inhibition of 75.15% and 62.50% on MCF-7 and Hep3B cell in the presence of 1.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎖ respectively. On the other hand, the water fraction showed the strongest cytotoxic inhibition of 65.41% on A549 cell in the presence of 1.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎖. Overall, the ethanol extracts and their fractions of Black Olympia grape seeds showed strong lipid oxidation inhibition and cytotoxicity than those of grape skins.