• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.317-324
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• 2010

We elucidated the distribution of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in human stomach, using cryosection and $c-Kit$ immunohistochemistry to identify $c-Kit$ positive ICC. Before $c-Kit$ staining, we routinely used hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining to identify every structure of human stomach, from mucosa to longitudinal muscle. HE staining revealed that the fundus greater curvature (GC) had prominent oblique muscle layer, and $c-Kit$ immunostaining $c-Kit$ positive ICC cells were found to have typical morphology of dense fusiform cell body with multiple processes protruding from the central cell body. In particular, we could observe dense processes and ramifications of ICC in myenteric area and longitudinal muscle layer of corpus GC. Interestingly, $c-Kit$ positive ICC-like cells which had morphology very similar to ICC were found in gastric mucosa. We could not find any significant difference in the distribution of ICC between fundus and corpus, except for submucosa where the density of ICC was much higher in gastric fundus than corpus. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the density of ICC between each area of fundus and corpus, except for muscularis mucosa. Finally, we also found similar distribution of ICC in normal and cancerous tissue obtained from a patient who underwent pancreotomy and gastrectomy. In conclusion, ICC was found ubiquitously in human stomach and the density of ICC was significantly lower in the muscularis mucosa of both fundus/corpus and higher in the submucosa of gastric fundus than corpus.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.420-428
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 Sprague-Dawley 종 흰 쥐 수컷을 정상 대조군 (C), 알코올 군 (E), 알코올 + 100 mg/kgBW 곤드레 에탄올 추출물군 (E+LCS), 알코올 + 500 mg/kgBW 곤드레 에탄올 추출물군 (E+HCS)으로 나누어 Lieber-DeCarli control diet 혹은 Lieber-DeCarli ethanol diet를 8주간 공급하였으며, 이때 곤드레 에탄올 추출물은 액상 사료에 직접 섞어 공급하였다. 알코올과 곤드레 에탄올 추출물의 식이 공급 종료 후 간 조직의 지방구 축적 정도를 살펴본 결과, E+LCS군과 E+HSC군은 E군에 비해 지방간 발생이 유의적으로 억제되었으며, 정상 대조군인 C군과 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 이와 비슷하게, 곤드레 에탄올 추출물의 공급은 알코올에 의해 증가된 간 조직과 혈청의 중성지방 농도를 유의적으로 낮추었으며, 혈청 AST와 혈청 ALT 활성도 정상 대조군 수준으로 회복시키는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 곤드레 에탄올 추출물의 공급은 p-AMPK과 p-ACC 단백질 수준을 농도 의존적으로 증가시켰으며, 두 단백질 모두 E군에 비해 E+HSC군에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 또한 FAS mRNA와 SCD1 mRNA 수준은 E군에 비해 E+HSC군에서 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. 곤드레 에탄올 추출물은 간 조직에서 알코올 공급에 의해 증가된 $NF{\kappa}B$의 활성을 유의적으로 낮추었으며, $NF{\kappa}B$의 표적 단백질인 $TNF{\alpha}$ 단백질 수준을 농도의존적으로 낮추었다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 곤드레는 알코올에 의한 지방간 발생 및 관련된 간 손상을 유의적으로 억제할 수 있음을 확인하였으며 이 과정에서 AMPK 활성 증가와 $NF{\kappa}B$ 활성 억제가 관여함을 제시하였다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.669-687
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• 2001

On the basis of the evidence that electrical stimulation could promote healing and regeneration of bone, this study was performed to investigate the effects of electrical stimulation on rat extraction socket, and to evaluate the potential of clinical application of electrical stimulation. Forty rats were used and divided into control groups(l0)and the experimental groups(30) in this study. The maxillary 1st molar were extracted in both groups. In experimental group, electrical stimulation was given at the current intensity of lmA(Test-1), l0mA(Test-2), 25mA(Test-3) each day. At 1,3,5,7 days after the tooth extraction, rats in both groups were serially sacrificed. And the specimens were prepared with Hematoxylin-Eosin stain for the light microscopic evaluation. The results of this study were as follows; 1. At 1 day after the extraction, the periodontal ligament was found in the extraction socket wall. The formation of blood clot with dense infiltration of inflammatory cells in control group and there were less inflammatory cells in test group. 2. At 3 day after the extraction, the cells and collagen of the periodontal ligament were so actively proliferated and synthesized that invaded into the connective tissue of the extraction sockets in the control group. There were the formation of new bone in the basal & lateral portion of socket wall in test -2 and -3. 3. At 5 days after the extraction, there were no formation of new bone in control group. But the more electrical stimulation was applied, the more formation of new bone in test group. 4. At 7 days after the extraction, the extraction sockets were almost filled with trabecular bone in each group. Bone maturarity was remarkable in test-3. 5. The electrical stimulation at l0mA and 25mA was more effective in the bone formation at 5 and 7 days after the extraction. From the above results, electrical stimulation could promote the extraction socket wound healing, and be utilized in the clinical application of the residual ridge expansion.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.117-122
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• 2011

Endothelial cells are a vital constituent of most mammalian organs and are required to maintain the integrity of these tissues. These cells also play a major role in angiogenesis, inflammatory reactions, and in the regulation of thrombosis. Angiogenesis facilitates pulp formation and produces the vessels which are essential for the maintenance of tooth homeostasis. These vessels can also be used in bone and tissue regeneration, and in surgical procedures to place implants or to remove cancerous tissue. Furthermore, endothelial cell regeneration is the most critical component of the tooth generation process. The aim of the present study was to stimulate endothelial regeneration at a site of acute cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced endothelial injury by treatment with human umbilical cord-derived endothelial/mesenchymal stem cells (hEPCs). We randomly assigned 16 to 20-week-old female NOD/SCID mice into three separate groups, a hEPC ($1{\times}10^5$ cells) transplanted, 300mg/kg CP treated and saline (control) group. The mice were sacrificed on days 5 and 10 and blood was collected via the abdominal aorta for analysis. The alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alkaline phosphatase (s-ALP), and albumin (ALB) levels were then evaluated. Tissue sections from the livers and kidneys were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for microscopic analysis and were subjected to immunohistochemistry to evaluate any changes in the endothelial layer. CP treatment caused a weight reduction after one day. The kidney/body weight ratio increased in the hEPC treated animals compared with the CP only group at 10 days. Moreover, hEPC treatment resulted in reduced s-ALP, AST, ALT levels compared with the CP only group at 10 days. The CP only animals further showed endothelial injuries at five days which were recovered by hEPC treatment at 10 days. The number of CD31-positive cells was increased by hEPC treatment at both 5 and 10 days. In conclusion, the CP-induced disruption of endothelial cells is recovered by hEPC treatment, indicating that hEPC transplantation has potential benefits in the treatment of endothelial damage.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제67권3호
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• pp.333-344
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• 2024

Objective : Markers of neuroinflammation during ischemic stroke are well characterized, but additional markers of neural damage are lacking. The study identified associations of behavioral disorders after stroke with histologic neural damage and molecular biological change. Methods : Eight-week-old, 25 g male mice of the C57BL/6J strain were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to induce ischemic stroke. The control group was a healthy wild type (WT), and the experimental group were designed as a low severity MCAO1 and a high severity MCAO2 based on post-stroke neurological scoring. All groups underwent behavioral tests, realtime polymerase chain reaction, triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze statistical significance between groups. Results : In TTC staining, MCAO1 showed 29.02% and MCAO2 showed 38.94% infarct volume (p<0.0001). The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β was most highly expressed in MCAO2 (WT 0.44 vs. MCAO1 2.69 vs. MCAO2 5.02, p<0.0001). From the distance to target in the Barnes maze test, WT had a distance of 178 cm, MCAO1 had a distance of 276 cm, and MCAO2 had a distance of 1051 (p=0.0015). The latency to target was 13.3 seconds for WT, 27.9 seconds for MCAO1, and 87.9 seconds for MCAO2 (p=0.0007). Prospero homeobox 1 (Prox1) was most highly expressed in MCAO2 (p=0.0004). Doublecortin (Dcx) was most highly expressed in MCAO2 (p<0.0001). Conclusion : The study demonstrated that histological damage to neural cells and changes in brain mRNA expression were associated with behavioral impairment after ischemic stroke. Prox1 and Dcx may be biomarkers of neural damage associated with long-term cognitive decline, and increased expression at the mRNA level was consistent with neural damage and long-term cognitive dysfunction.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.253-261
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• 2018

Objective: Orthodontic root resorption (ORR) due to orthodontic tooth movement is a difficult treatment-related adverse event. Caspases are important effector molecules for apoptosis. At present, little is known about the mechanisms underlying ORR and apoptosis in the cementum. The aim of the present in vivo study was to investigate the expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), caspase 3, caspase 8, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) in the cementum in response to a heavy or an optimum orthodontic force. Methods: The maxillary molars of male Wistar rats were subjected to an orthodontic force of 10 g or 50 g using a closed coil spring. The rats were sacrificed each experimental period on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after orthodontic force application. And the rats were subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Results: On day 7 for the 50-g group, hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed numerous root resorption lacunae with odontoclasts on the root, while immunohistochemistry showed increased TRAP- and RANKL-positive cells. Caspase 3- and caspase 8-positive cells were increased on the cementum surfaces in the 50-g group on days 3 and 5. Moreover, the number of caspase 3- and caspase 8-positive cells and RANKL-positive cells was significantly higher in the 50-g group than in the 10-g group. Conclusions: In our rat model, ORR occurred after apoptosis was induced in the cementum by a heavy orthodontic force. These findings suggest that apoptosis of cementoblasts is involved in ORR.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.1081-1086
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the medicinal effects of the herbal combination extracts-2 (HCE-2), consisting of Artemisia capillaris Thunb., Lonicera japonica Thunb., Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina, and Hovenia dulcis Thunb. on the alcohol-induced liver injury in rats. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal group (n =6), non-treated control group (n =6), saline-treated group (n =6) and the herbal combination extract (HCE-2)-treated group (n =6). The rats in the alcohol-loaded groups were orally administered with ethanol at a daily dose of 4 g/kg-body weight for 5 weeks. Thirty minutes before the ethanol injection, saline or herbal combination extracts was administered by using a gastrogavage. Blood and liver tissue samples were taken out from the hearts and livers of the rats, respectively, on 15th and 38th days. The activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We also investigated the protective effect of the herbal combination extracts by Hematoxylin-Eosin staining on histological sections of rat liver. In this study, the oral administration of the herbal combination extracts significantly reduced the serum levels of AST and ALT, which had been raised by alcohol-induced liver injury. Histological analysis and apparent observation of liver also showed the preventive effect of the herbal combination extracts in a chronic alcohol-induced rat model. Theses results revealed that the herbal combination extracts effectively prevented hepatic damage consequent to the chronic exposure to repetitive administration of ethanol and could be used as a primary resource of a health beverage or herbal medicine, alleviating the alcohol-induced hepatic injury and hangover symptoms.

• 폴리머
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.226-234
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• 2003

이프리플라본은 이소플라본의 파생물로서 골의 재흡수를 방지하여 골의 재형성을 방해함으로써 골 형성에 도움을 준다. 이프리플라본은 칼슘의 양을 안정적으로 증가시킴과 함께 골수 줄기 세포의 작용으로 세포층에 칼슘을 침착시킨다. 조직공학적 골을 형성시키기 위해 락타이드-글리를라이드 공중합체 (PLGA)에 이프리플라본을 함유시킨 지치체를 용매 캐스팅/염 추출법으로 제조하였다. 수은 다공도계, 주사 전자 현미경, 시차 주사 열량계, X선 회절기를 이용하여 특성결정을 수행하였고, 이프리플라본이 함유된 지지체와 이프리플라본이 함유되지 않은 지지체를 면역이 결핍된 쥐의 피하에 삽입하여 이들의 골 형성을 비교하였다. 조직을 hematoxylin & eosin, 본쿠사 염색과 면역화학적 염색법인 콜라겐 I 형과 오스테오칼신 염색을 하였다. 이프리플라본이 함유된 담체의 다공도는 91.7% 이상이었고, 평균 다공 크기도 101 $\mu\textrm{m}$였다. PLGA로만 제조된 지지체와 이프리플라본을 50% 함유시킨 지지체를 동물 실험을 수행한 결과 이프리플라본은 피하 층과 다른 연조직에서 미분화 줄기 세포가 칼슘 침착, 골아 세포, 골상으로의 유도에 더 많은 영향을 주는 것을 관찰하였다. 결론적으로 이프리플라본을 함유한 지지체에서 이프리플라본이 골형성에 중요한 요인으로 작용한다고 사료된다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1289-1295
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• 2000

Purpose : Recent evidence suggests a possible role for leukocytes in brain injury following ischemia and reperfusion. This study examined the temporal profile of ischemic tissue damage and leukocyte response after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) with reperfusion in the mouse. Methods : Focal cerebral ischemia was made by temporary occluding of the stem of the proximal MCA. Two groups of the mouse were investigated : (1) sham operation(n＝10), and (2)those having the arterial occlusion released after 90 minute(n＝20). By 4 hours(n＝10) and 24 hours(n＝10) after the onset of ischemia-reperfusion, fluorescein videoimages were under-taken in the pial venules of the mouse using a closed cranial window technique. Rhodamine 6G was administered as a $80-100{\mu}l/min$ i.v. loading dose and a $30-40{\mu}l/min$ i.v. maintenance dose in saline to selectively label circulating leukocytes. Neuropathologic evaluation for brain injury was accomplished using the histochemical stain 2,3,5-triphen-yltetrazolium chloride(TTC) and hematoxylin and eosin(H & E) stain. Results : The mean number of adherent leukocytes to cerebral venules in the 90 minutes MCAO and 24 hours reperfusion group were $306{\pm}24$ compared with $72{\pm}8$ in the sham operation group. In the TTC staining method, the cortical infarct affecting 34.8% of hemispheric volume were created in all of animals (n＝10) undergoing 90 minute MCAO with 24 hours reperfusion, but the infarcted area were not found in the other(sham operation and 90 minute MCAO with 4 hours reperfusion)groups. In the H & E stain, the brain tissue following 90 minute MCAO with 4 hours reperfusion revealed only a pyknosis of the nuclei with shrunken cytoplasm, but infiltrated leukocytes were not observed. After 24 hours of reperfusion, a many leukocytes were infiltrated within parenchyma and blood vessles. Conclusions : These findings demonstrate the feasiblity of continous in vivo monitoring of leukocyte adherence in cerebral venules and suggest that reperfusion induced leukocyte adherence to venular endothelium may contribute to tissue injury following focal cerebral ischemia.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2009

Cadmium (Cd) is known to exert gonadotoxic and spermiotoxic effects. The present study was performed to investigate the morphological effects and metallothionein (MT) expression by zinc pretreatment in the course of time of cadmium-induced testicular injury in rat. Fifty male Spraque-Dawley rats weighing 160~180 g were divided into two groups : saline-pretreated cadmium group and zinc-pretreated cadmium group. Rats of two groups received subcutaneous injection of saline and 100 mg/kg $ZnSO_4$ at 0, 2, 5 and 8 hrs intervals respectively. Cadmium chloride (4.5 mg/kg $CdCl_2$) was administrated intraperitoneally at 2 hrs after zinc injection and rats were killed 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hrs later. Testicular tissue damages, interstitial (Leydig) cells status and MT expression were determined using hematoxylin-eosin stained sections and a computerized image analysis system on sections immunostained with a mouse anti-metallothionein respectively. Zinc pretreatment was significantly reduced testicular damages in five pathological categories after cadmium administation. The number of surviving interstitial cells was significantly higher in the zinc-pretreated group than in the saline-preatreated group at 48 and 72 hrs after cadmium administration. Non-damaged testis showed the positivity of MT staining in spermatogenic cells, Sertoli cells and endothelium of blood vessel, but not in the Leydig cells. The positivity of MT staining in saline-pretreated group was significantly reduced at 24 hrs after cadmium administration, whereas zinc-pretreated group showed strong MT positive staining similar to the 0 hr by 42 hrs after cadmium administration. In damaged testis, MT positive staining was also observed in the Leydig cells of both groups. These results suggest that a major preventive effect of zinc against cadmium-induced testicular toxicity may be due to its ability to reduce the cytotoxicity of cadmium in spermatogenic cells and Leydig cells by inhibiting the susceptibility of the testis to cadmium but not MT production by cadmium.