• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.78-85
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate the effect of extract mixture(IPGE) drink from Inonotus Obliquus, Phellinus Linteus and Ganoderma Lucidum on hematopoietic stem cells and lymphocyte subset[lymphocyte, $CD4^+T$ cell, $CD8^+T$ cell, Natural Killer(NK) cells] of blood in 37 participants who were healthy and about $40{\sim}70$ years old. They were divided into two groups; extract mixture drink administration group(n=27) and placebo administration group(n=12). They were given the test drink daily for 4 weeks. Blood was obtained from the subjects every two week in the beginning of administration day to evaluate the $CD34^+$ hematopoietic stem cells and immune cells. As results, $CD34^+$ hematopoietic stem cells were significantly increased after taking IPGE drink for 4 weeks compared to that before taking the drink (p<0.001). There was no significant changes in number of lymphocytes, $CD4^+T$ cells, $CD8^+T$ cells, NK cells and in the ratio of $CD4^+/CD8^+$ cell after taking the test drink. From these results, it was suggested that IPGE have a good health effect by promoting the proliferation of the hematopoietic stem cells.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.295-297
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• 2002

This experiment was done to set up the immunohistochemical detection method for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus(IHNV) antigens in the monolayers of CHSE-214 cell cultures inoculated with IHNV. Specific identification of IHNV antigens was detected in the cytoplasms of infected cells by the use of monoclonal antibodies to glycoproteins. The specific positive signal was observed as a distinct red color. The result showed that streptavidin alkaline phosphatase immunohistochemistry specifically identified IHNV antigens in infected cultured cells.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2007

Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in innate immune system and tumor surveillance. NK cells are derived from $CD34^+$hematopoietic stem cells and undergo differentiation via precursor NK cells in bone marrow (BM) through sequential acquisition of functional surface receptors. During differentiation of NK cells, many factors are involved including cytokines, membrane factors and transcription factors as well as microenvironment of BM. NK cells express their own repertoire of receptors including activating and inhibitory receptors that bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or class I-related molecules. The balance between activating and inhibitory receptors determines the function of NK cells to kill targets. Binding of NK cell inhibitory receptors to their MHC class I-ligand renders the target cells to be protected from NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Thus, NK cells are able to discriminate self from non-self through MHC class I-binding inhibitory receptor. Using intrinsic properties of NK cells, NK cells are emerging to apply as therapeutic agents against many types of cancers. Recently, NK cell alloactivity has also been exploited in killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor mismatched haploidentical stem cell transplantation to reduce the rate of relapse and graft versus host disease. In this review, we discuss the basic mechanisms of NK cell differentiation, diversity of NK cell receptors, and clinical applications of NK cells for anti-cancer immunotherapy.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 2007

Salmonella typhimurium, causing mouse typhoid, infects hosts such as macrophage cells, and proliferates in intracellular vacuoles causing infected cells to trigger numerous genes to respond against the infection. In this study, we tried to identify such genes in RAW264.7 cells by using the PCR screening method with degenerate primers. Fourteen genes were found to be differentially expressed after a 4 h infection in which the expression of 8 genes increased while expression of the others decreased. Most of the genes were involved in proinflammatory responses such as cytokines production and cell death. The mutation in msbB gene encoding the myristoyl transferase in lipid A of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in much lower toxicity to the inoculated animals. We compared the expression of the identified genes in wild-type and msbB-mutated S. typhimurium infections and found that Lyzs encoding lysozyme type M was differentially expressed. This gene is quite likely to be related to bacterial survival in the host cells.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.63-67
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• 2001

We previously reported that acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng induced the proliferation lymphocytes and the generation of activated killer cells. Here we found that polysaccharide (PG-75) precipitated with 75% EtOH from water extract of Panax ginseng also has both in vitron and in vivo hematopoietic activities. In vitro studied with bone marrow cells from BALB/c mouse revealed that PG-75 had direct effect on hematopoietic colony-forming cell(CFC) growth, increased granulocyte macrophage-colony forming cell numbers by 1.59 fold over than non-treated. the ability of PG-75 to modulate hematopoiesis in vivo was evaluated the bone marrow and spleen celluarity, granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells. BALB/c female mice were administered G-75 intraperitoneally, PG-75 was found to significantly increase the number of BM cells, spleen cells, GM-CFU on 3 hours after injection. PG-75 was also able to induce significant augmentation of GM-CSF and IFN-${\gamma}$, production in sera. These studies illustrate than PG-75 has hematopoietic activities and that this agent may be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of radio- or chemotherapy-associated myelosuppression.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.176-180
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• 2012

Although the majority of research on CD137 has been directed to T cells, it is becoming clear that this molecule has distinct functions in other lineages of cells, including non-hematopoietic cells. In particular, emerging evidence suggests that the CD137-its ligand (CD137L) network involving immune cells and non-immune cells, directly or indirectly regulates inflammation in both positive and negative manners. Bidirectional signaling through both CD137 and CD137L is critical in the evolution of inflammation: 1) CD137L signaling plays an indispensible role in the activation and recruitment of neutrophils by inducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells such as macrophages, endothelial cells and epithelial cells; 2) CD137 signaling in NK cells and T cells is required for their activation and can influence other cells participating in inflammation via either their production of proinflammatory cytokines or engagement of CD137L by their cell surface CD137: 3) CD137 signaling can suppress inflammation by controlling regulatory activities of dendritic cells and regulatory T cells. As recognition grows of the role of dysregulated CD137 or CD137L stimulation in inflammatory diseases, significant efforts will be needed to develop antagonists to CD137 or CD137L.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.156-168
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• 2001

Objectives : To evaluate the diverse actions of stimulation on the hematopoietic system, 4 formulas (KH I, KH 2, KH 3, KH 4) were studied. Method and Result : RT-PCR was performed to measure the gene expression of hematopoietic cytokines (TPO, GM-CSF, SCF, IL-3). When bone marrow cells were treated with KH 1, 2, 3, 4, the gene expressions of TPO, SCF, IL-3, and GM-CSF were increased. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to measure the expression of CD34+ cell activity. After 72 hrs culture supplemented with KH 1, 2, 3, 4, the percent of CD34+ cell of KH 2, 3, 4 were increased. To measure the expression of colony forming units - granulocyte erythrocytes, macrophages, megakaryocytes (CFU-GEMM) and burst forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E), semisolid clonogenic assay was performed. After 14 days of culture the number of CFU-GEMM and BFU-E of KH I, 2, 3, 4 were significantly increased compared to those of EPO groups (KH 1 P<0.0l, KH 2 P<0.05, KH 3 P<0.001, KH 4 P<0.0l). To determine the intracelluar TPO expression by KH 3, KH 4 in bone marrow cells, intracelluar staining and flow cytometric analysis were performed. After 24 hrs cultures, the TPO expression of the KH 3 and KH 4 treated groups were increased over those of the controlled groups (control : 50%, KH 3 : 87%, KH 4 : 78%). Conclusion : These results suggest that KH I, KH 2, KH 3, KH 4 have hematopoietic effects through increasing the production of hematopoietic cytokines and stimulating the activity of $CD34^{+}$ cells. This study also shows that KH 3 has a more effective hematopoietic effect than KH 1, 2, 4. These results suggest that the formulas (KH I, 2, 3, 4) can be applied to the patients with inappropriate hematopoietic system, and that KH 3 can be the most effective formula among these 4 in treating bone marrow disease in clinics.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2008

Efficient gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells is a great tool for gene therapy of hematopoietic disease. Retrovirus have been extensively used for gene delivery and gene therapy. However, current in vitro gene transfer has some obstacles suck as induction of differentiation loss of self-renewal capacity, and down-regulation of homing efficiency for in vitro hematopoietic stem cells transplantation. To overcome these problems, we developed efficient in vitro retroviral transfer technique by direct intra-bone marrow injection (IBM). We identified effective retrovirus gene transfer in bone marrow hematopoietic cells in vitro. Two weeks after retrovirus transfer via IBM injection, we observed stable EGFP gene expression in bone marrow, lymph node, spleen, and liver cells. In addition, $6.4{\pm}2.7%$ of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells were expressed EGFP transgene from flow cytometry analysis. Our results demonstrate that in vitro retrovirus gene transfer via IBM injection can provide a viable alternative to current or moo gene transfer approach.

• Proceedings of the Polymer Society of Korea Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.267-267
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• 2006

Human umbilical cord blood was stored at $4^{\circ}C$ in the Pluronic-immobilized flask as well as commercially available bio-inert flasks, and flow cytometric analysis of surface markers was performed on hematopoietic stem cells after cultivation. The number of cells expressing $CD34^{+}$ in umbilical cord blood on the Pluronic-immobilized flask was extremely higher than those obtained using other flasks. It is concluded that the flexible and hydrophilic segments of Pluronic conjugated on the flask surface are the reason for the effective preservation of hematopoietic stem cells in the Pluronic-immobilized flask.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.206-210
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• 2011

Natural Killer (NK) cells are the lymphocytes that are derived from hematopoietic stem cells, developed in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) by sequential acquisition of functional surface receptors, and express the repertoire of inhibitory and activating receptors. Recently, Osteopontin (OPN) has been identified as a critical factor for differentiation of natural killer cells. However, the detailed mechanism of OPN-induced NK differentiation has been still to be elucidated. Here, we determined the signaling pathway and possible receptor for OPN in NK differentiation. OPN induced expression of Bcl-2 and activation of Erk kinase. Inhibition of Erk pathway decreased the effect of OPN on NK differentiation. In addition, the expression of integrin ${\alpha}9$ was significantly increased by OPN during NK differentiation, suggesting the possible role of a major signaling molecule for OPN- induced NK differentiation.