• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1007-1012
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• 2010

The aim of the present study was to describe whether abnormal cervical mucus discharge (A-CMD) or pathogens in cervical mucus discharge (CMD) have effects on reproductive performance of cows and heifers in estrus. Animals having clear discharges (68 cows, 38 heifers) with normal viscosity and without bad odor were grouped as normal cervical mucous discharge (N-CMD) group. The other animals (84 cows, 32 heifers) were grouped as A-CMD group. Microorganisms isolated from samples were divided into three groups as uterine pathogens (UP), potential uterine pathogens (PUP) or opportunistic uterine pathogens (OUP). Presence of PUP was associated with A-CMD for both cows (p<0.01) and heifers (p<0.02). First service conception rates (FS-CR) were lower in cows positive for PUP (p<0.01). Moreover, presence of PUP and OUP affected FS-CR in heifers (p<0.01). Although A-CMD significantly affected FS-CR in cows (p<0.04), it did not affect FS-CR in heifers. Differences in average open day for cows (p<0.02) and first service age for heifers (p<0.01) were significant between N-CMD and A-CMD groups, respectively. The current study suggested that CMD should be evaluated more carefully when there are infertility problems. In addition to the known microorganism that causes sterility and infertility in the UP group, pathogens in the PUP group should be considered for their potential to cause infertility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.314-319
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• 2005

To compare two different schemes, continuous scheme (CS) and discontinuous scheme (DCS), of once-weekly ovum pick up (OPU) with ultrasound-guided follicular puncture technique, Holstein heifers were randomly divided into two groups of five. After characterization of their two normal estrous cycles, the heifers were subjected to consecutive 20 weeks of once-weekly OPU under two schemes: the CS (one week interval between continuous OPU, total 100 OPU sessions performed) and the DCS (OPU fixed to the day 3 and day 10 of each estrus). Then, the status of ovaries and artificial insemination results were observed. On oocyte yield, the total number of punctured follicles using DCS was lower than that using CS, but the mean numbers of punctured follicles and recovered oocytes per session were higher in DCS than CS group. So the total number of recovered oocytes was similar in both groups. There were also no differences in the quality of recovered oocytes, nor in the developmental ability of oocytes fertilized in vitro between groups. The heifers in the DCS group showed regular estrous cycles with stable estrous signs through the periods of before, during, and after OPU, while those in CS group showed longer estrous cycles and less estrous signs during and/or after OPU compared with before period. Furthermore, the mean number of inseminations required for obtaining pregnancy after completion of the experiments was lower in DCS than CS group. The research demonstrates that similar quantity and quality oocytes can be achieved, and the side effects on donors are lower in DCS that needs fewer OPUs than CS group, and DCS is superior to CS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.271-274
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• 1993

Four Holstein heifers were used in the present study to investigate the effect of standing and lying behaviors on heat production and physiological responses under low (L), medium (M) and high (H) levels of TDN intake. Rectal temperature (RT), respiration rate (RR), heart rate (HR), heat production (HP) and animals behavior (standing time, ST) were measured continuously for 5h (11:00-16:00) periods. There was a tendency for increased RT with TDN intake, and no difference in RT was observed between standing and lying. The RR, HR and HP during standing were significantly higher (p<0.05) than during lying. The difference between standing and lying HP were 4.41, 4.68 and $5.37kJ/kg^{0.75}$ h for L, M and H of TDN intake, respectively. These values showed that standing HP was 18.6-20.9% higher than lying HP. A multiple regression analysis of HP ($kJ/kg^{0.75}$ h) on TDN intake ($g/kg^{0.75}$ d) and ST (min/h) was HP = 7.75 + 0.28 TDN intake + 0.12 ST (R = 0.84). This analysis showed that the total HP not only depend on feed intake levels, but also depends on animal behavior. It was suggested that the change in HP due to the change in feed intake and animal behavior would influence the level of heat loss which was indicated by the changes in the RR and HR.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.509-513
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• 1996

The data analysed consisted of body weight records at birth, and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age of 549 half Friesian $\times$ Bunaji crossbred heifers collected over a twenty-five year period (1965-1989). Least squares $means{\pm}s.e$. of body weights at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age were $26.7{\pm}1.3$, $72.4{\pm}4.5$, $112.9{\pm}6.9$, $147.2{\pm}9.2$ and $182.1{\pm}11.1kg$, respectively. Year of birth was highly significant (p < 0.01) in affecting body weights at all ages, while the effect of month of birth was not. Seasonal influence on birth weight and body weights at 3 and 6 months of age was significant (p < 0.05). Phenotypic correlations between body weights at all ages were positive and highly significant (p < 0.01), ranging from 0.30 to 0.79. The results of this study showed that the beneficial effect of crossbreeding Friesian with Bunaji cattle was reflected in the growth performance of the $F_1$ crosses, since they grew faster than the indigenous Bunaji from brith to yearling age. The study also indicated that heifer selection for yearling body weight can be done early on the basis of weights at 3 and 6 months of age.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.289-292
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• 1997

A grazing trial was carried out to determine the effects of different grass/legume pastures on forage production, legume proportion, nutritive value, and animal performance. The pasture mixtures were mainly orchardgrass (OG) + ladino clover (T1), OG + alfalfa (T2), perennial ryegrass + alfalfa (T3), and grass alone mainly OG (T4). The pastures were rotationally grazed 7 times with heifers which had an initial liveweight of about 243 kg in 1991 and 1992. The average plant height at each grazing was 32.4 cm. The annual dry matter yield ranged from 9.19 MT in T4 to 9.61 MT/ha in T3, but no significant difference among different mixture combinations was found. The proportion of ladino clover in T1 mixtures rapidly increased from 21% to 68% during the grazing season. However, the proportion of alfalfa in T2 and T3 ranged from 12% to 23%. The contents of crude protein and calcium, respectively, in the forages were highest in T1 (23.2%, 0.68%) and lowest in T4 (18.5%, 0.13%), while crude fiber content showed the opposite trends. Liveweight gain was greatest on T1 (1.073 kg) and lowest on T4 (643 kg). It was concluded that pasture mixtures containing legume (ladino clover) can increase forage nutritive value and animal performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.1387-1392
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• 2018

Objective: In a nucleus breeding scheme, the sire of dam's pathway plays an important role in producing genetic improvement. Selection proportion is the key parameter for predicting selection intensity, through truncating the normal distribution. Semen sexing using flow cytometry reduces the number of vials of sperm that can be obtained from a proved bull. In addition, a lower fertility of this kind of sperm is expected because of the lower sperm dosage in sex sorted semen. Both of these factors could affect the selection proportion in the sire of dam's pathway ($p_{SD}$). Methods: In the current study, through a deterministic simulation, effect of utilizing sex sorted semen on selection ($p_{SD}$) was investigated in three different strategies including 1: continuous use of sex sorted semen in heifers (CS), 2: the use of sex sorted semen for the first two (S2) and 3: the first (S1) inseminations followed by conventional semen. Results: Results indicated that the use of sex sorted semen has a negative impact on the sire of dams (SD) pathway due to increase in selection proportion. Consequently selection intensity was decreased by 10.24 to 20.57, 6.38 to 8.87 and 3.76 to 6.25 percent in the CS, S2, and S1 strategies, respectively. Conclusion: Considering the low effect of sexed semen on genetic improvement in dam pathways, it is necessary to consider the joint effect of using sex sorted semen on the sire and dams pathway to estimate about the real effect of sexed semen on genetic improvement in a nucleus breeding scheme.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1700-1713
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the usefulness of artificial neural networks (ANN), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), naïve Bayes classifier (NBC), general discriminant analysis (GDA), and logistic regression (LR) for dystocia detection in Polish Holstein-Friesian Black-and-White heifers and cows and to indicate the most influential predictors of calving difficulty. Methods: A total of 1,342 and 1,699 calving records including six categorical and four continuous predictors were used. Calving category (difficult vs easy or difficult, moderate and easy) was the dependent variable. Results: The maximum sensitivity, specificity and accuracy achieved for heifers on the independent test set were 0.855 (for ANN), 0.969 (for NBC), and 0.813 (for GDA), respectively, whereas the values for cows were 0.600 (for ANN), 1.000 and 0.965 (for NBC, GDA, and LR), respectively. With the three categories of calving difficulty, the maximum overall accuracy for heifers and cows was 0.589 (for MARS) and 0.649 (for ANN), respectively. The most influential predictors for heifers were an average calving difficulty score for the dam's sire, calving age and the mean yield of the farm, where the heifer was kept, whereas for cows, these additionally included: calf sex, the difficulty of the preceding calving, and the mean daily milk yield for the preceding lactation. Conclusion: The potential application of the investigated models in dairy cattle farming requires, however, their further improvement in order to reduce the rate of dystocia misdiagnosis and to increase detection reliability.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.512-515
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• 2001

The heifer electrocardiograph is a widely progressing research which is used in judgement to existence for a heart disease and analyzes electric potential changes of heart movement during continuous living of everyday after attaching to body portable holler recorder for twenty-four hours. In order to obtain electrocardiogram clearly, it must eliminate that 60Hz power line interference, baseline wandering, noise of muscle constriction. In holter electrocardiogram, the most big problem which is recorded signal of ECG(electrocardiogram) is a baseline wandering elimination, which is occurred by rhythm of respiration and muscle constriction of part from attaching to an electrode. Such baseline is roughly irregular wandering and shaking up and down therefore the part of baseline wandering elimination is very important because it is difficult of ECG diagnosis. In this study, it is stabilized baseline wandering in analog part as implementation f real-time signal processing digital filter so it is applicable to analyze patient's heart disease by way of design of baseline wandering elimination system.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cow and Korean native cattle(KNC), raised in several Chungnam province. To determine the prevalence of antibodies to N caninum, a total of five hundred fifty six sera were analyzed by indirected fluorescent antibody(IFA) test. Five hundred thirty three sera were collected from fifteen dairy herds and twenty three sera were taken from fourteen KNC herds from December 1999 to November 2000. Seropositive ratio of the dairy cattle sera were individually or herdly tested and showed 64.2% and 93.3%, respectively. It was recorded with 78.6% and 47.8% in KNC. The seropositive ratio of dairy cattle was depended on the size of ranch. It was 92.2, 60.7 and 57.9% at the size of less than thirty, thirty to seventy and more than seventy one cattle, respectively However, it was different from the province of Chungnam. The seropositive ratio to N caninum of dairy cattle were 79.5, 53.1, 61.4 and 31.1% at Gongju, Yeongi, Geumsan and Cheongwon, respectively. It showed difference at the growth stage and sex of cattle. The seropositive ratios of N caninum of calf, heifer, premiparous, multiparous(2nd-5th), multiparous (6>th) and bulls confirmed to 25.0, 50.3, 70.3, 71.2, 50.0 and 50.0%, respectively. It was related with brucellosis in cattle. The infected ones with brucellosis were 75.7% of seropositive ratios to N caninum. The results of this study indicated that N caninum infection was widespread in Chungnam province and confirmed existing with brucellosis in cattle.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 1995

Three fistulated nonlactating Holstein cows were used to examine the change in ruminal characteristics when fed diets of 100% corn silage, 50% corn silage + 50% wet brewers' grain(WBG) and 100% WBG, and also twenty Holstein heifers averaging 156 $\PM$ 3.2kg BW were randomly assingned to determine the adequate feeding level of concentrate with the following treatments ; Only WBG, concentrate to 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of BW under feeding WBG ad libitum. Tne main results were as follows : I. Ruminal pH was minimized 3 hrs after feeding and then gradually increased. The mean ruminal pH was highest in feeding only WBG (6.72) and lowest in only corn silage(6.0) 2. Ruminal $NH_3$-N concentration was maximized 1 hr after feeding and then gradually decreased regardless of diets, n7e average ruminal $NH_3$-N content was highest in diet of 100% WBG(12.9 rngldl) and lowest in 100% corn silage(5.9 mg/dl) 3. Acetic acid percent among VFA was highest when WBG replaced 50% corn silage and acetic to propionic acid ratio was higher in order of feeding only corn silage, 50% corn silage + 50% WBG and only WBG. 4. Ruminal bacteria and protozoa number in diet of 50% corn silage + 50% WBG were 8.14 $\times$ > $10^5$ and 1.45 $\times$ $10^5$, respectively, which were most of all treatments. 5. Daily gain and feed efficiency of Holstein heifer in feeding concentrate to 0.5% of BW and forage hay to about 20% of total DM intake when fed free WBG were better