• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.239-244
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• 2019

Plating wastewater containing various heavy metals can be produced by several industries. Specifically, we focused on the removal of copper (Cu2+) and nickel (Ni+) ions from the plating wastewater because all these ions are strictly regulated when discharged into watershed in Korea. The application of both nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) technologies for the treatment of wastewater containing copper and nickel ions to reduce fresh water consumption and environmental degradation was investigated. In this work, the removal of copper (Cu2+) and nickel (Ni+) ions from synthetic water was studied on pilot scale remove by before using two commercial nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis(RO) spiral-wound membrane modules (NE2521-90 and RE2521-FEN by Toray Chemical). The influence of main operating parameters such as feed concentration on the heavy metals rejection and permeate flux of both membranes, was investigated. Synthetic plating wastewater samples containing copper ($Cu^{2+}$) and nickel ($Ni^{2+}$) ions at various concentrations(1, 20, 100, 400 mg/L) were prepared and subjected to treatment by NF and RO in the pilot plant. The results showed that NF, RO process, with 98% and 99% removal for copper and nickel, respectively, could achieve high removal efficiency of the heavy metals.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.357-364
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• 2022

The safety of a KTC-360 transport cask, a large-capacity pressurized heavy-water reactor transport cask that transports CANDU spent nuclear fuel discharged from the reactor after burning in a pressurized heavy-water reactor, must be demonstrated under the normal transport and accident conditions specified under transport cask regulations. To confirm the thermal integrity of this cask under normal transport and accident conditions, high-temperature and fire tests were performed using a one-third slice model of an actual KTC-360 cask. The results revealed that the surface temperature of the cask was 62℃, indicating that such casks must be transported separately. The highest temperature of the CANDU spent nuclear fuel was predicted to be lower than the melting temperature of Zircaloy-4, which was the sheath material used. Therefore, if normal operating conditions are applied, the thermal integrity of a KTC-360 cask can be maintained under normal transport conditions. The fire test revealed that the maximum temperatures of the structural materials, stainless steel, and carbon steel were 446℃ lower than the permitted maximum temperatures, proving the thermal integrity of the cask under fire accident conditions.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.489-494
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• 2016

Carbon-based sorbents such as biochar and activated carbon have been proven to be cost-effective in removing pollutants containing heavy metals from wastewater. The aim of this study was using batch experiment to evaluate the adsorption characteristics of heavy metals in single-metal conditions onto reed biochar for treating wastewater containing heavy metals. The removal rates of heavy metals were in the order of Pb > $Cu{\fallingdotseq}Cd{\fallingdotseq}Zn$, showing the adsorption efficiency of Pb was higher than the other heavy metals. Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms were used to model the equilibrium adsorption data obtained from adsorption of Pb on reed biochar. For reed biochar, the Langmuir model provided a slightly better fit than the Freundlich model. Lead was observed on the biochar surface after adsorption by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The main functional groups of reed biochar were aromatic carbons. Overall, the results suggested that reed biochar could be useful adsorbent for treating wastewater containing Pb.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.323-331
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• 1999

Most of channel fish farming in Alabama are still earthen pond style, and filled by rainfall and runoff. The water levels of ponds are maintained with stand-pipe, and the effluent from ponds very little discharged at usual time except ant heavy rains and crop season. Overflow from ponds following rains occurs mostly in winter and early spring when stream flows high. In this study to know how much effluents fish ponds affected to streams which are nearby ponds, a survey carried out on the variation of water quality of seven streams and effluents at heavy rains. Water samples were collected at 14 sites on upstream (did not affected by effluents) and downstream(being affect by effluents), and sampled monthly from August 1997 to August 1998. There were no clear trends of difference in most water quality variables between upstream and downstream of catfish farms during a year. The effluents from ponds after heavy rains were not highly polluted, but sometimes have elevated concentrations of TSS. Nitrogen content of effluents was higher than that of routine streams , but phosphorus was not clear. From this result suggest than the effluents from catfish farm are not having adverse impacts on stream water quality still yet .

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.51-64
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• 1988

It has been suggested that calcium is only one of many metals that compete with toxic metals in the body. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the influence of water hardness on accumulation of heavy metals in rats. The seventy-five rats were divided into control and case groups. Case group was subdivided into four subgroups in proportion to the concentration of water hardness respectively, such as, 0, 250, 500, 1000ppm. Control group was fed on only deionized water, but case groups were fed on hard water with ionized heavy metals (Cd 150mg + Pb 300mg + Cu 300mg/l) for 20, 40, 60 days. The concentrations of cadmium, lead and copper were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin Elmer 2380) in livers and kidneys. The results of the study are summarized as following 1. The concentration of cadmium accumulation showed the tendency of decrease in proportion to water hardness in both livers and kidneys of rats having been fed for only 60 days, respectively. 2. In only livers of rats having been fed for 60 days, essential metal, copper had the tendency of decrease according as hardness in water. 3. It was impossible to compare case with control about the tendency of lead accumulation because there was no difference between the two in livers and kidneys respectively.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.235-242
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• 2007

Road runoff water includes various heavy metals (zinc, Zn; lead, Pb; copper, Cu; chrome, Cr; cadmium, Cd; etc.) and pathogens (E-coli and coliform). Since these pollutants are significantly harmful to human beings and have negative impact on water streams, numerous studies have been conducted to determine the characterization of these non-point pollutants from road runoff water. However, since these non-point pollutant concentrations vary depending on road traffic, road construction, and road maintenance, measurement of pollutant loadings in different site is necessary to estimate the effect of road runoff water on drinking water source. The objective of this study was to examine the quality of road runoff water from a city bridge in Seoul, Korea. This study was conducted for two years to assess annual discharge pollution loads. In this study, five key heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, and Cd) and two pathogens (E-coli and coliform) were measured at 18 different events. The pollutant load mass transported was always higher than the corresponding runoff volume for Zn, Cu, and Cd, while Pb and Cr showed similar values between the load mass transported and the corresponding runoff volume. The event mean concentrations were Zn (0.908 mg/L), Pb (0.092 mg/L), Cu (0.141 mg/L), Cr (0.023 mg/L), and Cd (0.006 mg/L). Like Zn, Cu, and Cd, E-coli and coliform values (relatively high in Summer and Fall) are higher at the beginning of each event and decrease afterwards.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.133-139
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• 1992

관개수중(灌漑水中)에 유해중금속(有害重金屬)인 Cd 및 Cu의 생물학적(生物學的) 제거방법(除去方法)의 일환(一環)으로 부레옥잠을 Cd와 Cu를 일정농도처리(一定濃度處理)한 pot에 재배(栽培)하여 부레옥잠에 의하여 흡수제거(吸收除去)되고 남은 량과 부레옥잠 생육(生育) 사항(事項)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 부레옥잠에 의한 관개수중(灌漑水中) 카드뮴 흡수제거(吸收除去)는 3mg/L까지는 가능(可能)하고 2mg/L에서 최대의 흡수효과(吸收效果)를 보였으며, 4mg/L이상에서는 피해증상(被害症狀)이 발생(發生)되었다. 2. 구리는 4mg/l까지 흡수제거(吸收除去) 효과(效果)가 있었고 2mg/l에서 최대의 효과(效果)를 보였으며 5mg/l이상에서는 피해증상(被害症狀)이 발생(發生)되었다. 3. 부레옥잠의 재(再) 이용(利用) 회수(回收)가 증가(增加)함에 따라 Cd, Cu 흡수제거효과(吸收除去效果)는 정치(靜置) 및 폭기처리(爆氣處理) 모두에서 감소(減少)하였다. 4. 중금속처리(重金屬處理) 농도가(濃度) 낮을수록 흡수제거(吸收除去)가 용이하였으며 Cd보다는 Cu의 흡수제거(吸收除去) 효과(效果)가 크게 나타났다. 5. 축산폐수(畜産廢水)와 중금속(重金屬)을 함께 처리(處理)한 경우 중금속(重金屬) 제거효과(除去效果)가 높았다.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2003

도금폐수로부터 철, 구리, 아연 및 니켈 등 중금속을 분리ㆍ회수하기 위한 용매추출시 추출제의 종류 및 평형 pH에 따른 각 금속의 분리효과를 조사하였다. 실험결과 아연은 추출제로 PC-88A가 가장 효과적이며, pH 2.5에서 100% 추출할 수 있다. 구리와 니켈은 LIX 84를 사용하여 추출하면 각각 pH2에서 100% 그리고 pH4～5에서 90% 이상 추출할 수 있다. 한편, 중금속이 혼재한산ㆍ알칼리계 도금폐수에 대한 용매추출에서는 먼저 3가 철을 지방산인 20％의 Naphthenic acid나 10％의 Versatic acid-10로 pH2∼2.5 부근에서 분리ㆍ회수하고, 그 다음에 3%의 LIX 84를 사용하여 pH2에서 구리를 용매추출하여 분리하고 난 후 20% PC-88A 로 pH2.5∼3에서 아연을 용매추출하여 회수하면 수상에 니켈만이 잔류하여 각각의 금속분리가 가능하다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.311-324
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• 2004

전라남도 보성강에 축조된 주암댐의 집수유역 내 하상퇴적물을 대상으로 중금속의 오염현황과 거동 특성을 알아보았다. 주암댐의 집수유역에는 많은 폐금속 및 탄광이 위치하고 있어 주암댐 호저퇴적물에 잠재적인 오염원으로 작용할 수 있다. 집수유역 내 하상퇴적물의 중금속 함량(Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn)은 매우 낮기 때문에 주암댐의 호저퇴적물에 영향을 줄 것으로 판단되지 않는다. 하지만 폐금속광산지역 내 하상퇴적물의 Pb 함량은 하류로 갈수록 증가하는 경향을 보여, Pb의 오염 확산이 우려된다. 폐금속광산의 환경을 고려한 강산성 조건의 용출실험결과, 하상퇴적물의 용출비로부터 결정된 중금속의 상대적 이동도는 Pb＞Zn=Cu＞Ni＞Cr으로서, Pb이 주암댐 호저퇴적물에 영향을 미치는 원소가 될 수 있음을 지시해준다. 한편 댐으로 유입한 퇴적물이 호저에 놓이게 되면(즉, 환원환경), Pb의 이동도가 비교적 높게 나타나 물-퇴적물 경계에서 Pb의 수중으로 재용출될 수 있다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

The depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO) in urban streams has a profound effect on the aquatic ecosystem; however, the change in DO by resuspension of sediments and the cause have not been sufficiently investigated. In this study, the physicochemical properties (particle size, and the content of organic and heavy metals) of the sediments of an urban stream (Anyang Stream) and the characteristics of water quality changes (DO, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved nitrogen (DN), sediment oxygen demand (SOD), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)) by sediment resuspension were investigated. The sediment content of fine particles (< 0.2 mm) increased from 36.7% to 52.7% from the upstream to the downstream, and the contents of heavy metals and organic matter of the sediment were also higher towards the downstream. The depletion of DO by resuspension was observed in the sediment at the downstream sites (P8, P9), where the fine particle content was high, and biological SOD (BSOD) was more than 88% compared to the total SOD. The increase in BSOD coincided with the increase in ATP. It was also confirmed that the depletion of DO could increase the amount of heavy metals (such as Fe, Mn, and Pb) released from the sediment. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that resuspension of sediments induces rapid water quality changes and may cause accidents, such as fish mortality, during rainfall, and such a water quality effect can be more pronounced in sediments with a high content of fine particles and organic matter and high biological activity.