• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.105-110
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• 2009

Yellow sand (or Asian dust) occurs mainly in spring in East Asia. Yellow sand from China and its surrounding regions transports air pollutants, such as aerosols, ozone, and heavy metals. The outdoor workers are frequently exposed to heavy metals during yellow sand phenomenon. This study was carried out to investigate the heavy metal levels in blood among 75 outdoor workers (exposed group) and 86 indoor workers (controled group) in Gyeonggi province from March 2008 to May 2009. Heavy metal levels in blood were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Mean blood lead levels in exposed group and controled group were $5.19{\pm}1.64{\mu}g/dL$, $4.24{\pm}1.34{\mu}g/dL$, respectively. Mean blood cadmium levels in exposed group and controled group were $1.28{\pm}0.89{\mu}g/dL$, $0.90{\pm}0.59{\mu}g/dL$, respectively. Lead and Cadmium levels in blood of exposed group were significantly higher than those of controled group. In the comparison of smoking status, lead and cadmium levels of smokers were significantly higher than those of non-smokers. In conclusion, the heavy metal levels of outdoor workers were significantly higher than those of indoor workers. And smoking was hazardous factor to elevate heavy metal levels in blood.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6875-6881
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• 2013

Background: Studies evaluating smoking cessation treatment outcomes in cancer patients are scarce, despite smoking cessation importance in cancer care. We sought to add to the literature by evaluating smoking cessation in a challenging group of cancer patients (medium-to-heavy smokers) visiting an out-patient smoking cessation clinic (SCC) in a cancer center in Amman, Jordan. Materials and Methods: Patients smoking >9 cigarettes per day (CPD) and referred to the SCC between June 2009 and May 2012 were studied. Clinic records were reviewed to measure demographic and baseline clinical characteristics, and longitudinal (3-, 6- and 12- month) follow-up by phone/clinic visit was conducted. At each follow-up, patients were asked if they experienced medication side-effects, if they had returned to smoking, and reasons for failing to abstain. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: A total of 201 smokers were included in the analysis. The 3-month abstinence was 23.4% and significantly associated with older age, being married, and presenting with lower (${\leq}10ppm$) baseline carbon monoxide (CO) levels. On a multivariable level, lower CO levels, a higher income (relative to the lowest income group), being older, and reporting severe dependence (relative to dependence reported as 'somewhat' or 'not') were significant predictors of higher odds of abstinence at three months. Reasons for failing to quit included not being able to handle withdrawal and seeing no value in quitting. Long-term ARs did not reach 7%. Conclusions: In a sample of Jordanian smokers (>9CPD) with cancer and receiving smoking cessation treatment, ARs were low and further declined with time. Results underscore the need for more aggressive patient management and rigorous follow-up during and after smoking cessation treatment, particularly when this takes place in challenging settings. Observed reasons for failure to abstain should be used to tailor counseling practices.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.231-238
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between depression and attention concentration by smoking status among adolescents. Methods: Depression was measured by Radloff's Center for Epidemiological studies Depression(1977) and modified by Korean(Chon & Lee, 1992), attention concentration measured by Nideffer's Test of Attention and Interpersonal Style(1976) and modified by Korean adolescents(Seo, 2004; Shin, 1988). The collected data was analyzed by the $Mean{\pm}SD$, ${\chi}^2$-test, ANOVA, Scheffe and Pearson correlation coefficient(SPSS 13.0). Results: 1. The smoking level appeared to heavy smoking group 31(22%), light smoking group 15(11%), non smoking group 92(67%). 2. The smoking level was different between the time to begin smoking, period of smoking and smoking amount/day. 3. Smoking group's depression was higher than those of the non smoking group and attention concentration was lower than those of the non smoking group. 4. The smoking amount had a significant positive correlation with depression and a significant negative correlation with attention concentration. Depression had a significant negative correlation with attention concentration. Conclusion: The result of this study offered the basis data for smoking prevention and treatment of adolescents.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2002

Adolescents exposed chronically to tobaccotobacco smoke have been found to have reduced pulmonary function as well as an increased risk of lung cancer and a serious heart disease. Consequently, reducing exposure to tobacco smoke is an important public health goal. This study was conducted to develope the exact evaluation method of student smoker or heavy exposure from ETS, and the change on smoking behavior and attitude after a stop-smoking program. From the study, we concluded that the cotinine concentrations in saliva from students indicate exactly whether they are smoker or not. Also, it was found that the more and exact informations from both the cotinine analysis and the questionnaire were obtained than from only the questionnaires. The non-smokers had more positive effects on the changes of cog-nitions, behaviors and attitude about passive-smoking after a stop-smoking program than the smokers. The results of this study show that through both the accurate determination of cotinine in saliva and the questionnaires, the smoking status and the tobacco education effectiveness can be predicted.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1623-1627
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• 2005

Heavy metal pollution has become a serious health concern in recent years. Dogs are a very good indicator of the pollution load on the environment. They share people's environment and are exposed to the action of the same pollutants. This study estimated the heavy metal contents in the serum of dogs in domestic districts, and assessed the age, sex, feeding habits, living area, breeding environment and smoking habit of the owners. The findings suggest that dogs can be used to monitor the environmental quality of heavy metals. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in the dog serum from 204 samples (108 male and 96 female) were 0.22${\pm}$0.01 $\mu$g/ml, 0.24${\pm}$0.04 $\mu$g/ml, 0.61${\pm}$0.08 $\mu$g/ml, and 0.50${\pm}$0.06 $\mu$g/ml (for Cd, Hg, Pb, and Cr), respectively. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg, and Cr in the dog serum were higher in Yeongnam including Ulsan, and Seoul higher than those of Chungchong and Honam, especially Pb concentration, which was significantly higher (p<0.01). Concentrations of Cd, Hg, Pb, and Cr in serum, were increased by age (p<0.05). When commercial pet food was provided to dogs, Cd and Cr concentrations were significantly higher in dog serum than dogs fed a human diet (p<0.01 in Cd and p<0.05 in Cr). Heavy metal concentrations of dogs owned by smoking owners, were higher than non-smoking owners although there was no significant difference.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.16-24
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between adolescent smoking and antioxidant vitamins. Subjects were 87 non-smokers and 90 smokers. who were female high school students. Smokers were divided into tow groups by smoking status, 35 light smokers (packyear<1) and 53 heavy smokers(packyear$\geq$1). Dietary intakes were examined through questionnaires and nutrient intakes of vitamin C and A were analyzed by smoking status using Computer Aided Nutritional analysis program for professional (CAN-PRO). Serum vitamin C level was measured by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method and serum levels of vitamin A and E were measured by HPLC. Erythrocyte lipid peroxide levels was measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) method. All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. The mean vitamin C intakes of non-smokers, light smokers and heavy smokers were 58.2mg/day, 50.1 mg/day 58.1mg/day, respectively. The mean vitamin A intakes of non-smokers, light and heavy smokers were 28.1$\mu\textrm{g}$R.E./day, 278.7$\mu\textrm{g}$R.E./day and 289.6$\mu\textrm{g}$R.E./day, respectively. There was no significant difference in dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins by smoking status. However, the serum vitamin C level, 11.40mg/l in heavy smokers was 12% lower than that of than that of 12.70mg/l in non-smokers. The serum vitamin A level was not significantly different among the groups. Vitamin E level, 8.79mg/l in heavy smokers was 8% lower than that of 9.53mg/l in non-smokers. There was no significant correlation between the dietary intakes and serum levels of vitamin A and C. The erythrocyte TBARS level, 1.90nmol/ml in light smokers was significantly lower (p<0.05) than 2.71 nmol/ml in heavy smokers or non-smokers. The correlation data showed that the cerythrocyte TBARS level had a significant positive correlation with packyear. Overall results might suggest that cigarette smokers with a longer smoking history need more dietary intakes of vitamin C and E than do non-smokers to reach the same serum level.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.63-75
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• 2009

1. Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the Sasang constitutional equilibrium functional difference according to drinking and smoking. 2. Methods: We analyzed the data of 300 adults(194 males, 106 females), who visited Cheonan oriental hospital of D univ. for medical examination, which includes Sasang constitution examination, equilibrium function test, questionnaire. We evaluationed the equilibrium function by measurement of open eyes and close eyes trace length, using the posturography system, according to drinking groups, smoking groups and drinking-smoking groups. 3. Results and Conclusions: The results were as follows : 1) In all subjects, trace length of heavy-drinker was significantly higher than non-drinker, trace length of smoker was significantly higher than non-smoker, trace length of drinker and smoker was significantly higher than non-drinker and non-smoker, trace length of male was significantly higher than female. 2) In Soyangin, trace length of middle-drinker was significantly higher than non-drinker. 3) In Taeumin, trace length of heavy-drinker was significantly higher than non-drinker, trace length of smoker was significantly higher than non-smoker, trace length of drinker and smoker was significantly higher than non-drinker and non-smoker. 4) In Soumin, trace length of drinker and smoker was significantly higher than non-drinker and non-smoker. The above results show that driking and smoking are one of main causes to decrease equilibrium function, specially the case of at once drinking and smoking are a potent influence. Also in Taeumin, comparing to different consitutions, the above results show that it is more obvious that drinking and smoking are influence on decrease of equilibrium function.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제10권9호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2019

본 연구는 제 6기 국민건강영양조사 원시자료를 이용하여 우리나라 노인의 하루 평균 흡연량에 따른 흡연상태와 상실치아와의 관련성을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 만 65세 이상의 4,037명 노인을 대상으로 하였으며, 그 결과, 비흡연군에 비해 과거중증흡연이 2.35배, 현재일반흡연군은 3.01배, 현재중증흡연군에서 3.27배로 상실치아의 교차비가 유의하게 높았다. 결론적으로 하루 평균 흡연량에 따라 상실치아의 위험도에 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 잔존치아수를 최대한 증대시키고, 유지하기 위해 치과에서 금연치료의 객관적 자료로 제시되고 동기부여에 기여할 수 있으리라 판단된다.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of physical activity on smoking experience and smoking intensity in Korean high school students. Methods: This cross sectional study used secondary data from the 2013 Adolescent Health Behavior Online Survey. A total of 35,905 high school students were included in the study. Logistic regression was used for analysis of the influence of moderate and vigorous physical activity on smoking experience in a month and smoking intensity. Results: Adolescents with low (Adjusted OR: 1.242, 95% CI: 1.075~1.436) and moderate level (Adjusted OR: 1.094, 95% CI: 1.005~1.189) of moderate physical activity had more smoking experience than reference group, high level of physical activity. Also, smoking experience was more prevalent adolescents with low (Adjusted OR: 1.191, 95% CI: 1.064~1.333) and moderate level (Adjusted OR: 1.134, 95% CI: 1.039~1.237) of vigorous physical activity. Heavy smoking was more prevalent among adolescents who had low level of vigorous physical activity (Adjusted OR: 1.912, 95% CI: 1.347~2.712). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, physical activity has significant influence on smoking experience and smoking intensity. Therefore, physical activity should be included smoking cessation and smoking prevention program for High School Students.

• 가정∙방문간호학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.265-279
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• 2015

Purpose: Most research on risky drinking among adults in Korea has focused on problem drinking and high-risk drinking. This paper examines the nature of heavy episodic drinking_(HED) among adults and seeks to identify the risk factors for HED by analyzing differences by gender and age. Method: Participants were 3,886 adults aged 19-64 years from the database of the fifth Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES-V, 2010). Data were analyzed by conducting the Rao_Scott chi-square test, an ANCOVA, and logistic analysis with SAS 9.2. Results: Individuals between 19 and 29 years of age had the highest HED among all age groups. Individuals between 40 and 49 (male adults) and those between 30 and 39 (female adults) showed HED associated with stress, suicidal ideation, smoking, and other health behavior-related variables. Risk factors that affected HED in male adults were age, educational status, and current smoking, while for female adults, the factors were age, educational status, employment, marital status, and current smoking. Conclusions: It is necessary to develop appropriate intervention programs that abate negative emotions and lessen the risk of HED in adults with consideration to gender and age differences.