• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.53
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• pp.165-190
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• 2017

This thesis is for the analysis of the relationships between Mozi's 'Heaven and Man' through the inspection of meaning and emphasis in his three books, 'Heaven's Will', 'Verification of Ghost' and 'Indeterminism'. According to the previous study, the Heaven's Will and Verification of Ghost are justify Mozi's theory of theistic stance with the Heaven's authority. And in case of the 'Indeterminism', there seems to be positive and rational way of awareness and it's thought to be atheistic stance. It is thought that there is a rule of action which is about the personality principle, and it suggest that how the government rule the country, and how the people lead a life. And it is the ghost that give prize or punishment when they did something according to this principle or not. So, men should do their best in actual life to meet the heaven's will. Because my fate is not decided by heaven's order but my own action. And it is thought that the main point of 'the indeterminism' is about Heaven helps those who do independent and active efforts. In short, 'the Heaven's Will', Verification of Ghost' and 'Indeterminism' are neither contradiction nor conversion form theism to atheism. Mozi is thought to divide clearly about ghost's works and people's works, and it is expressed explicitly in his works 'Heaven's Will', 'Verification of Ghost' and 'Indeterminism'.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.25_2
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• pp.103-136
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• 2015

The theory of post-heaven provided Korea's many emerging national religions with spiritual ground. The I Ching originated in China emphasizes the principles of change or static aspects of world, while Right I Ching, which Il-Bu Kim suggested, underlines dynamic aspects of world. Il-Bu Kim is perceived to open a new stage in the history of philosophy of I Ching in this regard. His most remarkable contribution is the view of Great Opening Era of Post-Heaven, according to which the clock of cosmos shows the era of great change from Pre-Heaven to Post-Heaven and in the world of Post-Heaven everything will take its proper place. As to human society, Il-Bu Kim foresaw the change from disharmony to harmony, imbalance to balance and era of xiaoren to that of junzi. The advent of such a new world, however, asks human's moral revolution as a prerequisite. In the tradition of East Asian thought, human is the center of the Samjae, Heaven-Earth-Human and the only being which could participate in the growth of Heaven and Earth. Without the change of human mind, however, human can neither participate in the growth of Heaven and Earth nor expect the right change of Heaven and Earth. Even though the world of nature changes according to the principle of cosmic harmony, as the Right I Ching predicts, the real change of Heaven and Earth can be achieved only with moral change of human. The human in the Right I Ching is a free man who sticks to nothing and communicates with cosmos with empty mind. This is the very image of perfect man(至人). The perfect man in the Right I Ching is the main agent of everything, that's to say, the main agent of the great opening to Post-Heaven Era. This is the reason why most leaders of Koran emerging religions concentrate on the change of human. In this regard, Jeung-San Kang encouraged people to become the perfect man through the purification of mind and body and the great opening of inner man, depending on the metaphysical principle of the Right I Ching. Cheok and Resolution of grievances for the mutual beneficence of all life are what he suggested as a method of the great opening of inner man. Such a view is based on the thought that the accumulated sinful behaviors are obstacles to cosmic change and the time of mutual beneficience opens with the removal of the obstacles. If such religious practices are so effective, as Jeung-San Kang says, that future world could consist of perfect men who have achived the great opening of inner man, moral change, and change of consciousness, we could expect that the activities of xiaoren will be shrinked and junzi will be welcomed, as the Right I Ching predicts.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.34
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• pp.1-26
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• 2020

In Taiwanese Daoism, the Celestial Worthy of the Ninth Heaven, Responder, Thunderbolt-bearer, and Transformer of the Universe (九天應元雷聲普化天尊) is the highest deity in the Thunder Ministry. In the the Korean new religion, Daesoon Jinrihoe (大巡真理會), he is the Supreme God. However, since the Celestial Worthy of the Ninth Heaven, Responder, Thunderbolt-bearer, and Transformer of the Universe has the same name in these two traditions, it naturally leads people to wonder whether or not they can be considered the same deity. Or failing that, it could still be asked, to what extent are these two deities related? Or it could further be asked what meaning does the Celestial Worthy of the Ninth Heaven, Responder, Thunderbolt-bearer, and Transformer of the Universe have in these two religions? Anyhow, all such questions depend on first establishing a greater degree of basic clarity. Religious scripture can serve as a cornerstone in gaining such basic clarity. Scripture almost invariably contains information regarding the divine nature, divine authority, and sacrosanctity of deities reflective of what is understood by the devotees of those religions. Clues on the precise nature of these key attributes of deity-depiction can be drawn out of scriptural accounts, and as such, the research presented in this paper will begin by comparing two relevant scriptures. The representative scriptures highlighted in this paper will be The Canonical Scripture (典經) of Daesoon Jinrihoe and The Scripture of the Jade Pivot (玉樞寶經) of Zhengyi (Orthodox Unity, 正一) Daoism. These scriptures will serve as the basis for exploration and analysis of the divine attributes of the Celestial Worthy of the Ninth Heaven, Responder, Thunderbolt-bearer, and Transformer of the Universe in terms of his divine nature, divine authority, and sacrosanctity. By comparing these two scriptural accounts of his divine attributes, the similarities and differences that arise can be properly explored. This paper endeavors to clarify the ultimate purpose of 'the Celestial Worthy of the Ninth Heaven, Responder, Thunderbolt-bearer, and Transformer of the Universe.' In this paper, the first step will be an exploration of scriptural analysis. The contents of this paper is roughly divided into four sections. The first section is an exploration of the general contents of the two scriptures, including their origin, contents, and value. The second section focuses on the three main divine attributes of the Celestial Worthy of the Ninth Heaven, Responder, Thunderbolt-bearer, and Transformer of the Universe: his divine nature, divine authority, and sacrosanctity. The third section will compare the depictions of the deity in the two scriptural accounts in terms of those three attributes. Lastly, the deity's evolutionary history in both religions is shown and compared and final remarks are made on the contemporary value of the Celestial Worthy of the Ninth Heaven, Responder, Thunderbolt-bearer, and Transformer of the Universe.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.53
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• pp.191-214
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• 2017

Zhangshi(張?) is a distinguished Chinese scholar, who is known as the South-east Three sages with Zhuxi(朱熹) Luzujian(呂祖謙). He is well known for his influence through exchanges of ideas with Zhu xi, but the research on his ideas is rather poor. This paper aims to understand the ideology in general by looking deeper into the study of Zhangshi's self-cultivation. Contents of his self-cultivation especially emphasized the subject of the mind in the way establishing the unity of heaven and human within the theory mind based on metaphysical foundation. It would be very meaningful to study his theory of self cultivation in his ideological tendencies. this essay Based on the unity of heaven and human, especially uniting the ways of heaven and morality, this essay is approaches to the way of self-cultivation. This paper first examines the meaning of heaven and human for Zhangsi, and presents a self-cultivation method as a unified method in two categories of relationships This not only emphasizes the subject of the mind in the process of realizing the unity of heaven and human, but also to highlight the possibility of human becoming one with the heaven. This research will be an important research work in understanding Zhangshi's own philosophical system.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.25_2
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• pp.71-102
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• 2015

In this paper, this author studied the realization of Daesoonjinri's Haewon Sangsaeng(解冤相生) in this world, for instance discussed the meaning of Daesoonjinri's Haewon Sangsaeng, a world construction with Haewon Sangsaeng, its practical action for the realization of Haewon Sangsaeng, and so forth. A description of the contents is as follows. Daesoonjinri's Haewon Sangsaeng eliminates the resentment of human destiny, and provides the grounds that we peoples can live with, going to help each other. And then the realization of Daesoonjinri's Haewon Sangsaeng in this world will require us to this society. Really Sangje(上帝) wanted to perform it in this world, and has performed it with a reorganizing in the order of heaven and the earth(天地公事). In response to the deeper sublimest will of Sangje, we humans can not help but do as follows: When Sangje has done a reorganizing in the order of heaven and the earth, we humans should participate in it. This is our response to the will of Sangje who wants to build an ideal society in this world. And in oder to participate in a reorganizing in the order of heaven and the earth, we humans should look up Sangje with Sincerity(誠), Reverence(敬), and should practice the words of Sangje with Faith(信). This kind of thing is a route that we should avoid Jeokwon Sanggeuk(積怨相克) and should perform Haewon Sangsaeng. This Haewon Sangsaeng can be achieved with no Chuck(無慼), an altruistic, no greed(無慾), an execution of asceticism(修道), and the practice of Podeok (布德)·Rehabilitation(敎化). No making of a Chuck, doing an altruistic, no greed, an execution of asceticism would not deceive others, would not murder others, would not blame the transgressions of others, would not discriminate, would not harm others. And Podeok·Rehabilitation should be performed well in practice. When performing Podeok and Rehabilitation, we should not nullify them as unjust words or undue actions, and we must be a true. Because we must make the words of Sangje inform a world wide well, and must convince the words of Sangje to peoples so that they can adhere to them with a faith. That's the way that we humans should participate in a reorganizing in the order of heaven and the earth in this current world, and the way that we should contribute to building the ideal society in the world.

• Journal of Korean Historical Folklife
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• no.45
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• pp.291-325
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• 2014

This study is about examining the changing process of worshiping heaven in the end of the Koryo dynasty and early Chosun dynasty. For this, it was compared with book of national rites. This paper will outline the differences of commemorative rites of worshiping heaven between Korea and China and its reason for changing process. Also, it shows the understanding of the historic characteristics of commemorative rites of worshiping heaven in the end of the Koryo dynasty and early Chosun dynasty through analyzing conducted religious service. Following methodological approach was used to achieve the aim of the study. The study includes historical changing process and basic ritual of commemorative rites of worshiping heaven from Koryo dynasaty to King Sejo period through various chronicles and books of rites. Understanding the trend transition of operating commemorative rites of worshiping heaven is expressed differently based on the situation in those days even though it is the same operation of commemorative rites of worshiping heaven. The existing study only primarily considered the rites of worshiping heaven in the end of the Koryo dynasty and early Chosun dynasty through the resources within the country. However, the process of settlement of commemorative rites of worshiping heaven is closely related to settlement of Confucian formality. As the problems cannot be solved if institutional changes are researched only though the resources within the nation, this following study also considered the transition of commemorative rites of worshiping heaven in China for sure. Through this approach, the study understood how China's rites of worshiping heaven settled down and formed in Korea and found differences of the rites of worshiping heaven between the two nations by comparing China's book with ornamental "seal" characters throughout many generations. Furthermore, it also illustrated historical characteristics of rites of worshiping heaven in the end of the Koryo dynasty and early Chosun dynasty by analyzing carried out religious service. Although it seems like there are many similarities of Chinese ritual procedure between Koryo dynasty and Chosun dynasty, there are existing significant differences in the context. Moreover, it is clear that there are differences of ritual between Tang, Song, Ming dynasty. These differences are directly connected to Korea and also with transition of king's power. Generally, Tang and Song dynasty show similar trend whilst Ming clarifies the differences between the two. For instance, there are differences between deep bow and superintendent of cho-hun, a-hun, and jong-hun. Transition of configuration is also one of the major differences. Changing of configuration has considerably important meaning refer to status of king's power. Analyzing specific features, such as size of altar, ancestral tablet, people who participate in sacrifices, okpye, configuration, and etc., made possible to consider the actual differences, not just examining different features of vaguely. Based on this foundation, the study closely examined the differences among the periods between the nations and gave the significance of the differences.

• Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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• no.34
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• pp.41-74
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• 2017

This study aimed to investigate the narrative strategy and meaning of fantasy in classic novels and to derive the educational meaning from the fantasy of Sukhyangjeon. This study selected Sukhyangjeon because is considered a suitable literary text that embodies characteristics of fantasy inherent in classical novels through its successful portrayal of the fantasy genre and its high popularity during its time. Specifically, this study observed that the "notice of hardships" which repeatedly appears in the narration of Sukhyangjeon reinforces the fantasy of the novel as it serves as an advance notice of intervention from heaven. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between the notice of hardships and fantasy by focusing on Sukhyang's life. The way in which the "notice of hardships" is a form of illusion realized it evident in the plot when heaven saves Sukhyang from her hardship even though it was heaven that had granted her those forms of hardship. Firstly, the "notice from heaven" constitutes the macro structure of Sukhyangjeon. Through it, readers realize the enormous power of heaven by seeing how Sukhyang's life has been realized in accordance with heaven's notice with that, it evokes a sense of respect to heaven. In addition, heaven saves Sukhyang from different forms of danger. It enhances a miraculous feeling, which the omnipotent power of heaven shows, against the innocent appearance of Sukhyang during her times of danger. Meanwhile, when heaven notifies Sukhyang and the surrounding people of their fate and subsequently realizes it through dreams, this act creates a mysterious atmosphere and improves the probability of the narrative. If so, the narrative meaning in reinforcing the fantasy of the novel by the use of "notice of hardships" could be revealed through Sukhyang's real life. First, the hardship in which Sukhyang has gone through is so realistic and detailed that the readers' feelings of empathy are evoked with the fear of the coming hardship, wailing together, and trying to resolve the inner anxiety through Sukhyang's happiness. Second, the heavenly beings who are touched by the good behaviors of Sukhyang save her from the dangers of death. This creates the belief in readers that heaven intervenes for the good people. Third, the active attitude that Sukhyang and Leesun show in the process of marriage helps them overcome their earthly hardship and preserve their relationship in heaven. This gives readers hope that they could go to a "higher life" after going through suffering. This fantasy of Sukhyangjeon helps readers overcome their anxieties of reality through fantasy and recognizes the importance of relationships to enhance a sense of unity and solidarity with others. Because of these elements, it is expected that the fantasy of Sukhyangjeon will have a meaningful value to modern readers.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• no.92
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• pp.5-28
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• 2011

This thesis was planned to correct the traditional undervaluation that although the Hui Shi philosophy aimed at "the whole of heaven and earth", it is a philosophy not to reach it to the end. For this, the origin of Hui Shi philosophy and the unique method of only Hui Shi reaching "the whole of heaven and earth" should be clearly examined, and it was seen that the key of this depends on Deng Xi. Therefore, this thesis has first examined various points of view that were confused until now in terms of the origin of Hui Shi philosophy, and pointed out its limit. Next, this thesis has paid attention to the new alternative called Deng Xi. The search on Deng Xi was carried out by thoroughly discussing meanings being implicated in "Wuhou" and "Zhuanci", which are two book's names of "Deng Xi Zi", in the context of the history of ancient Chinese philosophy. As a result, it was confirmed that the "Wuhou" of Deng Xi symbolizes that God and heaven, which were an absolute criterion from ancient times to the spring and autumn period, have fallen to existence of ineffectiveness uncapable of intervening human affairs any more. In addition, "Zhuanci" viewed that problems generated among human beings are a reflection of consciousness that will solve through clear speaking or thinking or words instead of Heaven's will. In conclusion, this thesis has tried the origin of Hui Shi philosophy and an explanation of a unique method of only Hui Shi reaching 'the whole of heaven and earth' from the idea of Deng Xi like this.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.24_2
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• pp.231-270
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• 2015

This thesis examined Chu Hsi's self-cultivation theory as the representative theory of cultivation in Confucianism, while juxtaposing it to self-cultivation theory in Daesoon thought, concentrating on its similarity and difference. Neo-Confucianism is a scholarship which has wielded a tremendous influence upon East Asia, while functioning as an official scholarship for long period up to Yuan, Ming, and Ching period, after achieving its synthesis by Chu Hsi. After 13th century, Neo-Confucianism has been a representative academic system in Confucianism, and self-cultivation theory was in its center. It suggested various virtues that classical scholars have to equip to fulfill the sainthood and the politics of royal road. The self-cultivation theory of Chu Hsi was developed upon the basis of the theory 'Li-Qi' and the theory of mind. Here, the practice of Geokyung(morally awakened state with a reverent spirit in every moment) and Gyeokmul-tsiji(reaching into the utmost knowledge through investigation of things) formed a nucleus of Chu Hsi's self-cultivation theory. While Geokyung was to reveal one's true nature through cultivation of mind, Gyeokmul-tsiji was to demonstrate the complete use of mind's essence and function. Chu Hsi's self-cultivation theory attempted to realize the unity of heaven and man, and through cultivating self and governing people, it also tried to achieve its ideal of the society of Great Union(Daedong). Daesoon Thought is originated from Sangjenim who has descended to this world as a human being called Jeungsan. He went on his circuit to rectify the disorder of heaven and earth for 9 years to rectify the Three worlds of heaven, earth and human being which were faced with total annihilation due to its rule of mutual conflict, while creating an earthly paradise. Respecting the will of Sangjenim, Dojunim established the foundation of Do through launching 'Meukeukdo' and setting tenet, creed and object so that the cultivators (Doins) could believe and respect the truth of Sangje's great itineration (Daesoon). Among those, the two components of creed, which are four fundamental principles and the three fundamental attitudes are of great account as precept and cardinal point. Through this means, the cultivators of Daesoonjinrihoe aspire to guard against self-deception through transforming the human spirit, to realize earthly immortality through renewing human beings, and to create an earthly paradise through transforming the world. This thesis attempted to compare and analyze the theory of self-cultivation in Neo-Confucianism and Daesoon Thought in the aspect of ground, method, and object of cultivation. First, as for the ground of cultivation, the doctrines of Chu-tzu and Daesoon thought place the essence of cultivation on 'heaven'. Yet, whereas the former postulates Taekeuk (the Great Ultimate) as a principle as well as the heaven of a natural order, Daesoon thought postulates Sangenim as the heaven of superintendence as well as the heaven of a natural order, signified as its equation of Daesoon with circle, along with the unity of Meukeuk (Endlessness) and Taegeuk (the Great Ultimate). Further, the doctrine of Chu-zhu and Daesoon thought is identical in the point that both thoughts see mind as the subject of cultivation, while trying to restore a pure essence. Nevertheless, whereas Neo-Confucianism intends to give scope to ability of the complete use of mind's essence and function, Daesoon Thought sees mind as the essence which is used by spiritual beings and as an organ that heaven, earth and human being rely upon as the center of the universe. In the aspect of method of cultivation, the doctrine of Chuzhu lays emphasis on the rational factor in that it brightens its 'myung-deoki'(bright inner virtue),' while trying to correspond to the law of heaven on the basis of 'Geokyung' and 'Gyeokmul-tsiji.' On the contrary, Daesoon thought lays much emphasis on faith factor in that it aspires for human perfection based on the restoration of conscience by cultivating Daesoonjinri with sincerity, reverence and faith along with 'quieting the heart-mind', 'quieting the body', 'respecting the God of the Ninth Heaven', and 'observing ritual practice on the basis of the faith in Sangjenim. Yet, both thoughts have similarities in that cultivation of body forms the basis and that they attempt to realize their ideals through cultivation in daily life while taking 'Guarding against self-deception' as the key method of self-cultivation.' However, the principle of Chu-zhu can be said to be a voluntary and autonomous practice based on scripture of the saint as well as self-reflection. On the other hand, Daesoon thought reveals certain difference in that it combines faith factor with one's self-effort by concentrating on cultivation under the presence of Sangjenim as the object of belief and the spirits of heaven and earth. In the aspect of object of cultivation, both thoughts share similarities in that the saint and the perfected gentleman with a moral virtue as an ideal image of men in both thoughts attempt to realize each of their 'myung-deok' in human nature as a heavenly mandate while respecting morality. Further, they also share similarity in the point that the desirable characters in both thoughts want to participate in harmonious creation and nurturance. Yet, the perfected gentleman with a moral virtue is also characterized by its aim for a new heaven and earth where there is no mutual conflict but mutual beneficence, by promoting the moral influence and virtue of Sangjenim over one's own virtue, while practising the mutual beneficence of all life through harmonious union of divine beings and human beings.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.105
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• pp.243-268
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• 2008

Wang-ch'ung(왕충) negated the theory of efficacy between the Heaven and a Man(천인감응) based on Yin Yang(음양) and Five Elements(오행) that was popular at that time. The Heaven is just solid one without a mouth and ears. The order of nature is circling in its own way regardless of the will of human being. Jung classified psychological types of the human being into the introversion and extroversion. From this point of view, Wang-ch'ung(왕충) is belong to extroversion philosophy. He criticized modern society by using effect and evidence, and expressed it as critical moral philosophy and political ideal.