• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.37 no.5
• /
• pp.896-907
• /
• 2024

Objective: The potential of aqueous extract of Christ's thorn jujube (Ziziphus spina-christi) leaves (SLAE) to reduce the negative impacts of heat stress on production performance and physiological traits was investigated in dual-purpose layers under subtropical farming. Methods: A total of 200, 25-week-old laying hens (Inshas strain) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments including SLAE at 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mL/kg, respectively. The average temperature-humidity index value was 26.69 during the experimental period. The SLAE contained saponin (0.045%), total flavonoid content of 17.9 mg of quercetin equivalent/100 g and overall antioxidant capacity concentration of 17.9 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent/100 g. Results: The maximum final body weight (BW), BW gain, egg weight, number, and mass occurred at the level of SLAE7.5 inclusion. The egg quality was significantly higher in SLAE groups than in control, and overall, SLAE7.5 had the most favorable influence at 28 and 32 weeks. Liver and kidney function, as well as lipids profile, improved significantly by SLAE inclusion; the lowest concentrations of these parameters were in SLAE7.5 hens. Treatment with SLAE7.5 increased total antioxidant capacity and endogenous antioxidant enzymes compared to control, whereas no effect on superoxide dismutase was noticed. Conclusion: The addition of SLAE at 7.5 mL/kg diet improved egg laying performance and quality, metabolic profiles, and antioxidant status during hyperthermia conditions.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.197-206
• /
• 1996

Water extract of Coix locrvmn seeds (Co-Ex) was separated into several components; dissolved with Tris-Cl buffer and the supernatant (WC 1), ammonium sulfate treatment supernatant (WC2) and the pellet nvc31,9AE column chromatography of WC 1 and the peak portions; WC4, WCS and WC6. Murine peritoneal macrophages in DMEM containing 10% heat-inactivated FCS were infected with tachyzoites of ToxopIQsmc gondii, RH strain, in uifo. By adding modulators such as Co-Ex, WC 1,2,3,4.5,6 and LPS or IFN-γ for 24 hrs . toxoplasmastatic activity of macrophages was examined in relation to nitrite production. Nitrite production of macrophages was enhanced especially in the series of WC2, WC1 and the combination sample (WC1 + WC2 + WC3) by order than other components or fractions (WC4, WC5, WC6) tested . Toxoplasmastatic actions such as percentage of the inacrophages infected by T. gonnii and fold increase of T gondii in macrophages showed retroverse relations with the amount of nitrite production; i.e. as nitric oxide (NO) increased the phagocytic index of macrophages and the fold increase of tachyzoites in macrophages decreased . Nitrite (NO-2) production was increased by adding IFN-γ in all cases together with enhancement of biostatic effects. Through the results obtained, it is speculated that some components other than the non-proteinous and defatted components in Coix lacrwmn seeds may contribute to activate macrophages through induction of NO for the biostatic activity.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.77-88
• /
• 2016

To establish a new synthetic Korean meat chicken breed, we tested $5{\times}5$ diallel cross mating experiment with domestic chicken breeds. Comparing stress responses among diallel crossed chicken breeds, we analyzed telomere length, DNA damage and expressions of heat shock protein genes (HSPs) as the markers of the stress response. The telomere length was measured by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization on the nuclei of lymphocytes. The expression levels of HSP-70, $HSP-90{\alpha}$ and $HSP-90{\beta}$ genes were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in lymphocytes. The DNA damage rate of lymphocytes was quantified by the comet assay known as the single cell gel electrophoresis. In results, there were significant differences in the values of the stress markers such as telomere length, HSPs and DNA damage rate, and also were significant differences in viabilities and body weights among the $5{\times}5$ diallel crossed chicken breeds. The telomere shortening rate, expression values of HSPs and DNA damage rate were significant low in W and Y crossed chickens compare to the others, but GG pure breed showed the highest values in the 25 crossed chickens. Estimating correlation coefficient, the survival rate positively correlated to telomere length, but negatively correlated to the expression levels of HSP-70, $HSP-90{\alpha}$, $HSP-90{\beta}$ genes and to the value of % DNA in tail as DNA damage rate. The expression levels of HSP-70, $HSP-90{\alpha}$ and $HSP-90{\beta}$ genes of dead chickens had significantly higher than those of survival chickens. According to the results on the stress marker analysis, it would be considered that the crossed breeds had more stress resistant than the pure breeds, and the crossed chickens with a light strain such as W or Y were relatively resistant to stress, but the crossed chickens with a heavy strain such as G, H, F were susceptible to stress.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.619-625
• /
• 2005

This study has been carried out to examine the characteristics of anti-H. pylori antibodies of milk produced from cows immunized with antigen of Helicobacter pylori such as peculiarity of antigen antibody, agglutination of H. pylori strain, stability of antibody against acid, alkali and heat treatments. The molecular weight of anti-H. pylori antibody measured by SDS-PAGE were turned out as about 50 kDa in the heavy chain and about 24 kDa in the light chain. Twenty protein bands were visualized in H. pylori interacting with anti-H. pylori antibody which was made in dairy cow by immunization with H. pylori. The western blotting was peformed in order to examine the antigen peculiarity of anti-H. pylori, The results were all 7 antigen substances including serum, furified serum, whey and furified whey could be confirmed and the major antigen substances were 97, 66,34 kDa of molecular weight. As a result of agglutination response anti-H. pylori antibody in whey showed 1/10 agglutination value against H. pylori. In stability test about acid and alkali of antibody, there was $100\%$ activated at the range of $pH5\~pH10$. In stability test about heat, the antibody showed stable condition at $60^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes and comparatively stable condition at $70^{\circ}C$, but reduced activation to $40\%$ after 60 minutes. It maintained $77\%$ activation at $80^{\circ}C$ for 4 minutes and comparatively stable at $100^{\circ}C$ for 1 minute.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.13-18
• /
• 1978

In this study, enzymatic hydrolysis of the holocellulose from Alnus hirsuta (Spach) Rupr. (8-14 yr's) was investigated using crude cellulase preparations of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex. Fr. SANK 16374. And conducted on the optimum condition of the treated substrate for saccharification. A strain of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex. Fr. SANK 16374 was found to be highly efficient for the cellulase productivity, especially in the submerged culture process. The culture medium used in this experiment was prepared from an extract of wheat bran consisting also of $KH_2PO_410$, $(NH_4)_2$ $SO_4$ 3, $NaNO_3$ 3, and $MgSO_4$ $7H_2O$ 0.5g/l. Cellulose powder (Toyo filter paper, 60 mesh) was found to be an importent factar for inducing the cellulase formation. And the cellulase produced in the culture fluid was salted out quantitatively by the use of ammonium sulfate (Fig. 1) Reducing sugar was determined by the Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method, using reagents prepared according to the method of Sumner (1925). The results obtained were summerized as follows; 1. The method of delignification were treated by the Peracetic acid (PA) method, according to the method of Toyama (1970). The yield of holocellulose were decreased in accordance with increasing concentration of Peracetic acid solution; delignification of Alnus hirsuta Rupr. with 20% Peracetic acid was satisfied for 48 hours and 40%~60% peracetic acid was satisfied for 24 hrs: 2. The substrate (holocellulose) was changed easely into fine powder with enzymatic hydrolysis and cellulase exhibits optimum activity on the reducing sugar formation from substrate at the range of 60-100 mesh. 3. The reducing sugar formation increased in accordance with increasing dry temperature on holocellulose substrate was found to be $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. 4. The optimal heat treated time of holocellulose substrate was found to be 45 min. for the reducing sugar formation showed the best products. The reducing sugar formation did not show statisticaly significent diflerences at 5% levels by heat treated time for 45 min. and 60 min.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.206-211
• /
• 1983

This study was carried out to compare the feed utilization between pelleted and all-mash diet of similar composition by growing chickens. Day-old broilers (Hubbard) and egg-type chickens(Hy-line) of commercial strain were employed in this experiment. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The chickens fed pelleted diets were heavier than those of birds fed all-mash diets. The Hubbard broilers and Hy-line chickens fed pelleted diets weighed 2,702g and 812g respectively, at 9 weeks of age. In comparison, the Hubbard broilers and Hy-line chickens fed all-mash diets weighed 2,571g and 777g respectively, at 9 weeks of age. 2. The pellet-fed chickens consumed more feeds than birds fed all-mash diets in both types of strain. Feed efficiencies (gain/feed) of Hubbard and Hy-line chickens were 0.38 and 0.26 in pellet feeding groups, and 0.36 and 0.25 in all-mash feeding groups, respectively. The Hy-line chickens fed pelleted diets drank more water than birds fed all-mash diets. 3. Pellet feeding groups produced more dry matter excreta as compared with all-mash feeding groups, reflecting the pattern of feed consumption by these chickens. Nitrogen retention ratio of the Hubbard and Hy-line chickens were 57-67% and 65-73%, respectively. Chickens fed pelleted diets showed 1-4% higher nitrogen retention than chickens fed all-mash diets. 4. The ME/GE ratio of the Hubbard and the Hy-line at 8 weeks of age were 73.4-74.3% and 82.8-83.8%, respectively. Pellet feeding groups showed 1% higher ME/GE ratio than all-mash feeding groups. 5. The dietary productive energy calculated from respiratory quotient was $94.1-102.6kca/kg^{\frac{3}{4}}$ BW/day in pellet feeding groups. The ratios of PE/GE were 41.3-48.9% in pellet feeding groups and 39.0-45.8% in all-mash feeding groups. 6. It appears that pelleting the all-mash diet increases feed consumption and body weight gain of growing chickens. Feed efficiency and energy utilization were also improved by pelleting process. More research work should be done to establish the relationship clearly between feed pelleting and heat increments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.40 no.12
• /
• pp.1781-1786
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the cause of microbiological contamination in yogurt and evaluate the effect of physicochemical treatment on the growth inhibition of Hanseniaspora uvarum isolated from yogurt. The yeast strain Hanseniaspora uvarum Y1 was subjected to heat and pH treatments. H. uvarum Y1 was killed at $70^{\circ}C$ and $80^{\circ}C$ after 15 min and survived in a wide pH range from pH 2 to 9. However, it did not survive under pH 1 and over pH 10. In a disk diffusion susceptibility test on H. uvarum Y1, a clear zone (5 mm) of growth inhibition was observed upon treatment with electrolyzed water. The effect of ozone gas on the growth of H. uvarum Y1 was evaluated by viable cell count. Initial cell numbers of $10^2$ and $10^3$ CFU/mL of H. uvarum Y1 were completely killed by treatment for 10 and 30 min, respectively. H. uvarum Y1 was also sterilized by microwave treatment for 1 min. When treated with gamma-irradiation, the rate of killing of H. uvarum Y1 was proportional to the irradiation dose. and complete killing occurred at a dose of 50 kGy.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.75-89
• /
• 1979

One strain of Penicillium sp. (175-66-B), isolated from soil, was able to produce a substance that has a strong inibition activity against the Agkistrodon and Trimeresurus venoms. In this experiment, the chemical and biological properties of the sample were investigated. As an inhibitory substance, it was effective to the proteinase, hemorrhagic and lethal factors of Agkistrodon and Trimeresurus venoms, and also effective to several fractions of the proteinases and hemorrhagic factors of Agkistrodon halys blomhoffi venom. Moreover, in the addition of prednisotone, it was more effective for the cure of the mouse envenomated with the venom amount of two fold of MLD$_{100}$. This substance was very stable to the acid, alkali and heat. Its melting point was high enough to sublime at 222$^{\circ}C$ without any decomposition. This sample was easily dissolved only in hot water, but not in several organic solvents except for a little dissolution in elate. It did not have the chelating activity. It had very strong specificity to the snake venoms. but its activity was depressed by the addition of zinc or cupric salts. This sample had no acute toxicity to the mouse. Its chemical formula was $C_{16}$ $H_{12}$$N_2$ $O_{10}$ with the molecular weight of about 392. It has two epoxy groups and four carboxyl radicals, but amino, nitrite and nitrate radicals, unsaturated bonds and aromatic ring were not detected. Theuchemical configuration of this sample was suggested to be;

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.74-80
• /
• 1996

This experiment was conducted to obtain the basis of degradation of remaining agricultural chemicals accumulated in upland soils of Honam district in Korea. The population. relative growth rate(RGR). chlorothalonil(TPN)-degradation ability and bacterialogical characteristics of TPN resistant strains were investigated in TPN levels of 0, 25, 50, 100 and $500{\mu}l/ml$ compared with Mancozeb. A number of TPN-resistant bacteria were differ in the area of examined and were decreased with higher levels of TPN. The resistance of bacteria was stronger in TPN than Mancozeb but the resistance of fungi was vise versa. RGR of bacteria in the culture was the highest at the level of $50{\mu}l/ml$ and the lowest in $500{\mu}l/ml$ of TPN. TPN-degradation ability of bacteda isolated in various TPN levels was varied : only 8 percentage of bacteria showed 75 percentage or more degradation ability. The higher the concentration in TPN resistance, the larger the number of strains carried great ability to decompose pesticide residues. The strains having higher decomposition ability was rod-shapes cells and senstive to heat. Analyses of the indol production, methyl red, and V-P test have given similar results, with negative reaction in all these strain, while the other biochemical characteristics were differ in the strains. Based on these, these strains might be classified into Pseudomonas sp., Corynebacterium sp., Acinetobacter sp. and Moraxcella sp.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.540-545
• /
• 1982

An energy metabolism study was conducted with two commercial strains of meat-type chickens, Hubbard and Cobb, and two egg strains, Hy Line and Korean-bred Hanhyup 325. The heat production of growing chickens from each strain were measured by the use of an open-circuit gravimetric respiration calorimeter. The data obtained from this study were summarized as fallows. 1. The average body weight of 9-wk-old Hubbard broilers reared in battery cages was 2,570g/bird. The average body weights of 9-wk-old Hy Line chicks and Hanhyup 325 were 777 and 748g/bird, respectively. 2. At 3 weeks of age, the Hubbard broiler chicks consumed two times the feed consumed by Hy Line chicks (54.6g VS. 26.7g/bird/day). These values increased to 151g and 57.2g/bird/day, respectively, at 8 weeks of age, indicating that the difference in feed intake between meat and egg-type chicks tends to increase as they grow older. In terms of water consumption, the 5-wk-old Hubbard broiler chicks drank $226m{\ell}/bird/day$ as compared with $58m{\ell}$ by Hy Line chicks. These values increased to 282 and $70m{\ell}$, respectively, at 8 weeks of age. 3. The excreta outputs of Hubbard broilers and Hy Line chicks were 18.7 and 6.1g DM/bird/day at 4 weeks of age, and 41.5 and 10.0g DM/bird/day at 8 weeks of age, respectively. 4. The energy metabolizability of broiler chicks were 75.4~77.1% compared to 75.0~83.5% by egg-type chicks. 5. The respiratory quotient (RQ) was between 0.78 and 0.97. There seems to be no difference in RQ between meat and egg-type chicks. The RQ tended to decrease when feed intake was low and vice versa. 6. Both meat and egg-type chicks produced $83.1{\sim}123.1Kcal/kg^{\frac{3}{4}}B.W./day$. The considerably low value of $83Kcal/kg^{\frac{3}{4}}B.W./day$ was obtained when the chicks were off the feed under the stressful conditions. The high value of 123.1Kcal was obtained when the chicken chamber temperature rose to $27{\sim}34^{\circ}C$.