• 대한한의학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

Objectives: This pilot study aimed to evaluate the agreement between traditional face-to-face Korean medicine (KM) pattern identification and non-face-to-face KM pattern identification using the data from related questionnaires, tongue image, and pulse features in patients with cancer. Methods: From January to June 2020, 16 participants with a cancer diagnosis were recruited at the one Korean medicine hospital. Three experienced Korean medicine doctors independently diagnosed the participants whether they belong to the cold pattern or not, heat pattern or not, deficiency pattern or not, and excess pattern or not. Another researcher collected KM pattern related data using questionnaires including Cold-Heat Pattern Identification (CHPI), tongue image analysis system, and pulse analyzer. Collected KM pattern related data without participants' identifier was provided for the three Korean medicine doctors in random order, and non-face-to-face KM pattern identification was carried out. The kappa value between face-to-face and non-face-to-face pattern identification was calculated. Results: From the face-to-face pattern identification, there were 13/3 cold/non-cold pattern, 4/12 heat/non-heat pattern, 14/2 deficiency/non-deficiency pattern, and 0/16 excess/non-excess pattern participants. In cold/non-cold pattern, kappa value was 0.455 (sensitivity: 0.85, specificity: 0.67, accuracy: 0.81). In heat/non-heat pattern, the kappa value was 0.429 (sensitivity: 0.75, specificity: 0.72, accuracy: 0.75). The kappa value of deficiency/non-deficiency and excess/non-excess pattern was not calculated because of the few participants of non-deficiency, and excess pattern. Conclusions: The agreement between traditional face-to-face pattern identification and non-face-to-face pattern identification seems to be moderate. The non-face-to-face pattern identification using questionnaires, tongue, and pulse features may feasible for the large clinical study.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.500-509
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• 2006

Objectives: We performed this study to check the effect of Cold-Heat attribute analyzed quantitatively by questionnaire on halitosis patient. Methods: We made a questionnaire composed of 15 items(6 categories) about the contents of Cold-Heat and asked 105 subjects to answer in the form Likert-like seven-points score. And then, we extracted Cold-Heat attribute from 15 items, 6 categories, 6 weighted categories, heat score and cold score. On the other hand we measured the halimeter measurements. VAS, winkle tongue coating index. Afterward, the data were analyzed by statistical methods. Results:1) In the 15 items, question number 6, 7, 8 is negative correlated with halimeter measurements. Question number10 is positive correlated with halimeter measurements. And question number 11, 12, 14 is positive correlated with VAS. 2) In the 6 categories, constipation is negative correlated with halimeter measurements. Chill is positive correlated with VAS. And Cold-limbs is positive correlated with halimeter measurements. 3) In the 6 weighted score categories, constipation is negative correlated with halimeter measurements. Chill is positive correlated with VAS. And Cold-limbs is positive correlated with halimeter measurements. Conclusions: Further clinical research is necessary in the development of the questionnaire's items. And to get the better of this study, we should research more analytic method made casual relationship clear between Cold-Heat attributes and the index of halitosis.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.274-287
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was aimed to figure out an agreement between the diagnosis of nasal endoscopy and a preexisting questionnaire focusing on Cold-Heat pattern. Methods: 52 patients with cough who met the criteria filled out a pattern questionnaire and the examiner looked at their nasal cavities through nasal endoscopy. According to the checked questionnaire results, the subjects were identified by 6 patterns. After examining subject's mucous membrane of oropharynx and nasal cavity through nasal endoscopy, we classified each to the Cold or Heat group. Correlation between questionnaire and nasal endoscopy results was analyzed. Results: In diagnosing Cold-Heat, there was no significant difference by McNemar test (p=0.227) between nasal endoscopy and the questionnaire, and the two methods agreed moderately (${\kappa}=0.428$). The color of mucous membrane of oropharynx and the Cold-Heat pattern on questionnaire agreed slightly (${\kappa}=0.133$). The color of mucous membrane of nasal cavity and the Cold-Heat pattern on questionnaire agreed fairly (${\kappa}=0.384$). In the patients with cough related to upper respiratory tract, they got higher diagnosis accuracy than the patients with cough related to lower respiratory tract did. Similarly, external cough patients got higher diagnosis accuracy than internal cough patients did. Conclusions: To identify Cold or Heat, examining oropharynx and nasal cavity using nasal endoscopy is a meaningful method in patients with cough, showing that two diagnosis methods which use nasal endoscopy and questionnaire agreed moderately. Especially, it is more useful diagnosing patients with cough related to the upper respiratory tract than diagnosing the patients with cough related to the lower respiratory tract.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2008년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.1053-1058
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• 2008

Porous medium was considered in the present study for the heat transfer enhancement. This was attributed to its high surface area to volume ratio as well as intensive flow mixing by tortuous flow passages. But when the air or water flow through in the porous medium, it is occurred the pressure drop between inlet and outlet. So in the present study investigated simulation result about the pressure drop in the porous medium before apply to heat exchanger. In this simulation, the thickness of the solid inside the porous medium region was varied 0.2 mm to 0.4 mm. And then the simulation result were compared the pressure drop in the same unit cell ($0.5\;mm{\times}0.5\;mm{\times}0.5\;mm$). To make the analysis model, it was assumed the 14-sided tetrakaidecahedron cell which has long been considered the optimal packing cell first proposed by the Lord Kelvin in 1887. And then the simulation is carried out using by STAR-CCM+ which is commercial software. The simulation result can be showed quantified pressure drop by solid effect in the porous medium.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.25-33
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• 1998

본 연구는 LNG냉열활용을 위해 초저온 열교환시스템을 제작하고 액화질소와 에틸렌-글리콜 수용액을 작동유체로 사용하여 증발 열전달 특성실험을 수행하였다. 초저온 열교환기는 2중관식 열교환기이며, 내부관 지름이 8, 15 mm이며 길이는 6m이다. wire-coil inserts를 사용하여 열전달촉진 성능평가를 수행하였다. 액화질소와 에틸렌-글리콜 수용액의 출입구 온도, 벽면온도, 유량, 압력을 측정하였고, 이를 증발 열전달계수와 누셀트수를 계산하는데 사용하였다. 열전달상관식을 누셀트수, 프란틀수와 등가레이놀즈수의 멱법칙관계로 제안하였고, 그 결과 열전달촉진관이 평활관보다 2.5 ${\~}$ 5.5배정도 열전달이 증가되었다. 이 상관식을 이용하여 LNG냉열이용을 위한 초저온 2중관 열교환기를 설계하였고, 그 결과로 제시하였다.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.60-64
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• 2012

In this paper, an investigation of a room temperature active magnetic regenerative refrigerator is carried out. Experimental apparatus includes two active magnetic regenerators containing 186 g of Gd spheres. Four E-type thermocouples are installed inside the Active magnetic regenerator(AMR) to observe the instantaneous temperature variation of AMR. Both warm and cold heat exchangers are designed for large temperature span. The cold heat exchanger, which separates the two AMRs, employs a copper tube with length of 80 mm and diameter of 6.35 mm. In order to minimize dead volume between the warm heat exchanger and AMRs, the warm heat exchangers are located close to the AMRs. The deionized water is used as a heat transfer fluid, and maximum 1.4 T magnetic field is supplied by Halbach array of permanent magnets. The AMR plate, which contains the warm and the cold heat exchangers and the AMRs, has reciprocating motion using a linear actuator and each AMR is alternatively magnetized and demagnetized by a Halbach array of permanent magnet. Since the gap of the Halbach array of permanent magnets is 25 mm and two warm heat exchangers have the motion through it, a compact printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) is used as a warm heat exchanger. A maximum no-load temperature span of 26.8 K and a maximum cooling power of 33 W are obtained from the fabricated Active Magnetic Regenerative Refrigerator (AMRR).

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2014

This study is to investigate the phase changes and cold workability after isothermal transformation at $780^{\circ}C$ by using the high temperature gas nitrided (HTGN) STS 430 ferritic stainless steel specimens. The phase diagram of STS 430 steel obtained by calculation showed that the phase appeared at $1100^{\circ}C$ showed as ${\alpha}+{\gamma}{\rightarrow}{\gamma}{\rightarrow}{\gamma}+Cr_2N{\rightarrow}{\gamma}+Cr_2N+CrN$ with increasing nitrogen concentration. Also, the transformation of ${\gamma}{\rightarrow}Cr_2N$ during heat treatment isothermally at $780^{\circ}C$, nitrogen pearlite with lamellar type was fully formed at the nitrogen permated surface layer for 10 hrs. However, this transformation was not completed for 1 hr, resulting nitrogen pearlite plus martensite. The cold rolled specimen of isothermally transformed at $780^{\circ}C$ for 10 hrs after high temperature gas nitriding decreased the layer thickness of nitrogen pearlite inducing the deformation of hard $Cr_2N$ phase. the dissolution rate of $Cr_2N$ phase increased rapidly with increasing cold rolling ratio. Specimens with the microstructure of nitrogen pearlite (isothermally transformed at $780^{\circ}C$ for 10 hrs) were possible to cold rolling without crack formation. However, the mixed structures of nitrogen pearlite + martensite (isothermally transformed at $780^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr) were impossible to cold deformation without cracking.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.364-369
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• 2003

Non-heat treated steels are attractive in the steel-wire industry since the spheroidization and quenching-tempering treatment are not involved during the processing. However, non-heat treated steels should satisfy high strength and good formability without performing heat treatment. Therefore, it is important to investigate optimum materials showing a good combination of strength and formability after the drawing process. In this study, three different steels such as dual phase steel, low-Si steel, and ultra low carbon bainitic steel were used to study their mechanical properties and the cold formability. The cold formability of three steels was investigated by estimating the deformation resistance and the forming limit. The deformation resistance was estimated by calculating the deformation energy, and the forming limit was evaluated by measuring the critical strain revealing crack initiation at the notch tip of the specimens. The results showed that deformation resistance was the lowest in the low-Si steel, and the forming limit strains of ultra low carbon bainitic steel and low-Si steel were higher than that of commercial SWRCH45F steel.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.291-296
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• 1989

Campylobacter jejuni was studied for its disinfection by heat-and cold-treatment and UV-irradiation. When C. jejuni was treated by heat, no viable cell was found after 10 min treatment at $55^{\circ}C$, whereas small fraction of cell population was survived after 60 min treatment at $45^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$. When they were treated by cold temperature for 30 days, no cell was survived at -$23^{\circ}C$ but about 4 log of the cells were survived at both temperature of $4^{\circ}C$ and -$40^{\circ}C$. When the organisms were UV-irradiated, thier survival rates were proportionally varied to the distance of irradiation. The scanning electron microscopic studies of C. jejuni cells treated by the disinfecting agents revealed that shapes of thecells were deformed from spiral rod into spherical form. The heat-treated cells showed rough and damaged surface on the scanning electron micrographs. In the heat-treated cells, some proteins of high molecular weight appeared to become accumulated in the electrophoretic analysis. The DNAs extracted from the cells treated with the physical agents showed some differences in agarose gel electrophoresis, comparing those of normal cells.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.150-155
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• 2005

1. Objectives This case is aimed to verify the relation of Soeurnin Mang-yang Syndrome and Cold Syndrome with pseudo-heat syndrome. 2. Methods The patient has high fever, general body sweating, thirst and constipitation is diagnosed as Soeumin Mang-yang Syndrome. Mang-yang Syndrome one of the symptoms in the Exterior Febrile Disease induced from the Kidney affected by Heat in Soeumin(少陰人) marked by spontaneous sweating and fever with chills. This syndrome is similar to Cold syndrome with pseudo-heat symptoms in general symptoms and pathologic process. Therefore, We medicate Doksampalmul-tang to this patient who diagnosed as Soeumin Mang-yang Syndrome. 3. Results and Conclusions The symptoms that the patient has fever, sweating, thirst and constipitation are solved after the medication. This means recovery of Yang-Energy in Kidney and the spleen.