• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.367-373
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• 2011

This research is a basic researching process for producing solid fuel that mixing paper sludge and Heat Transfer Medium Oil. Under the presence of Heat Transfer Medium Oil, paper sludge is heated and dried with home appliance microwave for comparing drying efficiency and energy efficiency of different types of drying method. As a result, Heat Transfer Medium Oil and paper mixing case of drying method, OMD, is the most efficient way to shorten the time for evaporating moisture in the paper sludge. In addition, heat transfer effect and density is increased with adding Heat Transfer Medium Oil by microwave. Future more, OMD's energy cost for evaporating whole moisture is 78% cheaper than MD. Also, OMD process shows the best energy efficiency with comparing other process. Evaporation rate of paper sludge evaporation process with microwave is 11.66% increased by adding Heat Transfer Medium Oil 150g. Preheating Heat Transfer Medium Oil or improving different ways injecting Heat Transfer Medium Oil is a good way to increase a rate of initiative moisture evaporation process.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.140-150
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• 1996

CFC-12, which has been used most widely in automobile air conditioners and household refrigerators is scheduled to be phased out soon because of its high ozone depletion potential. Now HFC-134a is suggested as an alternative refrigerant for CFC-12. In this Study, we intended to investigate how PAG oil influence evaporation heat transfer and flow pattern, using R-134a and PAG oil influences evaporation heat transfer and flow pattern, using R-134a and PAG oil in the horizontal miro-fin evaporation tube. Experiments were conducted under the flowing est conditions : mass velocity 86-250kg/$m^2$s, heat flux 5-30 ㎾/$m^2$, oil concentration 0-21 wt.% and saturation temperature 5$^{\circ}C$. Local evaporation heat transfer coefficients were found to be higher at the top, side and bottom of the tube in this order. Average heat transfer coefficients turned out to increase with oil concentration increment up to 3 wt.% oil concentration, whereas heat transfer coefficients gradually decreased over 3 wt.% oil concentration, because of oil-rich liquid film was formed on the heat transfer surface. Flow patterns were rapidly transitioned to annular regimes up to 3 wt.% oil concentration. In case of pure refrigerant, measured heat transfer coefficients in the experiments were similar to those of Kandlikar＇s correlation.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 2004

This paper presents a method that the engine oil condition is detected using a natural convection heat transfer in a engine oil. A sensor circuit maintains a constant temperature difference between a heat plate and engine oil for detecting a natural convection heat transfer rate on the constant temperature. The natural convection heat transfer rate is measured by a current through the heat plate of the sensor circuit. The sensor is tested by a fresh oil. 6,000 km and 10,000 km driven oil in the oil temperature range from $20^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$. In the experimental result, when the current through the heat plate is altered by variation of a engine oil temperature and flows driven oil more than fresh oil, the sensor could inform a engine oil deterioration to a car driver.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.1067-1072
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• 2009

In vapor compression systems which use refrigerant as a working fluid, the oil is commonly used for compressor lubrication. Since the presence of lubrication oil can change the characteristics properties of refrigerant, the oil affects the heat transfer performance of heat exchanger to a large extent. In this paper, we focus on the effect of PVE oil experimentally on heat transfer performance of the fin-tube heat exchangers which use R410A as a refrigerant. To evaluate the heat transfer performance, the refrigerant to air type test facility chamber has been used. Fin-tube heat exchanger with grooved has been tested while according to the oil mass fraction variation from nearly zero to 1.7 wt%. It was found that the low level of oil mass fraction has an obvious effect on heat transfer performance, while the high level seems no significant influence. The influence of the oil mass fraction to heat transfer performance, however, is different between evaporation and condensation.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.938-944
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• 2000

Recently, micro fin tube is widely used to heat exchanger for high performance. And, as the alternative refrigerants for R-22, hydrocarbons such as R-290, R-600 and R-600a are very promising because of their low GWP and ODP. Thus, R-290 was used as working fluid in this study. Most design of heat exchanger had been based on heat transfer characteristics of pure refrigerant although refrigerant oil exists in the refrigeration cycles. So, the influence of oil on heat transfer characteristics have to be considered for investigating exact evaporation heat transfer characteristics. But, this is an unresolved problem of refrigeration heat transfer. Therefore the influence of the refrigeration oil to the evaporation heat transfer characteristics of R-290 were conducted in a horizontal micro tin tube. The mineral oil was used as refrigeration oil. The experimental apparatus consisted of a basic refrigeration cycle and a system for oil concentration measurement. Test conditions are as the follows; evaporation temperature $5^{\circ}C$, mass velocity 100 $kg/m^2s$, heat flux 10 $kW/m^2$, oil concentration 0, 1.3, 3.3, 5.7 wt.%, and quality $0.07{\sim}1.0$. When refrigeration oil was entered, oil foaming was observed at the low quality region. And, very small bubbles were observed as quality was increased. Pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient increased as the concentration of refrigeration oil increased to 5 wt.%.. The performance index of heat exchanger was the highest near 3.3 wt.%.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.537-546
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• 2000

The heat transfer characteristics of refrigerant-oil mixture for horizontal in-tube evaporator have been investigated experimentally. A smooth copper tube and a micro-fin tube with nominal 9.5 mm outer diameter and 1500 mm length were tested. For the pure refrigerant flow, the dependence of the axial heat transfer coefficient on quality was weak in the smooth tube, but in the micro-fin tube, the coefficients were 3 to 10 times greater as quality increases. Oil addition to pure refrigerant in the smooth tube altered the flow pattern dramatically at low mass fluxes, with a resultant enhancement of the wetting area by vigorous foaming. The heat transfer coefficients of the mixture for low and medium qualities were increased at low mass fluxes. In the micro-fin tube, however, the addition of oil deteriorates the local heat transfer performance for most of the quality range, except for low quality. The micro-fin tube consequently loses its advantage of high heat transfer performance for an oil fraction of 5%. Results are presented as plots of local heat transfer coefficient versus quality.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2000.04b
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• pp.90-95
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• 2000

Condensation heat transfer experiments for R-22 and R-407C refrigerants mixed with mineral oil and POE oil respectively were performed in straight and U-bend sections of a microfin tube. Experimental parameters were an oil concentration from 0 to 5%, a mass flux from 100 to $400 kg/m^2s$ and an inlet quality from 0.5 to 0.9. The enhancement factors for R-22 and R-407C refrigerants at the first straight section decreased continuously as the oil concentration increased. They decreased rapidly as the mass flux decreased and inlet quality increased. The heat transfer coefficients in the U-bend were the maximum at the $90^{\circ}$ position. The heat transfer coefficients at the second straight section within the dimensionless length of 48 were larger by a maximum of 33% than the average heat transfer coefficients at the first straight section.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.357-363
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• 2008

In order to investigate $CO_2$ heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop by PAG oil concentration during $CO_2$ evaporation, the experiment on evaporation heat transfer characteristics in a horizontal micro-fin tube was performed. The experimental apparatus consisted of a test section, a DC power supply, a heater, a chiller, a mass flow meter, a pump and a measurement system. Experiment was conducted for various mass fluxes($400{\sim}1200\;kg/m^2s$), heat fluxes($10{\sim}30\;kW/m^2$) and saturation temperatures ($-5{\sim}5^{\circ}C$), and PAG oil concentration($0{\sim}5\;wt%$). The variation of the heat transfer coefficient was different in accordance with the oil concentration. With the increase of the oil concentration, the evaporation heat transfer coefficient decreased and the delay of dryout by oil addition was found. Pressure drop increased with the increase of the oil concentration and heat flux, and the decrease of saturation temperature.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.117-123
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• 2008

The present study is directed at flow and heat transfer of $CO_2$ and oil mixtures in a circular tube. PAG and POE oils are considered in this study. Flow characteristics of $CO_2$ and oil mixtures have been investigated by flow visualization. Pressure drop has been measured in the range of operating mass flow rate from 0.1 to 0.4 kg/min in a circular tube. Heat transfer characteristics of $CO_2$/oil mixtures have been investigated using a counterflow heat exchanger. In case of pure liquid $CO_2$ as well as $CO_2$ and POE mixtures, flow are seen to be uniform so that $CO_2$ and POE oil are still miscible even at flowing state. However, it is found that $CO_2$ and PAG are not miscible. Pressure drop of $CO_2$/PAG mixtures are much higher than that of $CO_2$/POE mixtures as well as pure $CO_2$ at a fixed mass flow rate. As the concentration of POE oil is increased from 0 to 5 wt%, pressure drop is increased. However, heat transfer rate and heat transfer coefficient of $CO_2$/POE mixtures are much higher than that of $CO_2$/PAG mixtures. The f-factor correlation and Nusselt number correlation for $CO_2$/POE oil mixtures are suggested in this paper.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.25-30
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• 2011

A shell-and-tube oil cooler with plate fins was suggested to improve the defect of the conventional shell-and-tube oil cooler. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the heat transfer performance on the shell side of shell-and-plate finned tube oil cooler with three different tube numbers(9, 13 and 19). Oil flowing on the shell side was cooled by cold water flowing inside the tubes. A shell-and-tube heat exchanger of an oil cooler consisted of one shell pass and two tube passes with the inner tube diameter of 8.82 mm and the tube length of 575 mm. From the experiment of shell-and-tube oil cooler, it was found that the heat transfer coefficient of oil cooler with 9 tubes, as oil flow rate was increased, was approximately 140% and 250% higher than that of 13 and 19 tubes, respectively. The heat transfer coefficient at the water flow rate of $3m^3/h$, also was 120% and 140% higher than that of 2.4 and $1.8m^3/h$, respectively.