• Title/Summary/Keyword: Heat Release Rate ($HRR_{mean}$)

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Combustion Properties of Construction Lumber Used in Everyday Life (생활 주변에서 사용되는 건축용 목재의 연소성)

  • Woo, Tae-young;You, Jisun;Chung, Yeong-jin
    • Fire Science and Engineering
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.37-43
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    • 2017
  • The combustion characteristics of four kinds of wood specimens, such as Japan cedar, spruce, lauan, and red pine, were tested using the standards of Cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1, 2) and smoke density tester (ASTM E 662). Japan cedar caught fire the quickest but the mean heat release rate was the lowest, $58.52kW/m^2$. The mean heat release rate of red pine appeared to be the highest, $71.75kW/m^2$. The lauan and Japan cedar generated relatively large amounts of carbon monoxide while the red pine and the spruce generated relatively large amounts of carbon dioxide. The red pine generated large amounts of smoke and the spruce generated the least amounts of smoke than the other samples. The total smoke release rate in the dynamic method was the highest in red pine and the lowest in spruce. The smoke density of red pine in the static method was highest in the non-flaming and flaming methods. In the non-flaming method, the smoke density of lauan was the second highest, whereas the flaming method was the least. In terms of the heat release rate, the fire risk from red pine was highest among the four test specimens. From the viewpoint of smoke generation, red pine was the most dangerous material in both dynamic and static methods.

A Study on the Heat Release Characteristic of Household Items using LSC(Large Scale Cone Calorimeter) (LSC를 이용한 생활용품의 발열량 특성에 관한 연구)

  • Park, Ju Young;Baek, Chang Sun;Lee, Hae Pyeong;Hong, Yi Pyo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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    • v.30 no.3
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    • pp.38-44
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    • 2015
  • For this study, fire tests were performed targeting household items (Sofa, Drawer, Refrigerator, Washing machine) using a large cone calorimeter (Large Scale Cone Calorimeter, LSC). The data were obtained focusing on the fire characteristic of the data when the actual fire occurs. The study results showed the following mean HRR of the household items; drawer 2843 KW, sofa 2939 KW, washing machine 719 KW, refrigerator 2907 KW, and THR is found in sofa 2202 MJ, drawer 1559 MJ, refrigerator 1193 MJ, washing machine 627 MJ. From the result, it could be found that the sofa can cause significant heat generation when the fire occurs, and the flashover tendency was found relatively high in compartment fire. In addition, a weight of the four our household items was reduced sharply in a similar time (20min before and after) degree after ignition. The drawer and sofa which has a high heat release can be considered to speed up the fire spread as their weight decrease rapidly and showed relatively weak to the fire compared to the refrigerator and washing machine.

Effect of Flame Retardants on Flame Retardancy of Rigid Polyurethane Foam (난연제 종류에 따른 경질 폴리우레탄 폼의 난연 특성)

  • Kim, Keunyoung;Seo, Wonjin;Lee, Ju-Chan;Seo, Jung-Seok;Kim, Sangbum
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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    • v.17 no.5
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    • pp.75-80
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    • 2013
  • In this study, the effect of phosphorus flame retardants on the flame retardancy of the rigid polyurethane foam(PUF) was studied. Tetramethylene bis(orthophos-phorylurea)[TBPU] and Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate[TCEP], Tris(2-chloropropyl)phosphate [TCPP], Triethyl phosphate[TEP] were used as flame retardant. It was found that TBPU added PUF exhibits low mean heat release rate(HRR), peak HRR, effective heat of combusion(EHC), mass loss rate (MLR), CO yield and $CO_2$ compared other flame retardants.

Combustion Characteristics of the Pinus Rigida and Castanea Savita Using Cone Calorimeter (콘칼로리미터를 이용한 소나무와 밤나무의 연소특성)

  • Chung, Yeong-Jin
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.98 no.3
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    • pp.319-323
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    • 2009
  • One of the limitation of wood as building material is its flammability. The purpose of this paper is to examine the combustion properties of the pinus rigida and castanea savita which are grown in Korea and meet the desirable characteristics for use of construction materials. The cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) was used to determine the heat release rate (HRR) and fire smoke index, as well as CO and $CO_2$ production and smoke obscuration. The $HRR_{mean}$ of the castanea savita at $50kW/m^2$ was $160.7kW/m^2$ in comparison with $150.7kW/m^2$ for the pinus rigida. Castanea savita showed an increase of retardant properties attributed to char formation compared with that of pinus rigida. The castanea savita has high $CO_{peak}$ yield and high CO/$CO_2$ yield compared with that of pinus rigida.

A Basic Experimental Study on Potential Operating Range in Gasoline Direct-Injection Compression Ignition (GDICI) Engine (가솔린 직접분사식 압축착화 엔진의 가능한 운전영역에 관한 기초실험 연구)

  • Cha, Junepyo;Yoon, Sungjun;Lee, Seokhwon;Park, Sungwook
    • 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2013.06a
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    • pp.33-35
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    • 2013
  • The present work is an experimental investigation on potential operating range using directly injected gasoline fuel in a single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. The objectives of present study were to apply auto-ignited combustion to gasoline fuel and to evaluate potential operating range. In order to auto-ignite gasoline fuel in CI engine, the fuel direct-injection system and the intake air system were modified that a flow rate and temperature of intake air were regulated. The heat-release rate (HRR), net indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), start of combustion (SOC), and combustion duration were derived from in-cylinder pressure data in a test engine, which has 373.33cc displacement volume and 17.8 compression ratio. The exhaust emission characteristics were obtained emission gas analyzer and smoke meter on the exhaust line system.

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Effect of Flame Retardants on Flame Retardancy of Flexible Polyurethane Foam (난연제 종류에 따른 연질 폴리우레탄 폼의 난연 특성에 대한 연구)

  • Kwon, Ohdeok;Lee, Ju-Chan;Seo, Ki-Seog;Seo, Chung-Seok;Kim, Sang Bum
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.208-213
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    • 2013
  • In this study, the effect of phosphorus flame retardants on the flame retardancy of the flexible polyurethane foam (PUF) was investigated. Tetramethylene bis(orthophosphorylurea) [TBPU] and phosphinyl alkylphosphate ester [CR-530], resorcinol bis diphenylphosphate [RDP], triethyl phosphate [TEP] were used as flame retardants. The results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicate that TBPU added PUF produces more charred residues than the other flame retardant added PUF. It was found that TBPU added PUF exhibits low mean heat release rate (HRR), peak HRR, effective heat of combusion (EHC), mass loss rate (MLR), CO yield and $CO_2$ compared to those other flame retardants.

Evaluation of Combustion gas during Fire Tests of Veneers Coated with Ammonium Salts (암모늄염으로 도포시킨 베니어판의 연소 시에 발생하는 연소가스 평가)

  • Jin, Eui;Chung, Yeong-Jin
    • Fire Science and Engineering
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    • v.30 no.5
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    • pp.93-99
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    • 2016
  • This study tested the combustion characteristics of veneer specimens coated with four kinds of ammonium salts. Each veneer specimen was coated three times with 20 wt.% ammonium salt solutions at room temperature. After drying, the combustion characteristics of the specimens coated with chemicals, were investigated using the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1, 2). The specimens coated with monoammonium phosphate (MAPP) and, diammonium phosphate (DMPP) showed a 6.7% and, 10.0%, lower mean heat release rate ($HRR_{mean}$), respectively, than that of the uncoated specimen. On the other hand, the specimens coated with MAPP showed a 15.7% higher $CO_{peak}$ production rate and the specimens coated with DAPP showed by 8.2% lower rate than that of the uncoated specimen. The veneer coated with ammonium sulfate (AMSF) and DAPP showed a 9.6% and 33.3% lower the peak smoke production rate ($SPR_{peak}$) than that of the uncoated specimen. In addition, the time to the peak smoke extinction area ($SEA_{peak}$) was delayed by 38.4% in the specimens coated with DAPP than the uncoated specimen. Therefore, DAPP inhibited the combustion properties of the veneer and showed a tendency to reduce smoke production.