• Health Policy and Management
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.21-53
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to measure the resource use of the elderly in long-term care services and to examine the effects of patient and facility characteristics on their use of resources. The data were collected from 510 old people over sixty years of age, residing in five long-term care hospitals and two skilled nursing homes during the period between December 1, 2000 and February 28, 2001. For a full sample, when the first level of RUG(Resource Use Group)-III categories were employed as the proxy of patient severity, facility characteristics, such as location, size and ownership, have large effects on the resource use measured by service intensity, whereas patient characteristics such as severity have little or no effect. The resource use is significantly high if the facility: (1) is located in rural areas (gun): (2) has mare than 200 beds; (3) is a long-term care hospital; (4) is private; and (5) has a low percentage of medical aid patients. The analysis of the resource use in each RUG-III categories, for which ADL(Ability of Daily Living) were employed as the prosy of patient severity, shows a similar result. The loose relationship between the needs of residents and the resource use seems to be closely associated with the ineffective reimbursement system for providers. The current reimbursement system has no provision for quality improvement and reimburses facilities simply according to their types: fee-for-service for long-term care hospitals, and monthly-flat-rate or full-coverage-national-aid for skilled nursing facilities. It will be necessary to develop a more reasonable reimbursement system that takes patient's severity into account and gives incentives for long-term care providers to offer cost-effective services.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.17-27
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• 2000

This Study carried out for the purpose of basic data collection school teachers in Korea during September 2000 at Seoul, Kangwon province and JeonRaBuk province. 534 teachers among 600 school health teachers was analyzed by SPSS program. The major findings is as follows; 1. Mean score of Job-satisfaction is $25.52{\pm}4.46$ as 50 total point. Staff cooperation $2.96{\pm}.93$ is the highest score and promotion system $2.02{\pm}1.06$ is the lowest score as 5 total point by Job-satisfaction factor 2. Age-specific mean scores are $20.63{\pm}4.44$ at age of $20{\sim}29$, $25.77{\pm}4.15$ at age of $30{\sim}39$, $27.69{\pm}4.63$ at age of $40{\sim}49$ and $27.11{\pm}5.26$ at age of more than 50. 'Promotion', 'Health education', 'Cooperation of school physician', 'Allocation of professional' and 'Professional skill' are significantly different by age group. 3. Job-satisfaction of long period working teachers is higher than that of short workers, 'Salary system' and 'Professional skill' by factor are significantly different. 4. Job satisfaction by area is not significantly different, and 'Professional skill' as a factor of urban is higher than rural area. 5. Job-satisfaction by school level is not significantly different, and 'Health budget', 'Cooperation of school physician', 'Allocation of professional' and 'Professional skill' are significantly different by level of school. 6. Job-satisfaction of big size school is higher than that of small school and 'Health education' of big size school is high. 7. Job-satisfaction of low education is low score and 'Salary', 'Textbook for health education', 'Health facility' and 'Professional skill' are differnt. 8. 'Educational background', 'Size of school' and 'Level of school' are significantly affected to 'Salary system', this three varialbles explained 13.8% of the total. We can express job -satisfaction of 'Salary system' ; y=2.677-$.182X_6$(Education)+$.120X_5$(Size of school)+$.019X_4$(Level of school) 9. 'Age group', 'Working period' and 'Size of school' are affected to 'Cooperation of school physician', and three variables explain 13.2% of total. We can express job-satisfaction of 'Cooperation of school physician' ; y=2.644+$.247X_1$(Age)+$.179X_2$(Working period)-$.133X_5$(Size of school) 10. 'Working period', 'Education of teacher', and 'Working area' are affected professional skill, this three variables explain 13.5% of job-satisfaction of professional skill. We can express 'Professional skill' ; y=3.076+$.11X_2$(Working period)-$1.06X_6$(Education)-$.126X_3$(Working area). 11. 'Education', 'Age', 'Size of school' and 'Working period' are affected to total job-satisfaction, this four variables explain 14.2% of total satisfaction. We can express job-satisfaction of school health teacher; y=19.76-$.126X_6$(Education)+$.215X_1$(Age)+$.107X_5$(Size of school)+$.121X_2$(Working period).

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.496-501
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• 2019

Background: In this study, wage status and wage determinants of care workers were analyzed. Methods: The analysis used database (DB) of long-term care institutions, DB of long-term care institutions, DB of long-term care workers, DB of health insurance qualification, and contribution possessed by National Health Insurance Services. We analyzed the wage status of the care workers from 2009 to 2016 through basic analysis and estimated the factors affecting the wage of the long-term care facilities' care workers using pooled ordinary least squares. Results: The monthly average wage of care workers was raised from Korean won (KRW) 1.37 million in 2009 to KRW 1.52 million in 2016, and the working hours were shortened by 20 hours from 207 hours to 187 hours. Hourly wages increased by KRW 1,329 from KRW 6,831 in 2009 to KRW 8,160 in 2016. The average monthly wage of care workers was affected by gender, age, years of employment, monthly working hours, establishment type, city size, institutional size, the grade of the institution, and management status. In particular, the wage level of the care workers was high when the larger the size of the institution, the better the management status (fill rate), the establishment type is "government and local government" and "corporation," the institutional rating is high, and the facility manager has the first grade of the social worker license. Conclusion: The government should consider aggressive policies to improve the treatment of care workers as well as the quality of long-term care services so that there will be more long-term care facilities that are guaranteed social publicity above a certain level.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.116-135
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• 1991

Few studies have been conducted on the detailed routes of medical care utilization under the National Health Insurance. This study was undertaken to identify the utilization patte군 of health care facilities among industrial workers and their dependents. One of the largest health insurance association was purposively chosen for this objective. The association had 345, 757 members as of 31 December, 1990. The study sample of 297, 948 subjects have been drawn from the membership pool on the basis of their continuous membership status during 1 January through 31 December 1990. This study has tried to identify differential utilization patterns between acute and chronic conditions, and among standard income classes. All the diagnoses were recoded in a manner to achieve the objective of this study. As for acute diseases, most age group had used one medical facility as much as by 60% except the age group of 1-4, This young age group had used over three different health facilities as much as by 10.9-15.8%. The finding suggests that some policy measures by sought for remedying the excessive/inappropriate use of services. In addition, mid-income classes(between 17 and 48) were more likely to use multiple sources of care than lower income classes(between 1 and 16) and upper income classes(above 49). This study has revealed that chronic cases are more likely to pursue multiple sources of care, however those with chronic conditions tend to use single health facility more than those with acute conditions(67.9% versus 52.4%). As many as 12.2% have visited more than three health facilities in chronic conditions, but 5.9% for acute conditions. The most likely source of care was primary clinics for both acute and chronic conditions. Compared with the role of general hospital, small-size hospitals found to play a minimal role in the care and referral of patients. This indicates the need of strengthening the function of small-size hospitals. While a minor cross utilization of western medicine and pharmacy was noted, no significant boundary crossing was identified between western medicine and oriental medicine, or between pharmacy and oriental medicine. It is too early to confirm that whether there is substitutability or cross utilization among these alternative sources of care. A further study is needed to identify these relationship.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.603-608
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• 2011

According to the labor related data from Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency, accident victims of construction industry are increasing 6% annually since 2006. The major reason why the rate of accidents increases in Korea is that lots of labor working with another trades works simultaneously in various type of works. This study analyzes the current accident status in view of the type of building, type of works, and project size for the latest 3 years (2007~2009). As a result, 'single family & semi-detached houses' has the largest number of accidents among buildings. In addition, 'finishing work' shows the highest number in terms of work type. For the size, accidents occurred much for 'less than 300 million'. The results of this study can be used to focus on managing the highly hazardous area where the construction accidents mostly occur; therefore, it is anticipated to contribute to improve efficiency of safety management.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.719-725
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• 2020

Objectives: With the growth of national interest in fine particulate matter, many complaints about pollutants emitted from air pollution emitting facilities have arisen in recent years. In particular, it is thought that a large volume of particulate pollutants are discharged from workplaces that use Solid Refuse Fuel (SRF). Therefore, particulate contaminants generated from SRF were measured and analyzed in this study in terms of respective particle sizes. Methods: In this study, particulate matter in exhaust gas was measured by applying US EPA method 201a using a cyclone. This method measures Filterable Particulate Matter (FPM), and does not consider the Condensable Particulate Matter (CPM) that forms particles in the atmosphere after being discharged as a gas in the exhaust gas. Results: The mass concentration of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) in the four SRF-using facilities was 1.16 to 11.21 mg/Sm3, indicating a very large concentration deviation of about 10 times. When the fuel input method was the continuous injection type, particulate matter larger than 10 ㎛ diameter showed the highest particle size fraction, followed by particulate matter smaller than 10 ㎛ and larger than 2.5 ㎛, and particulate matter of 2.5 ㎛ or less. Contrary to the continuous injection type, the batch injection type had the smallest particle size fraction of particulate matter larger than 10 ㎛. The overall particulate matter decreased as the operating load factor decreased from 100% to 60% at the batch input type D plant. In addition, as incomplete combustion significantly decreased, the particle size fraction also changed significantly. Both TSP and heavy metals (six items) satisfied the emissions standards. The measured value of the emission factor was 38-99% smaller than the existing emissions factor. Conclusions: In the batch injection facility, the particulate matter decreased as the operating load factor decreased, as did the particle size fraction of the particulate matter. These results will help the selection of effective methods such as reducing the operating load factor instead of adjusting the operating time during emergency reduction measures.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.27-35
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• 2019

Purpose: This study is to address the spacial composition of a standard ward and bedroom size for sake of infection control and efficient medical service. Methods: Spacial composition of a standard ward has been proposed by comparative analysis of 5 big hospitals' wards. Bedroom sizes have been explored on the ground of Health care facility regulations from Korea, USA, Australia and Canada. Of course, Literature and field survey have been conducted in order to draw out various bedroom sizes. Results: 16 basic and some other additional spaces have been proposed for the composition of hospital standard ward. Area of Single bedroom is $11.6m^2$, and that of multi-beded room is $7.4m^2$. Bed to bed Clearance is 1.5m, spacing between bedsize and hard wall is 0.9m in 1~2 beded room, 0.75m in 4-beded room. Space clearance between Foot side of bed and curtain is proposed as 0.3m and additional 0.9m is necessary for the circulation. Implications: The result of this study can be applied to the new cons.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.267-278
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• 2021

Objectives: Using atmospheric dispersion representative models (AERMOD and CALPUFF), the emissions characteristics of each model were compared and analyzed in ready-mixed concrete manufacturing facilities that generate a large amount of particulate matter (PM-10, PM-2.5). Methods: The target facilities were the ready-mixed concrete manufacturing facilities (Siheung RMC, Goyang RMC, Ganggin RMC) and modeling for each facility was performed by dividing it into construction and operation times. The predicted points for each target facility were selected as 8-12ea (Siheung RMC 10, Goyang RMC 8, and Gangjin RMC 12ea) based on an area within a two-kilometer radius of each project district. The terrain input data was SRTM-3 (January-December 2019). The meteorological input data was divided into surface weather and upper layer weather data, and weather data near the same facility as the target facility was used. The predicted results were presented as a 24-hour average concentration and an annual average concentration. Results: First, overall, CALPUFF showed a tendency to predict higher concentrations than AERMOD. Second, there was almost no difference in the concentration between the two models in non-complex terrain such as in mountainous areas, but in complex terrain, CALPUFF predicted higher concentrations than AERMOD. This is believed to be because CALPUFF better reflected topographic characteristics. Third, both CALPUFF and AERMOD predicted lower concentrations during operation (85.2-99.7%) than during construction, and annual average concentrations (76.4-99.9%) lower than those at 24 hours. Fourth, in the ready-mixed concrete manufacturing facility, PM-10 concentration (about 40 ㎍/m³) was predicted to be higher than PM-2.5 (about 24 ㎍/m³). Conclusions: In complex terrain such as mountainous areas, CALPUFF predicted higher concentrations than AERMOD, which is thought to be because CALPUFF better reflected topographic characteristics. In the future, it is recommended that CALPUFF be used in complex terrain and AERMOD be used in other areas to save modeling time. In a ready-mixed concrete facility, PM-10, which has a relatively large particle size, is generated more than PM-2.5 due to the raw materials used and manufacturing characteristics.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.50-61
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• 2015

Advances in healthcare technology and rapid economic growth lead to the increased life expectancy and consequently the size of elderly population. Korea is one of the countries that are rapidly aging. Thus, it is particularly important to prepare for the aging society. Recently, the number of healthcare institutions for the elderly citizens has increased. The purpose of selecting a hospital for the elderly is, in general, maintenance of health rather than improvement of health receiving proper treatment. Unlike choosing a hospital for treatment, customers of a long term care hospital have a different set of factors to consider. Especially, when choosing a long term care hospital, the influence of patient's family is greater than the patient. This study examines the factors they consider for long term care hospital. A total of 198 questionnaires were collected from the families of actual patients of long term care hospitals. Twelve questionnaires were found to be non-usable because of missing and unsatisfactory responses. Consequently, 186 questionnaires were used for the analyses. Findings of this study are as follows. First, seven factors have been identified to consider when choosing a long term care hospital for the elderly. They include convenience of facilities, costs variety of facility programs, service hours, reputation, accessibility, quality of medical staff, medical facilities, and facility size. Second, This study measured both importance and satisfaction with these attributes and analyzed the difference between them. Satisfaction was lower than importance in the categories of convenience of facilities, costs, and programs, and accessibility. On the other hand, satisfaction was higher in terms of service hours, reputation, and quality of medical staff. Finally, the current study found positive impact of accessibility and quality of medical staff on reuse intention of a long term care hospital.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.67-80
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• 2014

Purpose : Long-term Care Insurance sets up facility standard and installation standard of aged care facilities and decides the presence of minimum number of rooms and its size in care facilities by using systematic instruments. Therefore, most aged care facilities had renovation in expansion and reconstruction following the revised regulations and even facility space structure and space composition are continuously improving. The study is to determine the purpose and trend by comparing before and after space composition of facilities which followed the implementation of Long-term Care Insurance and also to suggest hierarchical space composition suitable for aged care facilities through derived problems and to provide basic materials to plan the most appropriate facility for the aged. Methods : J-graph based on Space Syntax Theory will be schematized through in-site facility survey and before and after facility floor plan. Space composition trend will be analyzed by comparing indexes through S3 program. Results : As a result of 5 cases analysis, the following results were found; the average of whole space depth is increasing due to the Extension, the number of volunteers is decreasing and rooms for geriatric care helpers are being created due to the geriatric care helper introduction duty. Also, there are solariums being created to improve the health of the aged and dispensaries are being placed on every floor with the increase of documentary work for geriatric care helpers. With the policy implementation, care facility space composition and structure are changing with facility standard and it was analyzed that facilities were mostly put under the control of limited number of people in care room and total ground area per person. It was also found that there is increase in care space integration through before and after comparison of whole integration value. This is considered as the important result not only in facility standard satisfaction, but also in care support of geriatric care helpers and the aged, its main users. Implication : In order for elderly care facilities to have quality improvement and to develop as suitable facilities for characteristics of the aged, independent environmental facility standard preparation of elderly care facilities is needed through mutual cooperation of construction fields with regulation and policy related researches.