• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.956-964
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of continuous muscle strengthening applied to the antagonist of the sternocleidomatoid, upper trapezius, and pectoralis major, which are the shortened muscles of forward head posture(FHP) subjects, and Evjenth-Hamberg stretching(EHS) applied to the shortened muscles on changes in pressure pain threshold(PPT). Twenty subjects were divided into the continuous antagonist strengthening(CAS) group(n=10) and the EHS group(n=10), and each group performed its respective exercise three times a week for a six week period. The results were as follows: The comparison of changes in PPT within each group before and after the treatment showed a statistically significant difference(p<.05) according to the treatment period and a statistically significant difference according to the treatment period and method(p<.05). While the comparison of the tests of between subjects effects between the groups did not show a statistically significant difference, the CAS group exhibited better effects. The above results suggest that the combined application of CAS and EHS generates better effects on changes in PPT than the single application of EHS. Given that stretching and muscle strengthening exercises even for the short research period of six weeks could change the PPT, continuous exercises and a correct postural habit for a longer period of time are likely to help prevent chronic pain and correct FHP.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.9-16
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to assess the effect of changes in forward head posture (FHP), neck mobility and headache clinical parameters on episodic tension-type headache (ETTH) and chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) who did craniocervial exercises. Methods: Twelve CTTH subjects and twelve ETTH subjects were studied. Side-view pictures of subjects were taken in both sitting and standing positions, in order to assess FHP by measuring the craniovertebral angle. Cervical range of motion (CROM) was employed to measure cervical mobility. A headache diary was kept to assess headache intensity, frequency, and duration. All subjects did three types of craniocervical exercise over 8 weeks. Measurements were done at pre-treatment, and at 4 and 8 weeks post-treatment. Results: Forward head posture and headache-related clinical parameters showed a significant improvement after craniocervical exercise (p<0.05). Flexion/extension and left/right rotation of CROM was significantly increased after the intervention (p<0.05), whereas changes in left/right bending did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: This study indicates that craniocervical exercise may be effective in the management of tension-type headache.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 2009

Purpose: This study assessed the differences in the forward head posture (FHP), cervical range of motion, and headache clinical parameters in episodic tension-type headache (ETTH) subjects, chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) subjects, and healthy controls (university students). Methods: Fifteen CTTH subjects, 15 ETTH subjects and 15 controls without headache were examined. Side-view images of each group were taken in both the sitting and standing positions, in order to assess the FHP by measuring the craniovertebral angle. The CROM was used to measure the cervical range of motion. A headache diary was kept for 4 weeks to assess the headache intensity, frequency, and duration. Results: The craniovertebral angle was smaller, ie, there was a greater FHP, in the CTTH and ETTH subjects than in the healthy controls in both the sitting and standing positions (p<0.05). The CTTH and ETTH subjects showed a lower cervical range of motion than the healthy controls in the total range of motion as well as in the half-cycles (p<0.05). Conclusion: The increased FHP and decreased cervical range of motion might be a contributing factor in the initiation of tension-type headache.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2019

Background: The purpose of this study is investigate the effects of cervical range of motion (ROM) and forward head posture (FHP) on cervical manual traction in normal adults. Methods: The subjects were randomly assigned to either the experimental group(Female 9, Male 6) who conducted the manual cervical traction or the control group(Female 9, Male 6) who did not conduct the any intervention. The subject in the EG have conducted the 1 set of 10 minutes of manual cervical traction per day, 2 times a week for 6 weeks. The cervical ROM was measured by the digital inclinometer and The factors of FHP was measured by cranial vertebral angle (CVA) and cranial rotation angle (CRA). Results: Comparing the cervical ROM and FHP between the experimental and control groups before and after the experiment, it could be seen that flexion, extension, right lateral flexion, left lateral flexion, CVA and CRA of the experimental group has been increased. Thus, cervical manual traction was resulted in the increased cervical ROM and decrease FHP. Conclusion: In this study, it was confirmed that cervical manual traction affects increase cervical ROM and decrease FHP that play a important role in neck stability and mobility.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.218-223
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of active vibration exercise on the neck pain, disability index, and muscle activity of patients with forward head posture. Methods: A total of 24 patients were randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control group (n=12 each). The experimental group performed active vibration exercise using a flexi-bar for 20 minutes a day, five times a week for four weeks. The study measured patient neck pain using a visual analog scale, neck pain related disability using the neck disability index, and muscle activity using electromyography. Results: The intragroup comparison showed significant differences in the visual analog scale score, neck disability index score and upper trapezius, lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscle activity values among patients in the experimental group. The intergroup comparison showed that differences in the visual analog scale score, neck disability index score and upper trapezius, lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscle activity values in the control group. Conclusion: This study showed that active vibration exercise was effective in improving the neck pain, disability index, and muscle activity of patients with forward head posture.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.19-27
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• 2020

Purpose : We aimed to investigate the effect of cranio-cervical flexion exercises(CCFE) with visual feedback(VF) on the muscle activity of the upper trapezius in forward head posture (FHP) and whether deficits in proprioception affect the changes in muscle activity. Methods : Twenty subjects with FHP were assigned to one of 2 groups according to deficits in proprioception. The muscle activity of the upper trapezius during arm movement under three exercise conditions (resting, CCFE, and VF + CCFE). Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare differences in muscle activity according to the exercise conditions between the groups and to analyze the interactions between groups and conditions. Results : Significant differences were observed in muscle activity according to the exercise condition (p<.05), with no significant differences between the groups. The muscle activity of the upper trapezius was significantly different between the resting and VF +CCFE conditions (p<.05), with no significant difference between the resting and CCFE conditions (p>.05). Conclusion : The results of this study showed that the CCFE combined with VF are an effective intervention for FHP to train deep muscles selectively. In addition, the loss of proprioceptive sensation is not related to changes in muscle activity during exercises.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.436-445
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• 2022

Objective: Deformation of soft tissues around the neck and scapularcan caused by forward head posture(FHP), which has an uncomfortable effect on biomechanical changes in the scapula as well as functional disorders of the shoulder. However, studies related to direct FHP, biomechanical changes in the scapulafunction, and shoulder pain and disorder have not yet been conducted. Therefore, purpose of this study is to effect of decresedthe FHP on the shoulder function of the sacpular biomechanical examine the change in the shoulder painand disorder. Design: A randomized controlled trial Methods: The participants were 32adults(23.03±3.90 years) recruited and redivided randomly into Forward head posture corrective exercise(FHPCE) vs Control. The FHPCE group was proceeded according to the over load principle through 2steps biofeedback exercise and corrective exercise(n=16). The control (n=16) was TENS did not operated and padding 20 minute. This study was conducted 3 times a week for 4a weeks. Results: FHPCE group is improve in the results of craneocervical angle(p<0.05, 95% CI: 0.352, 4.073). In Mechanical changes of scapula in the shoulder flexion more significant improvement in FHPCE than control group[Axis X(p<0.05), Y(p<0.01), Z(p<0.01)], and shoulder abductionmore significant improvement in FHPCE than control group[xis X(p<0.01)], as well FHPCE showed significant increased in the results in the shoulder pain(p<0.05, 95% CI: -13.244, -1.566) Conclusions: This study suggected that FHP affects the biomechanical changes of the shoulder, and a new method for shoulder pain intervention

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 1988

The effect of cervical proprioceptors on the control of eye movement and body posture was examined in unanesthetized labyrinthine intact and bilateral labyrinthectomized cats. Cervico-ocular reflex(COR) was elicited by stimulation of the cervical proprioceptors by means of sinusoidal rotation of head or body in the darkness. The following results were obtained: 1) In labyrinthine intact cats, sinusoidal rotation of the whole body elicited compensatory eye movement(vestibulo-ocular reflex: VOR); the direction of eye movement was opposite to the direction of head rotation. 2) Anticompensatory eye movement was observed by sinusoidal rotation of the body with head fixed in labyrinthine intact cats; the direction of eye movement was the same as the direction of head rotation. 3) Compensatory eye movement was observed by sinusoidal rotation of the head with body fixed or sinusoidal rotation of the body with head fixed in both acute and chronic bilateral labyrinthectomized cats. These results suggest that the cervical proprioceptors are important in the control of ocular movement and posture in the bilateral labyrintectomized cats, although they are questionable in labyrinthine intact cats.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.99-118
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• 2019

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to analyze trends of posture pattern in Korean literature. Methods : We searched four Korean databases (NDSL, RISS, OASIS, and KISTI) and classified the studies according to publication year and the study type. Additionally, we analyzed clinical research papers according to the predominant reported posture pattern, the type of study, assessment for clinical outcomes. Results : In total, 50 published studies were included in our analysis, and we determined the following: By study type, there were 37 interventional studies, 6 observational studies and 7 non-clinical research papers. In the interventional studies, the most common posture pattern was the forward head posture pattern, which was investigated in 22 studies. As a tool for evaluating posture pattern, cervical vertebral angle and the height of the scapula inferior angle are used most. Conclusions : Although this study has provided insight into the commonly investigated posture patterns types in Korean clinical studies, further research is required and future studies should include randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews in their analyses.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.221-230
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• 1997

It has been known that head posture may influence directly and/or indirectly the growth and development of craniofacial morphology and can also be influenced by the funtional demand of physiologic activity. It was reported that facial morphology has close relationships with hyoid bone position and head posture. In many previous studies, Natural Head Posture(NHP) was guided, and also it was shown that NHP has high degree of reproducibility. Otherwise, There was few study about the relationship of head posture, with routine cephalometric film which is used for clinical orthodontic purpose. In this study, according to the Wits and ANB of initial cephalometric film which was taken with vertical pendulum as representative of true vertical reference line. We classified the subjects which is comprised of 60 adult female patients into Class I, II, III (Cl I, II, III)and we tried to find out the correlation of head posture and hyoid bone position according to the classification of malocclusion. As a result of our research, we found the followigs. 1. In comparison of vertical position of hyoid bone relative to the cranial base. the position of hyoid bone of Cl III was lower than that of Cl II. 2. In comparison of anteriorpostes or position of hyoid bone, relative to the cervical column. The position of hyoid bone of Cl III was more anterior than that of a II 3. in comparison of vertical position of hyoid bone relative to mandible. There was no significant correlation aumoug the groups of malocclusion. 4. ANB and Wits showed no significant correlation with hyoid bone position. 5. The relative extension of head, which was noted in Cl II, showed negative with Sum, ANB. 6. In Cl II and Cl III, Post to Ant facial height showed positive correlation with NSL/VER.