• Title/Summary/Keyword: Harvest Time

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Effect of Thresher Drum-Speed on the Quality of the Milled Rice (탈곡기의 급동 속도가 도정 손실에 미치는 영향)

  • 정창주;고학균;이종호;강화석
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.10-24
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    • 1979
  • It is understood that drum speed of threshers and the moisture content of paddy grains to be threshed, respectively, have a signific:mt effect upon rice recoveries. Threshing under an increased drum speed would give a high performance rate, which is the general practice in custom work threshing in association with the use of semiauto-t hreshers. In the connection, however, it may result in the promotion of grain cracks and brokens of the rice product after milling. No reference or determination for an opti mum drum speed of the thresher is made available for various grain moisture contents at the time of the threshing operation and for different rice varieties especially for the Tongil rice varieties. This study was Conducted to find out and determine effects of the drum speeds on grain losses. The grain loss was quantified in terms of recovery rates of rice grains after treatments. Samples of each of all treatments were taken from the grain sampling plate placed in the grain conveyor of threshers. The grain sample plate was specially provided for this experiment. The brown-rice, milling, and head-rice recJveries were tes ted in the laboratory mill, respectively. Two rice varieties, Akibare and Suweon 251, each with five levels of different moist\ulcornerure contents at harvest and six levels of different drum speeds of threshers, were selected and used for treatments in this experiment. Two conditions of materials were tested in the thresher. One condition was to thresh the experimental material immediately after cutting, referred to as the wet-material thr eshing in this study. The other was to thresh the experimental :material, dried to contain about 15-16 percent of the grain moisture under the shocking operation. This is referred to as the dry-material threshing in this study. In additioon, field measurements for the grain moistures and drum-sdeeds under actual operation practices of the traditional field threshing, were conducted with a view to comparing with results of the experimental treatments. The results of the study may be summarized as follows: 1. For threshing treatments of Japonica-type rice variety (Akibare) , the effect of drum speeds and levels of grain moisture at cutting upon brown-rice, milling, and head-rice recoveries were found statistically significant. No significant difference in these recovery rates was noticed regardless of whether the material was threshed right after cutting or after drying by the shocking operation. 2. For the Tongil-sister rice variety(Suweon 251), milling recovery for the varied drum-speed and the grain~moisture level at cutting was found statististically significant. Th milling recovery was much significant when associated with the wet-material thres\ulcornerhing compared to the dry-material threshing. 3. The optimum peripheral velocity to be maintained at the edge of teeth on the thr\ulcorneresher drum was determined and may be recommanded as that of about 12 to 13 meters per second in view of the maximum recovery rate of the milled rice. 4. The effect of the drum speed on the qualitative loss of the milled rice was much greater in the case of the Tongil variety than Japonica. This effect was also greater by the wet-material threshing than by the dry-material threshing. Therefore, to apply the wet-material threshing operation for the Tongil variety, in particular, it should be very important to introduce the kind of threshing technology which would maintain the drum speed at optimum. 5. A field survey for the actual drum speed of threshing operations for 50 threshers indicated that average peripheral velccity was 12.76m/sec., and that the range was from 10.50 to 14.90m/sec. Approximately, more than 30% of the experimented and measured threshers were being operated at speeds which exceeded the optimum speed determined and assessed in this study. Accordingly, it should be highly desirable and important to take counter-measures against these threshing practices of operational overspeed.

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Effect of Thresher Drum-Speed on the Quality of the Milled Rice (탈곡기의 급동 속도가 도정 손실에 미치는 영향)

  • Chung, Chang Joo;Koh, Hak Kyun;Lee, Chong Ho;Kang, Hwa Seug
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.9-9
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    • 1979
  • It is understood that drum speed of threshers and the moisture content of paddy grains to be threshed, respectively, have a signific:mt effect upon rice recoveries. Threshing under an increased drum speed would give a high performance rate, which is the general practice in custom work threshing in association with the use of semiauto-t hreshers. In the connection, however, it may result in the promotion of grain cracks and brokens of the rice product after milling. No reference or determination for an opti mum drum speed of the thresher is made available for various grain moisture contents at the time of the threshing operation and for different rice varieties especially for the Tongil rice varieties. This study was Conducted to find out and determine effects of the drum speeds on grain losses. The grain loss was quantified in terms of recovery rates of rice grains after treatments. Samples of each of all treatments were taken from the grain sampling plate placed in the grain conveyor of threshers. The grain sample plate was specially provided for this experiment. The brown-rice, milling, and head-rice recJveries were tes ted in the laboratory mill, respectively. Two rice varieties, Akibare and Suweon 251, each with five levels of different moist?ure contents at harvest and six levels of different drum speeds of threshers, were selected and used for treatments in this experiment. Two conditions of materials were tested in the thresher. One condition was to thresh the experimental material immediately after cutting, referred to as the wet-material thr eshing in this study. The other was to thresh the experimental :material, dried to contain about 15-16 percent of the grain moisture under the shocking operation. This is referred to as the dry-material threshing in this study. In additioon, field measurements for the grain moistures and drum-sdeeds under actual operation practices of the traditional field threshing, were conducted with a view to comparing with results of the experimental treatments. The results of the study may be summarized as follows: 1. For threshing treatments of Japonica-type rice variety (Akibare) , the effect of drum speeds and levels of grain moisture at cutting upon brown-rice, milling, and head-rice recoveries were found statistically significant. No significant difference in these recovery rates was noticed regardless of whether the material was threshed right after cutting or after drying by the shocking operation. 2. For the Tongil-sister rice variety(Suweon 251), milling recovery for the varied drum-speed and the grain~moisture level at cutting was found statististically significant. Th milling recovery was much significant when associated with the wet-material thres?hing compared to the dry-material threshing. 3. The optimum peripheral velocity to be maintained at the edge of teeth on the thr?esher drum was determined and may be recommanded as that of about 12 to 13 meters per second in view of the maximum recovery rate of the milled rice. 4. The effect of the drum speed on the qualitative loss of the milled rice was much greater in the case of the Tongil variety than Japonica. This effect was also greater by the wet-material threshing than by the dry-material threshing. Therefore, to apply the wet-material threshing operation for the Tongil variety, in particular, it should be very important to introduce the kind of threshing technology which would maintain the drum speed at optimum. 5. A field survey for the actual drum speed of threshing operations for 50 threshers indicated that average peripheral velccity was 12.76m/sec., and that the range was from 10.50 to 14.90m/sec. Approximately, more than 30% of the experimented and measured threshers were being operated at speeds which exceeded the optimum speed determined and assessed in this study. Accordingly, it should be highly desirable and important to take counter-measures against these threshing practices of operational overspeed.

Influence of Fly Ash Application on Content of Heavy Metals in the Soil -III. Content Change in the Rice and Soybean by the Application Rate (석탄회(石炭灰) 시용(施用)이 토양중(土壤中) 중금속(重金屬) 함량(含量)에 미치는 영향(影響) -III. 쌀과 콩중(中)의 중금속(重金屬) 함량변화(含量變化))

  • Kim, Bok-Young;Jung, Goo-Bok;Lim, Sun-Uk;Park, Jong-Hyun
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.27 no.3
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    • pp.220-225
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    • 1994
  • This study was conducted to investigate the influence of treatment of fly ash on heavy metal contents in the grain. Rice was cultivated on the two types of paddy field, clay loam and sandy loam soil, with 0, 4, 8, 12t/10a of anthracite fly ash and bituminous coal fly ash, respectively. And soybean was cultivated on the same types of upland field with those of 0, 3, 6, 9t/10a, respectively. Also. rice and soybean were cultivated the same types of paddy and upland field with those ashes of 0, 12ton/10a and 0, 9ton/10a, yearly for three years. At the harvest time, the heavy metal contents in rice and soybean were Investigated. The results were summarized as follows : 1. Amount of application. 1) The contents of Cd in brown rice increased in the clay loam soil. Cr and Ni increased sandy loam soil with the application of anthracite fly ash. 2) The contents of Zn in rice increased in the sandy loam soil with the application of bituminous coal fly ash. 3) The contents of Cu in soybean increased with the application of anthracite and bituminous coal fly ash, but Zn, Pb, Cr and Ni increased only with the bituminous. 2. Successive application. 1) The contents of Cd in brown rice increased in the clay and sandy loam soil, however Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr and Fe increased only in sandy loam soil with the anthracite fly ash. 2) The contents of Cr in soybean were increased in the clay and sandy loam soil, but Cu, Fe increased only sandy loam soil with anthracite fly ash. 3) The contents of Cd, Zn, and Cr in brown rice increased in the clay and sandy loam soil, but those of Cu, Mn increased only in the sandy loam soil with application of bituminous. 4) The contents of Cd, Pb, and Cr in soybean increased in the sandy loam soil with the application of bituminous coal fly ash.

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Studies on the soybean varieties in Korea. -IV relationships between the seed yields and some characteristics on the several sowing dates- (대두의 품종에 관한 연구 -제4보 파종기별 수량과 제특성과의 관계-)

  • Kwon-Yawl Chang
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.2
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    • pp.30-37
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    • 1964
  • Experiments were carried out to clarify the relationships between seed yields and some ecological characteristics, seed yields and some morphological characteristics, and the relationships among the varietal yields on the several sowing plots when grown under different climatic conditions. Twenty-four soybean varieties were used as the material, selected at random from 138 varieties which were cultivated the year before. These varieties were grown in the Experimental Farm, Chinju Agricultural College, Kyung Sang Namdo, Korea, and seed sowing was conducted at 5 times, from April to July, in 1962 and 1963. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Correlations between seed yields and some ecological characteristics on the sowing date bases are shown in Table 1. Among some ecological characteristics, it was observed that there wert close relationships between seed yields and days to flowering, and between seed yields and the total growing length, except on the late sowing, i.e. July sowing plots, However, there was no clear correlation between seed yields and durations of flowering, and between seed yields and days from flowering to maturity. 2. Correlations between seed yields and some morphological characteristics on the sowing date bases are shown in Table 2. From this table, it was also observed that there were some close relationships between seed yields and branch number for plant, stem diameter, plant weight, pod number per plant, and grain number per plant, but there was no clear relationship between seed yields and stem length, and between seed yields and 100 grain weight, on every sowing plot. 3. Relations between varietal yields and the sowing dates are shown in Table 3. Our leading varieties such as Ulsan, Sangdoo, Changdan Backmok, Iksan, Haman, Barchongdeo, and Anion Daerip, which belong to the maturity groups of IV, V, and VI, have been significantly high in yield at each sowing date plot, but the extreme early varieties, that frequently are damaged by insects, moisture and diseases, and the extreme late varieties, that frequently are caught by frost suffering reduced yield, are showed a lower yield than the others. However, extreme early varieties, for instance, Black Hawk, an American variety, and Chung Buk Baek, a Korean early variety, showed high productivity on the late sowing, June and July sowing plots, and Do san No. 6, which is late Japanese variety, showed a high yield on the extreme early sowing, i.e. April sowing plots. 4. Relations between seed yields and the sowing dates on the varietal bases are shown in Table 4. It was observed that, the early varieties did not differ much in yields at the various sowing dates while the yields of late varieties decreased progressively with subsequent dates. However, the extreme late varieties, such as Tamanishiki, that frequently are caught by frost suffering reduced yield, may be difficult to harvest at this location. The results in these experiments showed that in most cases maximum yields were obtained when leading varieties, which are medium or late varieties, were shown in Mid-May, and progressively lower yields were produced from June and July sowings. On the other hand, the late sowings of the early varieties, such as Black Hawk and Chung Buk Baek, in these experiments showed favorable yields compared with the others. From these results, we can predict that our local medium or late varieties produce higher yields at this location than was produced by early varieties in most of the sowing dates, especially the May sowing, and early varieties such as Black Hawk and Chung Buk Baek should be used in the late sowing, June sowing time.

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Studies on the soybean varieties in Korea -III. Relationships between the ecotypes and various characteristics- (대두의 품종에 관한 연구 -제3보 생태형과 제 특성간 그리고 수량과 제 특성간의 관계-)

  • Kwon-Yawl Chang
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.2
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    • pp.27-29
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    • 1964
  • Experiments were carried out to clarify the relationships between seed yields and some ecological characteristics, seed yields and some morphological characteristics, and the relationships among the varietal yields on the several sowing plots when grown under different climatic conditions. Twenty-four soybean varieties were used as the material, selected at random from 138 varieties which were cultivated the year before. These varieties were grown in the Experimental Farm, Chinju Agricultural College, Kyung Sang Namdo, Korea, and seed sowing was conducted at 5 times, from April to July, in 1962 and 1963. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Correlations between seed yields and some ecological characteristics on the sowing date bases are shown in Table 1. Among some ecological characteristics, it was observed that there wert close relationships between seed yields and days to flowering, and between seed yields and the total growing length, except on the late sowing, i.e. July sowing plots, However, there was no clear correlation between seed yields and durations of flowering, and between seed yields and days from flowering to maturity. 2. Correlations between seed yields and some morphological characteristics on the sowing date bases are shown in Table 2. From this table, it was also observed that there were some close relationships between seed yields and branch number for plant, stem diameter, plant weight, pod number per plant, and grain number per plant, but there was no clear relationship between seed yields and stem length, and between seed yields and 100 grain weight, on every sowing plot. 3. Relations between varietal yields and the sowing dates are shown in Table 3. Our leading varieties such as Ulsan, Sangdoo, Changdan Backmok, Iksan, Haman, Barchongdeo, and Anion Daerip, which belong to the maturity groups of IV, V, and VI, have been significantly high in yield at each sowing date plot, but the extreme early varieties, that frequently are damaged by insects, moisture and diseases, and the extreme late varieties, that frequently are caught by frost suffering reduced yield, are showed a lower yield than the others. However, extreme early varieties, for instance, Black Hawk, an American variety, and Chung Buk Baek, a Korean early variety, showed high productivity on the late sowing, June and July sowing plots, and Do san No. 6, which is late Japanese variety, showed a high yield on the extreme early sowing, i.e. April sowing plots. 4. Relations between seed yields and the sowing dates on the varietal bases are shown in Table 4. It was observed that, the early varieties did not differ much in yields at the various sowing dates while the yields of late varieties decreased progressively with subsequent dates. However, the extreme late varieties, such as Tamanishiki, that frequently are caught by frost suffering reduced yield, may be difficult to harvest at this location. The results in these experiments showed that in most cases maximum yields were obtained when leading varieties, which are medium or late varieties, were shown in Mid-May, and progressively lower yields were produced from June and July sowings. On the other hand, the late sowings of the early varieties, such as Black Hawk and Chung Buk Baek, in these experiments showed favorable yields compared with the others. From these results, we can predict that our local medium or late varieties produce higher yields at this location than was produced by early varieties in most of the sowing dates, especially the May sowing, and early varieties such as Black Hawk and Chung Buk Baek should be used in the late sowing, June sowing time.

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New Tool to Simulate Microbial Contamination of on-Farm Produce: Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation (재배단계 농산물의 안전성 모의실험을 위한 개체기반 프로그램 개발)

  • Han, Sanghyun;Lee, Ki-Hoon;Yang, Seong-Gyu;Kim, Hwang-Yong;Kim, Hyun-Ju;Ryu, Jae-Gee
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.8-13
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    • 2017
  • This study was conducted to develop an agent-based computing platform enabling simulation of on-farm produce contamination by enteric foodborne pathogens, which is herein called PPMCS (Preharvest Produce Microbial Contamination Simulator). Also, fecal contamination of preharvest produce was simulated using PPMCS. Although Agent-based Modeling and Simulation, the tool applied in this study, is rather popular in where socio-economical human behaviors or ecological fate of animals in their niche are to be predicted, the incidence of on-farm produce contamination which are thought to be sporadic has never been simulated using this tool. The agents in PPMCS including crop, animal as a source of fecal contamination, and fly as a vector spreading the fecal contamination are given their intrinsic behaviors that are set to be executed at certain probability. Once all these agents are on-set following the intrinsic behavioral rules, consequences as the sum of all the behaviors in the system can be monitored real-time. When fecal contamination of preharvest produce was simulated in PPMCS as numbers of animals, flies, and initially contaminated plants change, the number of animals intruding cropping area affected most on the number of contaminated plants at harvest. For further application, the behaviors and variables of the agents are adjustable depending on user's own scenario of interest. This feature allows PPMCS to be utilized in where different simulating conditions are tested.

Influence of degree of maturity and duration of cold treatment on the growth and flowering of L. elegans 'Connecticut King' bulb (Lilium elegans 'Connecticut King'의 촉성재배(促成栽培)에 있어서 구근(球根)의 숙도(熟度) 및 저온처리기간(低溫處理期間)이 생육(生育) 및 개화(開花)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Lee, Jeng;Shin, Hak Ki;Choi, Sang Tai
    • Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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    • v.9
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    • pp.147-155
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    • 1991
  • Effects of harvest date, number of the leaves remained on stump after flower cutting, duration of cold treatment on the growth and flowering of L. elegans 'Connecticut King' bulb were tested. Shoot emerging rate increased over 90% by delayed cold treatment, late harvesting time and more leaves remained. Flowering rate increased over 90% when conducted cold treatment of 90 days to the premature bulb at flowering date, the bulb matured for 50 days with 10 leaves and the bulb matured for over 30 days with 20 leaves, and when conducted cold treatment of 50 days to the bulb matured for over 30 days with all leaves. Delayed cold treatment duration shortened days needed to shoot emergence and flowering. Especially days to flower of the premature bulb at flowering date were the shortest of all treatments, and can be flowered within 100 days after planting. In generally, plant height, number of flowers per plant and stem diameter generally increased by longer bulb maturing period after flower cuting, and the premature bulb harvested at flowering date showed poor growing and flowering responses. But, if used the larger size bulb, it is believed that the prematured bulb can be forced to flower normally in current year without bulb maturing period.

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Safety Assesment of Pesticides Treated on Garlic to Control Black Rot during the Storage (마늘 저장 중 부패병 방제를 위하여 처리한 농약의 경시적 농약 잔류량 평가)

  • You, Oh-Jong;Jin, Yong-Duk;Hwang, Se-Gu;Lee, Yong-Hoon;Ihm, Yang-Bin;Kim, Jin-Bae;Kwon, Oh-Kyung;Kyung, Kee-Sung;Kim, Jang-Eok
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.148-158
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    • 2009
  • We tested and selected some agrochemicals reducing the occurrence of major pests and diseases during garlic storage. Tebuconazole, diphenylamine and prochloraz as fungicides and dimethate as a insecticide were sprayed or drenched before harvest. And the harvested garlic was dipped in each of the agrochemicals. The residues of pesticides in garlic bulbs treated were analyzed every month from harvesting time for 6 months. In case of Danyang garlic, which was treated with pesticides before and after harvesting, the residues of diphenylamine, tebuconazole, prochloraz, and dimethoate ranged from 0.008 to 0.28, from 0.03 to 0.32, from 0.02 to 0.12, and from 0.02 to 0.25 mg/kg, respectively. In case of Uiseong garlic, the residues of diphenylamine, tebuconazole, prochloraz and dimethoate ranged from 0.008 to 0.09, from 0.08 to 0.45, from 0.02 to 0.57, and from 0.04 to 0.38 mg/kg, respectively. And, in case of Namdo garlic, the residues of diphenylamine, tebuconazole, prochloraz, and dimethoate ranged from 0.008 to 0.52, from 0.07 to 1.67, from 0.02 to 0.17, and from 0.03 to 0.73 mg/kg, respectively. Some of the garlic samples treated with tebuconazole exceeded its maximum residue limits (MRLs) of 0.1 mg/kg set by Korea Food Drug Administration (KFDA), but dimethoate was detected below its MRL of 1.0 mg/kg. In case of diphenylamine and prochloraz, their MRLs for garlic were not set. Adapting their MRLs, 5.0 mg/kg of diphenylamine for apple and pear and 0.5 mg/kg of prochloraz for strawberry and grape, residue levels of diphenylamine and procloraz were below than their MRLs, with the exception of samples two times treated with procloraz in Namdo garlic. These results indicate that dimethoate can be used as an agrochemical to control the postharvest disease in garlic in only MRL aspect.

Effects of Vacuum Precooling on Shelf Life of Pleurotus eryngii during PE Packaging Storage (큰느타리 버섯의 PE 포장 저장 중 선도에 미치는 예냉처리 효과)

  • Beik, Kyung-Yean;Lee, Ye-Kyung;Kim, Jae-Won;Park, In-Sik;Kim, Soon-Dong
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.166-171
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    • 2009
  • The effects of vacuum precooling(VP) on the shelf-life of polyethylene film(PE) packaged King oyster mushrooms(Pleurotus eryngii) during storage at $-1^{\circ}C$ were investigated. VP was conducted below $0^{\circ}C$ in a $-1^{\circ}C$ cold chamber of 40 minutes, and mushrooms were stored for 30 days in batches of 1kg. The weight loss of the VP-treated mushroom was slightly lower than that of control. The $O_2$ concentrations of VP-treated mushroos, within 4 days of storage, were 2.44-14.50 %/kg-package/hr, thus higher than control values(2.01-8.19%/kg-package/hr). $CO_2$ generation of VP-treated mushrooms, again within 4 days of storage, was 0.47%/kg-package/hr, thus lower than that of controls(0.58%/kg-package/hr). The $CO_2/O_2$ ratio peaked on day 4 of storage in the control group, tbut no such peak was observed in VP-treated mushrooms. In the VP-treated fungi, lightness was higher, and redness and yellowness lower, than in controls, at all storage times.. In VP-treated mushrooms, strength, hardness and chewiness were significantly higher than in controls, but there were no significant differemces in springiness or cohesiveness. Softening and breakdown of under-cap wrinkles were observed in control mushrooms stored for 30 days, but occurred to a lesser extent in VP-treated fungi. Stipe reticulum tissue vessels in the 30 day-stored VP-treated mushrooms were relatively well-defined and clear, but were softer and diffuse in the control fungi. The results thus confirmed that VP after harvest enhanced mushroom shelf-life and PE packaging prolonged storage time. The data will have industrial applications.

Plant Characteristics and Dry Matter Production of Several Rice Varieties (수도품종(水稻品種)의 초형(草型)과 건물생산특성(乾物生産特性)의 변천(變遷))

  • Kim, Hong Kyu;Ahn, Su Bong
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.14 no.2
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    • pp.248-262
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    • 1987
  • This experiment was conducted to study plant characteristics and dry matter production of several rice varieties. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Culm length was gradually shortened as varieties were improved and showed significant decrease in Japonica X Indica hybrids. 2. Panicle length seems to be shortened as varieties changed from group I to group III. However, varieties in group IV had longer panicle length in spite of shortening tendency in other groups. 3. Leaf blade length was decreased as varieties improved, but leaf blade width was increased. 4. Panicle exertion showed significant decrease as varieties improved. 5. Number of panicles per square meter among Japonica varieties was gradually increased and similar to the number of spikelets per panicle. Number of spikelets on Indica X Japonica hybrids were higher than Japonica varieties, whereas 1,000 kernel weight was slightly decreased. 6. Dry weight of leaf sheath and culm, and leaf blade was highest at the time of heading and the weight of panicle showed significant increase between 10 and 20 days after heading. 7. The maximum crop growth ratios of leaf blade, stem and panicles were attadined at the stage of heading, booting and milking, respectively. 8. The distribution ratio of dry matter was higher in leaf blade than in stem at the tillering stage. At the heading stage, the distribution ratio of dry matter was higher in order of culm, leaf blade and panicle. At the maturing stage, the ratio was higher in order of panicle, stem and laf blade. 9. Correlation coefficients among grain yield, harvest index, and biological yield were all significant and they were positive.

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