• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.1114-1123
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• 2014

The study was designed to evaluate the effect of 2% seamustard (Undaria pinnatifida) by-product (SW) on growth performance, immunity, carcass characteristics, cholesterol content and fatty acid profile in Hanwoo steers. A total of 20 Hanwoo steers (ave. 22 months old; 619 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to control (basal diet) and 2% SW supplemented diet. Dietary SW supplementation significantly (p<0.05) improved average daily gain and gain:feed ratio as well as serum immunoglobulin G concentration. Chemical composition and quality grade of meat and carcass yield grades evaluated at the end of the trial were found to be unaffected by SW supplementation. Dietary SW significantly reduced meat cholesterol concentration (p<0.05). Dietary SW supplementation significantly reduced the myristic acid (C14:0) and palmitoleic acid (C16:ln-7) concentration, while SW increased the concentration of stearic acid (C18:0) and linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) compared to control (p<0.05). Dietary SW supplementation had no effect on saturated fatty acids (SFA), unsaturated fatty acids, poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) or mono unsaturated fatty acid content in muscles. A reduced ratio of PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 were found in SW supplemented group (p<0.05). In conclusion, 2% SW supplementation was found to improve growth, immunity and fatty acid profile with significantly reduced cholesterol of beef.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.784-788
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• 2008

Studies to detect genes responsible for economic traits in farm animals have been performed using parametric linear models. A non-parametric, model-free approach using the 'expanded multifactor-dimensionality reduction (MDR) method' considering high dimensionalities of interaction effects between multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), was applied to identify interaction effects of SNPs responsible for carcass traits in a Hanwoo beef cattle population. Data were obtained from the Hanwoo Improvement Center, National Agricultural Cooperation Federation, Korea, and comprised 299 steers from 16 paternal half-sib proven sires that were delivered in Namwon or Daegwanryong livestock testing stations between spring of 2002 and fall of 2003. For each steer at approximately 722 days of age, the Longssimus dorsi muscle area (LMA) was measured after slaughter. Three functional SNPs (19_1, 18_4, 28_2) near the microsatellite marker ILSTS035 on BTA6, around which the QTL for meat quality were previously detected, were assessed. Application of the expanded MDR method revealed the best model with an interaction effect between the SNPs 19_1 and 28_2, while only one main effect of SNP19_1 was statistically significant for LMA (p<0.01) under a general linear mixed model. Our results suggest that the expanded MDR method better identifies interaction effects between multiple genes that are related to polygenic traits, and that the method is an alternative to the current model choices to find associations of multiple functional SNPs and/or their interaction effects with economic traits in livestock populations.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.426-439
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• 2021

It is already well known that castration improves marbling quality but exact timing of castration is still highly debated in beef cattle production industry. After castration, blood hormonal changes occur in steer and objective of this study was to investigate the effects of growth hormone (GH) levels on adipocyte differentiation in stromal vascular cells (SVCs) and transdifferentiation into adipocytes in C2C12 myoblasts. Total GH concentrations were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 24 male calves and 4 female calves. Cell proliferation, cellular triglyceride (TG) accumulation, and the cell's lipolytic capability were measured in C2C12 myoblasts and SVCs. Myogenic, adipogenic, and brown adipocyte-specific gene expression was measured via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using SYBR green. Serum GH levels were the highest in late-castrated calves. Treatment with 5 ng/mL GH resulted in greater TG accumulation as well as increased CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ expression compared to that after treatment with 15 ng/mL GH. Treatment with 5 ng/mL GH also resulted in lower myogenin (myo)G and myoD expression compared to that after treatment with 15 ng/mL GH. The expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 7 after treatment with 5 ng/mL GH was higher than that after treatment with 15 ng/mL GH. But carcass characteristics data showed no significant difference between early and late castrated steers. Therefore, our results indicate that castration timing does not seem to be inevitable determinate of carcass qualities, particularly carcass weight and marbling score in Hanwoo beef cattle.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.171-178
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• 2007

본 연구는 숙성온도와 숙성기간이 한우 거세우 배최장근의 육질 특성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 숙성온도를 0, $4^{\circ}C$로 하여 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, 49일 동안 숙성하면서 한우 거세우 배최장근의 pH, 전단력, MFI, 가열 및 육즙감량, 전자현미경 관찰, 관능검사 및 아미노산 조성을 분석하였다. pH는 숙성온도가 $0^{\circ}C$일 때 숙성 21일까지, 숙성온도가 $4^{\circ}C$일 때 숙성 14일까지 증가하다가 감소하였다(p<0.05). 전단력 값은 숙성 14일부터 28일까지 $4^{\circ}C$에서 숙성한 배최장근이 $4^{\circ}C$보다 유의적으로 낮았고, 숙성기간이 경과함에 따라 유의적으로 연도가 향상되었다(p<0.05). MFI의 경우 $4^{\circ}C$에서 숙성한 배최장근 보다 $0^{\circ}C$에서 높은 경향을 보였고, 숙성기간이 경과함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). $0^{\circ}C$에서 숙성한 배최장근의 가열 및 육즙감량이 $4^{\circ}C$보다 적은 경향이었고, 숙성기간이 경과함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 관능검사에서 연도와 다즙성은 $0^{\circ}C$에서 숙성한 배최장근이 $4^{\circ}C$ 보다 좋은 평가를 보였고, 숙성기간이 경과하면서 유의적으로 높은 평가를 얻었다(p<0.05). 전자현미경에 의한 미세구조 변화는 $4^{\circ}C$에서 숙성한 배최장근이 $0^{\circ}C$보다 1주일 빠르게 Z-disk의 붕괴가 확실하게 관찰되었고, 숙성기간이 경과하면서 Z-disk의 붕괴정도가 많아졌다. 아미노산 함량 변화는 $4^{\circ}C$에서 숙성한 배최장근이 $0^{\circ}C$보다 높은 경향이었고, 숙성기간이 경과하면서 각 아미노산 조성의 함량이 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 한우 거세우 등심의 최적 숙성 조건은 $0^{\circ}C$에서는 14일간, $4^{\circ}C$에서는 7일간 숙성하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 사료되며, 향후 숙성기술의 산업적 적용을 위하여 한우의 부위 및 근육별 적정 숙성기간 설정 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.233-242
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pineapple cannery by-product (PCB) level on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing Hanwoo steers. Methods: The feeding stage was divided into early and late finishing stages. A total of 60 castrated Hanwoo steers (13.9±0.8 months old, 418.8±36.5 kg initial body weight [BW]) were blocked by initial BW and then randomly allotted into 12 pens (five head/pen). The pens were randomly assigned to control (CONT), low PCB (LPCB), or high PCB (HPCB) treatments. These diets contained 0%, 1.5%, or 3.0% of PCB (on a dry matter [DM] basis; as-fed basis was 0%, 10.6%, or 21.2%), respectively. Results: For the early finishing stage, body weight gain (BWG) and average daily gain (ADG) of the CONT and LPCB feeding groups were greater (p<0.05) than those of the HPCB feeding group. In addition, there were linear and quadratic effects on BWG and ADG with increasing dietary PCB level (p<0.05). The gain to feed (G:F) ratio tends to quadratically decrease with an increasing PCB level in the early finishing stage (p = 0.076). Growth performances of late finishing stage were not affected by PCB level. The marbling score of the LPCB feeding group was similar to that of the CONT feeding group. However, there was a linear decrease (p< 0.05) in marbling score and quality grade among treatments as PCB was increased in the diet. In the longissimus muscle free amino acid profile, histidine composition increased linearly (p<0.05) with an increasing level of PCB. Conclusion: The level of PCB 1.5% DM in diet can be used for finishing steers without any adverse effects on growth and carcass performances. However, there were some negative effects on growth and carcass performance in the HPCB feeding group.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.393-400
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• 2006

현미의 한우에 대한 사료가치 평가를 위해 옥수수 50%와 100%를 현미로 대체한 배합사료의 반추위 발효성상, in situ 영양소 분해율, in vivo 전장소화율을 측정한 바 결과는 다음과 같다. 옥수수와 현미의 체내 영양소 소화율과 영양가는 유사하였으나 반추위 내 분해율은 현미가 옥수수에 비하여 빠르게 나타났다. 옥수수와 현미가 함유된 시험사료를 급여한 후 반추위 pH는 시험사료 간 차이를 보이지 않았으나 NH3-N 농도는 현미 급여수준이 증가할수록 낮아졌다(P<0.05). 반추위액의 총휘발성지방산 함량은 옥수수구가 현미구에 비하여 높게 나타났으며, 초산과 프로피온산 비율(A/P)은 옥수수구에 비해 현미를 급여한 구에서 높은 수치를 보였다(P<0.05).이러한 결과를 볼 때 소 사료에 옥수수를 대체하여 현미를 사용하는 것에 영양학적으로 문제가 되지 않으며, 특히 곡류사료 위주 사양체계 하에서 낮은 초산과 프로피온산 비율에 대한 현미의 긍정적인 효과가 기대되어 이러한 곡류 내 가용성탄수화물의 이용성에 대한 다양한 연구가 수행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.585-592
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• 2003

본 연구는 사료 중 비타민 A 농도 조절을 통한 고급육 생산 기술 개발을 위한 기초실험의 일환으로, 비타민 A가 거세 한우의 육질에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시되었다. 본 연구에서는 (사)한국종축개량협회에서 주관하는 제 4회 전국한우능력평가대회(1999)에 출품된 거세한우 210두와 일반농가 거세한우 118두에 대하여 혈청 및 간장내 비타민 A 농도를 분석하고, 비타민 A 농도와 육질 및 육량 판정 항목들간 상관관계를 조사하였다. 비육전기 거세한우의 혈중 비타민 A 농도는 평균 212.0$\pm$32.7 IU/$d\ell$ 이었으며, 비육말기 거세한우의 혈중 비타민 A 농도는 117.56$\pm$43.15 IU/$d\ell$를 나타내었으며, 비육말기 거세한우의 간장내 비타민 A 농도는 평균 143.62$\pm$110 IU/g로서 개체별, 지역별, 농가별로 큰 변이를 나타내었다. 또한, 거세한우의 혈청내 비타민 A 농도는 근내지방도(r=-0.24, P<0.01), 등심내 조지방 함량(r=-0.21, P<0.01) 및 육질등급(r=-0.20, P<0.01)과 유의한 부(負)의 상관을 나타내었으며, 간장내 비타민 A plamitate는 등심내 조지방 함량(r=-0.18, P<0.01) 및 육질등급(r=-0.16, P<0.05)과 유의한 부(負)의 상관을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면, 거세한우의 혈청 및 간장내 비타민 A 농도와 근내지방도 및 육질등급간에는 유의한 부(負)의 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과들은 한우 고급육 생산시 사료내 비타민 A 함량을 조절함으로서 근내지방도를 향상시킬 수 있다는 가능성을 시사한다. 그러나 한우 고급육 생산을 위한 거세한우의 사료내 비타민 A의 함량과 급여량 및 급여시기 등에 대한 보다 구체적인 연구가 계속해서 수행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.116-135
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• 2004

본 연구는 비육후기 거세한우 20두를 공시하여 셀레늄강화 한우고기 생산을 위한 기초연구로서 셀레늄강화버섯 폐배지의 반추동물에 대한 셈레늄사료원으로서의 가치를 평가하기위해 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9ppm의 셀레늄이 함유되도록 셀레늄강화버섯 폐배지와 일반버섯 폐배지를 이용하여 배합하였고, 각 처리구당 5두씩 배치하여 90일간 사육하였다. 전 실험기간동안 사료 중 셀레늄농도는 건물섭취량에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그리고 증가하는 수준의 셀레늄 섭취는 증체량에도 영향을 미치지 않았다. 폐배지 배합으로 인한 사료 내 증가하는 수준의 셈레늄농도는 혈중 셀레늄농도를 유의하게 직선적으로 증가시켰고(p<0.01), 사양 시험 8주째에 혈중 셀레늄농도가 일정수준으로 유지되었다(p<0.001). GSH-Px활성은 혈액 내 셈레늄농도와 유사한 경향을 나타내었고, 폐배지 내 셀레늄은 한우의 GSH-Px활성을 유의하게 증가시켰으며(p<0.001), 특히 셈레늄 의존형 GSH-Px활성에 대하여 유의한 증가를 나타내었다. 후지 내 셈레늄함량은 폐배지 기인 셀레늄섭취증가로 대조구(0.273㎍/건조 g)에 비해 처리구(0.368 ~ 0.457㎍/건조 g)에서 유의하게 증가하였고(p<0.01), 사료 중 셀레늄농도 0.9ppm에서 가장 높았다. 근육 내 셈레늄 증가율은 등심보다 후지에서 확실한 효과가 나타났고, 후지에서의 최대 증가율은 약 70%에 이르렀다. 셀레늄 축적율은 버섯 폐배지의 셀레늄으로 인하여 최대 약 30%까지 축적되는 것으로 평가되었다. 사료 중 셀레늄농도는 혈중 GSH-Px활성 및 근육조직 내 셀레늄 함량과 유의한 상관관계를 가졌다(p<0.01). 이상의 결과로부터, 셀레늄강화버섯 폐배지에 존재하는 셀레늄은 한우에서 혈증 셈레늄 및 혈장 내 GSH-Px활성을 증가시켜 생물학적 이용률이 높은 것으로 평가되었고, 근육 내 셀레늄함량을 증가시켜 셀레늄 강화 한우고기생산을 위한 셀레늄 사료원으로 충분한 가치가 입증되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1486-1494
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• 2017

Objective: This research analyzed behavioral characteristics of Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) steers during each season and growth stage to enable measurement of the animals' welfare level for precision livestock farming. Methods: A hundred-eight beef steers were divided into three equal groups at a Hanwoo farm according to their growth stage: growing stage (GS), 8 months; early-fattening stage (EFS), 19 months; and late-fattening stage (LFS), 30 months. Twelve behavioral categories were continuously recorded for 13 day-time hours in each four seasons with three replications. Results: Time spent standing was found to be significantly longer in summer at all growth stages (p<0.05). Hanwoos at the GS spent significantly longer standing time in spring and summer than those at the EFS and LFS (p<0.05). Lying time in summer was the shortest for all growth stages (p<0.05). Steers at the LFS spent significantly longer lying time than that at the GS (p<0.05) in summer. For GS and EFS, time spent eating in spring and autumn were longer than in summer and winter (p<0.05). Eating time was the longest for the GS in spring, autumn, and winter, excluding for the LFS in winter (p<0.05). Regarding ruminating, steers at the LFS spent significantly shorter time than those at other stages in all seasons (p<0.05). GS and EFS steers showed the longest walking time in summer compared with other seasons (p<0.05). At GS and LFS, drinking time in summer was the longest of all seasons (p<0.05). Sleeping time was significantly shorter in summer compared with the other seasons (p<0.05). Self-grooming time was the longest in winter for all growth stages (p<0.05). Conclusion: Steers were found to have more variable behavioral patterns during summer and the GS and less active behaviors during the LFS, thus extra care seems necessary during the GS, LFS, and summer period.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.606-614
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• 2018

It is important to understand how marbling traits and tenderness differ among beef steaks from the carcass grading site and other regions within the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle, as these characteristics are closely associated with consumer acceptability and willingness to purchase. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the marbling fleck traits and objective tenderness parameters in the groups classified by the coarseness index (CI) of marbling fleck (high and low groups) at the carcass grading site ($13^{th}$ thoracic vertebra; 13T) and three different locations (13T, 9T, and 6T) within the LT muscle from well-marbled (marbling score 7 to 9) Hanwoo steer. Image analysis showed that the longitudinal locations had a significant effect on marbling fleck traits. The total area of large marbling fleck divided by the total marbling area (coarseness) was higher at the central region (13T to 12T) compared to the front thoracic region (6T to 5T) in the high CI group (0.23 vs. 0.17, p<0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed in the total number of marbling fleck within the LT muscle in the high or low CI groups (p>0.05). Location effect on objective tenderness parameters within the LT muscle was somewhat limited, although the high CI group had a lower Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS) value than did the low group (p<0.05). Taken together, the degree of coarseness of marbling fleck decreased from the carcass grading site to the front thoracic site, whereas the objective tenderness parameters, including WBS and hardness, of the grading site did not differ from the other regions within the LT muscle.