Seungmin, Ha;Seogjin, Kang;Kwang-Man, Park;Ji-Yeong, Ku;Kyoung-Seong, Choi;Jinho, Park
Journal of Veterinary Science
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v.23
no.6
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pp.85.1-85.11
/
2022
Background: Neonatal calf diarrhea is a major problem in the cattle industry worldwide. Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum are the primary causative agents, especially during the first three weeks of the calf's life. Objectives: This study investigated the differences in acid-base, electrolytes, and biochemical parameters of diarrheic calves with infection of either rotavirus or C. parvum. Methods: A total of 61 Korean native calves (≤ 20 days old) were divided into two groups based on rotavirus or C. parvum infections: rotavirus infection (n = 44) and C. parvum infection (n = 17). The calves with at a specific blood pH range (pH 6.92-7.25) were chosen for comparison. The acid-base, electrolyte, chemistry, and serum proteins were analyzed, Further, fecal examinations were performed. Results: Compared to C. parvum-infected calves, the rotavirus-infected calves showed lower levels of total carbon dioxide, bicarbonate (HCO3-), anion gap, total protein, and albumin/globulin ratio, and significantly lower levels of potassium, globulin, and α2-globulin (p < 0.05). The C. parvum-infected calves (r = 0.749) had stronger correlations between pH and HCO3- than the rotavirus-infected calves (r = 0.598). Compared to rotavirus-infected calves, strong correlations between globulin and α2-globulin, α2-globulin and haptoglobin were identified in C. parvum-infected calves. Conclusions: This study is the first to investigate acid-base, electrolyte, and biochemical parameters in calves in response to infections of rotavirus and C. parvum. Although rotavirus and C. parvum cause malabsorptive and secretory diarrhea in similar-aged calves, blood parameters were different. This would help establish the diagnostic and treatment strategies.
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a single-stranded, positive-sense ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus belonging to the genus Pestivirus of the Flaviviridae family. BVD frequently causes economic losses to farmers. Among bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strains, BVDV-1b is predominant and widespread in Hanwoo calves. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is an essential method for diagnosing BVDV-1b and has become the gold standard for diagnosis in the Republic of Korea. However, this diagnostic method is time-consuming and requires expensive equipment. Therefore, Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas (CRISPR-Cas) systems have been used for point-of-care (POC) testing of viruses. Developing a sensitive and specific method for POC testing of BVDV-1b would be advantageous for controlling the spread of infection. Thus, this study aimed to develop a novel nucleic acid detection method using the CRISPR-Cas13 system for POC testing of BVDV-1b. The sequence of the BVD virus was extracted from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NC_001461.1), and the 5' untranslated region, commonly used for detection, was selected. CRISPR RNA (crRNA) was designed using the Cas13 design program and optimized for the expression and purification of the LwCas13a protein. Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells were infected with BVDV-1b, incubated, and the viral RNA was extracted. To enable POC viral detection, the compatibility of the CRISPR-Cas13 system was verified with a paper-based strip through collateral cleavage activity. Finally, a colorimetric assay was used to evaluate the detection of BVDV-1b by combining the previously obtained crRNA and Cas13a protein on a paper strip. In conclusion, the CRISPR-Cas13 system is highly sensitive, specific, and capable of nucleic acid detection, making it an optimal system for the early point-of-care testing of BVDV-1b.
This study was conducted to measure methane ($CH_4$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emissions from the 6 month old litter stockpile used for korean native cattle (Hanwoo) from August 3, 2007 to October 4, 2007. Daily mean $CH_4$ emissions was peaked to 273.013 ${\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ (SE : ${\pm}1.047{\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$) on first day and then gradually decreased to 2.309 ${\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ (SE : ${\pm}0.061{\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$) at the end of this experiment. Daily mean $N_2O$ emissions was as little as 0.269 ${\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ (SE : ${\pm}0.018{\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$) on first day, but exponentially increased up to 3.569 ${\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ (SE : ${\pm}0.454{\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$) on 43rd day and then slowly decreased to 1.888 ${\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ (SE : ${\pm}0.012{\mu}g\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$) at the end of this experiment. Carbon dioxide equivalent ($CO_2$-eq), calculated by global warming potentials of $CH_4$ or $N_2O$, of $CH_4$ on first day occupied approximately 99% of sum of $CO_2$-eq of $CH_4$ and $N_2O$. Methane emissions decreased and $N_2O$ emissions increased so that $CO_2$-eq ratio of $CH_4$ to $N_2O$ was 50:50 on 34th day. The effect of $N_2O$ on the ratio was increase thereafter. The ratio of daily mean $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ emissions to daily error of the mean was calculated to find daily fluctuation of $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ emissions. The ratio of $CH_4$ was less than 1.0% till 11th day but increased to 10.9% on 57th day. The ratio of $N_2O$ (0.4%~51.0%) was higher than that of $CH_4$, showing high in early stage and then gradually decrease, which was different from the pattern of $CH_4$. The ratio of daily mean emissions to daily error of the mean was little in case of active $CH_4$ or $N_2O$ generation period, which would be caused by the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of composting process. Hence more air supply on early stage to decrease $CH_4$ generation and proper turning to reduce spatial heterogeneity are needed to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
Jang, H. Y.;Park, K. E.;Kim, C. I.;Park, C. K.;H. T. Cheong;B. K. Yang
Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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v.26
no.1
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pp.61-68
/
2002
The present study was examined effects of aesculetin and $O_2$concentrations on in vitro development of Hanwoo (Korean Native Cattle) embryos derived from in-vitro matured and fertilized (IVM-lVF) oocytes. The oocytes were cultured for the first 40~44 h after in vitro fertilization, then embryos of 2 to 8 cell stages were cultured under the different culture conditions for another 6 days. In experiment 1, the higher rates of morulae and blastocysts were produced in 5% $O_2$, than in 20% $O_2$(P<0.05). There was significantly (P<0.05) higher in embryos cultured with 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ than with 0, 5 and 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of aesculetin. In experiment 2, the proportions of embryo developed with blastocysts and morulae plus blastocysts in 5% $O_2$, again was significantly (P<0.05) higher in 20% $O_2$, during the culture with aesculetin and/or taurine. In the 5 and 20% $O_2$atmosphere, the inclusion of 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ aesculetin or 2.5mM taurine increased significantly (P<0.05) the percentages of blastocysts and morulae plus blastocysts. In experiment 3, in medium with aesculetin plus PDGF and taurine plus EGF than other treatment groups, significantly (P<0.05) higher developmental rates were obtained. Number of blastomere in balstocyst stage were also higher in medium with that than without aesculetin. However, there were no significant differences in all culture conditions. In experiment 4, the proportions of embryo developed to the morulae and blastocyst stages were significantly (P<0.05) higher rates in medium with natural and commercial aesculetin than in control medium. No significant differences, however, were observed in between natural (71%) and commercial (70.0%) aesculetin. Number of blastomere in blastocyst stage were also higher in medium with natural and commercial aesculetin than in control medium. However, there was no effect on the number of blastomeres by these treatment. These data indicate that preimplatation embryos are very sensitive to condition that can cause oxygen concentration and show that efficiency role of aesculetin for improving bovine embryo development in vitro.
Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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v.4
no.1
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pp.110-118
/
2002
This study was conducted to investigate the physiology of optimal reproductive age in Hanwoo for protection to decrease of reproductivity and improvement of production of offspring. Thirty two cows were devided into 4 groups of treatments : T1(12 months of age and 0.5kg daily gain), T2(12 months of age and 0.8kg daily gain), T3(15 months of age and 0.5kg daily gain) and T4(18 months of age and 0.5kg daily gain). The days of the first heat of treated cows were 263.3±6.4 days and average weight was 181.1±11.3kg. The conception rates of first insemination were 25%(T1) and 75%(T4), and the number of insemination of T3 and T4(both 1.5) was lower than those of T1 and T2(2.3 and 2.4), respectively. With regard to estrus return after the first parturition, T1, T2, T3 and T4 showed 66.2,76.7, 62.4 and 68.5 days, respectively, indicating the average days of estrus return was 65.7. Plasma progesterone(P4) concentration was nearly the same during the observation periods of treated cows and P4 began to be detected after 12months. Only 5(15.6%) out of 32cows showed normal estrus cycle and ovulation before 12 months. During the peri-parturition period, P4 concentration was rapidly decreased and there was no detection of P4 from parturition to 40 days after milking. P4 would be released again on 45 day after parturition. The results imply that the optimal reproductive age of Hanwoo heifers would be around at the 14 months of age, 110cm height and 265kg weight.
This study was carried out to increase the breeding rate using sustained recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) and examine the reproductive disorder and disease prevalencies of cow and calf, respectively. Sixty cows were allotted randomly to three groups in randomized complete block design; (1) No treatment, (2) 500 mg bST two times + 250 mg bST SC injection five times from 3 weeks before to 9 weeks after parturition every two weeks, (3) 500 mg bST two times before 3 weeks parturition + 250 mg bST SC injection three times from five to 9 weeks after parturition every two weeks. Developmental data of birth weight, weaning weight, total gain and average daily gain in control was $22.9{\mu}0.45$ kg, $88.0{\mu}1.13$ kg, $65.1{\mu}0.74$ kg and $0.54{\mu}0.08$ kg, respectively. There is no significant difference between Group 1 and 3 in the examined factors. However, there is significant difference between Group 1 and 2 in the birth weight ($24.4{\mu}0.88$ kg), weaning weight ($101.0{\mu}1.77$ kg), total gain ($76.7{\mu}0.9$ kg) and average daily gain ($76.7{\mu}0.9$ kg). Total gain was showed higher in Group 2 and 3 than Group 1 in the >2nd parity, and in Group 2 than Group 1 and 3 in the 1st parity. There is no significant difference in the BCS, no return days and disease occurrence of cow and calf by bST treatment. Number of service per conception was slightly increased in the Group 3 compared to Group 1 and 2. To increase the breeding ability of Hanwoo, it is recommended that 500 mg bST two times + 250 mg bST injection five times from 3 weeks before to 9 weeks after parturition every two weeks.
Kim, Jong Geun;Jo, Cheroun;Zhao, Guo Qiang;Liu, Chang;Nan, Wei Sheng;Kim, Hak Jin;Ahn, Eok Geun;Min, Hyung-Gyu
Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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v.39
no.4
/
pp.264-271
/
2019
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of whole crop rice based TMR on the meat quality of Korean Native Cattle (Hanwoo). Sixteen Hanwoo steers (average 8 months old) were divided into the control group (commercially marketed TMR) and the WCR-TMR group (whole crop rice based TMR). Feeding trials were carried out up to 30 months of age, and after slaughter, the strip loin were collected and analyzed for meat quality. There were no significant differences in proximate compositions of Hanwoo (P>0.05), and crude protein, crude fat and crude ash were 19.51~20.23 %, 11.53~11.35 % and 1.10~1.12 %, respectively. There was no significant difference in water holding capacity and cooking loss between treatments (P>0.05), but it was slightly lower in the control group. Among the various functional components in meat, β-carotene was not detected, but α-tocopherol was significantly higher in WCR-TMR group and vitamin A content in control (P<0.05). The a⁎-value in the meat color index decreased significantly with longer storage period in the control group, whereas the WCR-TMR fed group showed no significant difference (P>0.05) according to the storage period. There were no difference between the treatments in the TBARS (2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) value used as an indicator of lipid oxidation and in fatty acid content. But the control group had high myristic acid content, whereas the WCR-TMR supplemented group showed higher oleic acid and linoleic acid content. In conclusion, feeding of WCR based-TMR increased the α-tocopherol content, which is a functional ingredient in meat, and the other components were not significantly different from the control. Therefore, it was judged that there was no significant difference between WCR based and conventional TMR in meat quality characteristics.
The prenatal period in livestock animals is crucial for meat production because net increase in the number of muscle fibers is finished before birth. However, there is no study on the growth and development mechanism of muscles in Hanwoo during this period. Therefore, to find candidate genes involved in muscle growth and development during this period in Hanwoo, mRNA expression data of longissimus in Hanwoo at 6 and 9 months post-conceptional age (MPA) were analyzed. We independently identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using DESeq2 and edgeR which are R software packages, and considered the overlaps of the results as final-DEGs to use in downstream analysis. The DEGs were classified into several modules using WGCNA then the modules' functions were analyzed to identify modules which involved in myogenesis and adipogenesis. Finally, the hub genes which had the highest WGCNA module membership among the top 10% genes of the STRING network maximal clique centrality were identified. 913(6 MPA specific DEGs) and 233(9 MPA specific DEGs) DEGs were figured out, and these were classified into five and two modules, respectively. Two of the identified modules'(one was in 6, and another was in 9 MPA specific modules) functions was found to be related to myogenesis and adipogenesis. One of the hub genes belonging to the 6 MPA specific module was axin1 (AXIN1) which is known as an inhibitor of Wnt signaling pathway, another was succinate-CoA ligase ADP-forming beta subunit (SUCLA2) which is known as a crucial component of citrate cycle.
Net and metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance of Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) bulls were estimated in twenty-eight fasting metabolism trials using seven different feeds at four stages of body weight(100, 200, 300 and 400kg). Three cattle for each of twenty-eight trials fed at a level of maintenance energy requirement were housed in metabolic stalls during the 5 days of collection period. Thereafter, during the 2 days of respiration period the heat production was measured by indirect calorimetry using respiratory chamber. After finishing the respiratory metabolism trials under the maintenance level, experimental animals were fasted for 5 days and were measured heat production by indirect calorimetry using respiratory chamber. Seven different feeds were: 1) mixed ration of concentrate and rice straw, 2) mixed ration of concentrate and mixed grass hay, 3) mixed ration of concentrate and corn silage, 4) rice straw alone, 5) mixed grass hay alone, 6) corn silage alone, 7) concentrate alone. Fasting heat production were 66.05/$W^{0.75}$ at 100kg of body weight and 60~63kcal/$W^{0.75}$ at 200~400kg of body weight. When subtracting heat loss by muscular work from the fasting heat production, basal metabolic rate was 55.92kcal/$W^{0.75}$. The average values of NEm requirements were obtained by adding urinary energy excretion to the basal metabolic rates were 69.1, 62.1, 65.8 and 64.4kcal/$W^{0.75}$ for the four stages of body weight, respectively. The ME requirement for maintenance could be calculated using retained energy and the efficiency of utilization of ME for net energy. The ME requirement for maintenance thus obtained was 102.69kcal/$W^{0.75}$.
Bloods from slaughtered Korean native cattle (Hanwoo : Bos taurus coreanae) can be used in agriculture with various beneficial effects on the environment. This study was performed to find out the effect of the application of calcium and germanium, which are chelated with peptides made of cattle bloods on the absorption of them by cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Peptide was purified by enzymatic hydrolysis and ultrafiltration from serum protein, which is composed of Asp, Glu, Lue etc. Chelated Ca and Ge were produced by reacting the peptide with $CaCl_2$ and Ge-$132^{(R)}$. Then, they were applied to cherry tomato during cultivation period at the rate of $300mL{\times}3times$ (10 days interval) for each tomato tree. Application of chelated-Ca increased the Ca contents in leaves and fruits of cherry tomato showing as 19.9% and 23.4% in newerly prepared chelated-Ca-200 ($200mg\;L^{-1}$), 8.1% and 6.8% in commecrial Calciolid Ca-300 ($300mg\;L^{-1}$) compared to 3152.6 and $63.2mg\;kg^{-1}$ in control, respectively. Application of chelated-Ge showed the increase in the germanium contents in both leaves and fruits of cherry tomato by over 6 times than those of control and over 4 times than Ge $132^{(R)}$-20 application. As a result of this study, it seemed that the application of chelated-Ca and chelated-Ge would be more effective than the existing commertial one in the absorption of calcium and germanium by cherry tomato.
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