• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1557-1562
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• 2005

A mechanism of hair cell damage caused by noise and ototoxic agents is mediated through generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is known that most of animals have defense systems to protect against ROS, and the cochlea of inner ear in animals also has ROS defense systems including several antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione (GSH), which efficiently detoxifying ROS generated under normal condition. Steamed roots of Rehmannia glutinosa have been traditionally used in Oriental medicine for the treatment of auditory disease such as tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing loss as well as inflammatory diseases, hectic fever, night sweat, and headache. In the present study, we showed that the ethanol extract from steamed roots of R. giutinosa (ESRG) increased the antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, GPX, and GR activities and GSH level in HEI-OC1 auditory cells. This extract itself did not show any significant cytotoxicity up to $50{\mu}g/ml$. Our results further support the view that ESRG is promising sources of potential antioxidants. Future studies will be aimed at investigating the effects of ESRG on the regulation of cellular mechanisms and isolating and identifying the substances responsible for the regulation of antioxidant enzyme system from the plant extracts.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.88-98
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• 2011

Masonry structure is a style of building which has been widely applied as residential facilities of low and middle stories, commercial and public facilities etc. But it is possible to destroy by loss of adhesive strength or sliding when lateral forces, such as earthquake, occurs. This study proposes a seismic retrofit method for masonry structure and its seismic performance is demonstrated by shaking table test. Two specimens per each shaking direction were made, having out-of-plane(weak axis) and in-plane(strong axis) direction. External load of 1 ton was also applied for each specimen during the test, to model the behavior of reinforced masonry wall. As a result of shaking table tests, it is shown that the specimen applying the proposed seismic retrofit method showed acceptable behaviors in both of Korea building design criteria(0.14g) and USA seismic criteria suggested by IBC(0.4g). However, it was observed that stiffness of the specimen toward out-of-plane was rapidly decreasing when seismic excitations over 0.14g were loaded. In comparison of relative displacements, maximum relative displacement of specimens which were accelerated toward out-of-plane with 0.4g at once was 29~31% of maximum relative displacement when specimens were gradually accelerated from 0.08g to 0.4g, while the maximum relative displacement of specimens accelerated toward in-plane has similar value in both cases. Therefore, it is concluded that the wall accelerated toward out-of-plane is more affected by hair crack or possible fatigues caused by seismic excitation.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.35-82
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• 2001

In the Encyclopedia Medica Koreana(Dongeuibogam), I have researched 245 prescriptions in which Panax Ginseng plays an important role. And I have got the following results. The healing scope and frequency of ginseng-mainly-included prescriptions are Child Part 29(11.83%), Violent Cough Part 23(9.38%), Sick-by-Cold Part 21(8.57%), Oncosis Part 16(6.53%), Overwork Part 14(5.71%), Gynecologic Part 14(5.71%), Internal Part 13(5.3%), Apoplexy Part 11(4.48%), Mind Part 10(4.08%) and Fecal Part 10(4.08%) prescriptions. And also each of Nausea Part, Anger Part, and Spirit parts has the same 5 (2.04%) prescriptions. And each of Qi Part, Diabetes Meatus Part, Malaria Part, and Humoral Part has 4(1.63%) prescriptions. And each of Foot Part, Choleraic Part, Genital Part, Blood Part, and Voice Part has 3 (1.2%). All of these prescriptions cover 88.88%. And besides listed parts above, Panax Ginseng is all used in 48 Parts: Body-Mind Part. Mouth-Tongue Part, Breast Part, Muscle Part, Swelling Part, Urine Part, Epidermis Part, Heat Part, Anus Part, Stomach Part, Eye Part, Laryngopharynx Part. Uterus Part" Heavy Stomach Part, Head Part, Pulse Part, Hair Part, Navel Part, Emetic Part, Costal Part, Edema Part, Vomiting Part, Superstitious Part, and Cardiac Part, etc. Of the prescriptions in which Panax Ginseng plays an important role, the most representative diseases, which more than 86.8% prescriptions cure, are shock, numbness from cold, Taeeum disease, oncosis, overwork, sick from eating, numbness of extremities, diarrhea, tachycardia, forgetfulness, nausea, heat from kidney, nocturnal emission, short breath, diabetes meatus, malaria, sweating, sweating overnight, beriberi, cholera, insomnia from enervation, sialitis, navel pain, hemorrhage, and loss of voice. The pathology of the prescriptions in which Panax Ginseng plays an important role is divided into the organ problems, six natural factors, seven extreme feelings, unbalanced humoral status, overwork, and, unbalance of qi and blood. Spleen, heart, and uterus is the main cause of organ problems; wind and cold are the main cause of six natural factors; heavy humors are the main cause of unbalanced humoral status; the stasis of seven feelings are the main cause of seven extreme feelings; the lack of stamina and overwork are the main cause of the overwork; the lack of qi, the lack of blood, and, the lack of qi and blood are the main cause of the unbalance of qi and blood. After I have researched the contents of the prescriptions in which Panax Ginseng plays an important role, I could understand the addition of the different prescriptions, combination of medicines, and the role of medicine groups associated with Panax Ginseng. So from now on, the results I have got could be used as the data which show the theoretical basis on the prescriptions.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.636-643
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• 1999

Ectodermal dysplasia is a genetic birth defect in which at least abnormally develop two structures derived from the ectoderm. It is usually inherited in autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive pattern. Oral manifestations are oligodontia, anodontia, dysmorphic teeth(conical shape), decreased occlusal vertical dimension and alveolar bone. Extraoral signs may include decreased or absent sweat glands, sparse and fine hair, saddle nose, hearing loss and decreased production of body fluids including saliva. Most affected children require extensive dental treatment to restore their appearance and help the development of a positive self image. The patient's overclosed profile was due to a decreased vertical dimension. The use of overdenture is to preserve erupted teeth, to accomodate the newly constructed occlusal plane, to improve retention and stability of denture and to maintain the remaining alveolar bone. The restoration of vertical dimension improved the child's speech, swallowing, and eating. Growth continue until the age of approximately 18. As child grows, replacement dentures will have to be fabricated primarily to accomodate increasing vertical dimension and changing dentition. Implants may be indicated later if the alveolar bone is adequate. Periodic recall visits are advised, to monitor the dentures during periods of growth and development, and eruption of the permanent teeth.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.41-68
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• 2011

Objectives: After organizing segmentations related to obesity from classics and each studies, we would like to examine the value of wild ginseng, bovis calculus, ursi fel and moschus as a obesity medicine. Methods: We found out 4 drugs which are wild ginseng, bovis calculus, ursi fel and moschus from the classics, such as "Shin-Nong-Bon-Cho-Kyung", "Myoung-Eui-Byul-Lok", "Bon-Cho-Gang-Mok", "Bon-Cho-Jong-Shin", "Bon-Cho-Bi-Yo", "Bon-Cho-Gu-Jin" and "Deuk-Bae-Bon-Cho", we searched websites such as RISS, Korean traditional knowledge portal, the society of Korean medicine for obesity research, Korean pharmacopuncture institute, the Korean academy of oriental rehabilitation medicine and Korean acupuncture & moxibustion society as well. Results: 1. We couldn't find the contents related to the efficacy of improving obesity through wild ginseng, bovis calculus, ursi fel and moschus from the classics. 2. Wild ginseng had a study dealing with the efficacy of anticancer, obesity, toxicity, immunity, sulfation, diabetes, plasma proteins, depression, hypertension, endometriosis and hair loss. Especially among 6 studies related to obesity, apart from the study that treated extract of wild ginseng directly to the cell or oral administration to the animals, also have studies that had an efficacy of improving obesity through injecting pharmacopuncture to acupuncture point and vein, etc. 3. Bovis calculus had a study about efficacy related to arthritis, liver, inflammation of cornea, obesity, anticancer, immunity, antacid, heart, lumbar pain, hypertension, toxicity, a digestive organ and sasang constitution, especially in case of obesity, had each studies about oral administration of complex prescription and about cell unit experiment of pharmacopuncture. 4. Ursi fel had a study about efficacy related to liver, arthritis, inflammation of cornea, immunity, obesity, anticancer, antacid, lumbar pain, digestive organ, toxicity, cell protection, skin ailment, etc. Especially in case of obesity, had each studies about oral administration of animal experiment and about cell unit experiment of pharmacopuncture. 5. Moschus had a study about efficacy related to liver, the central nervous system, arthritis, inflammation of cornea, immunity, obesity, anticancer, hypertension, heart, lumbar pain, etc. Especially in case of obesity, had one study about oral administration of complex prescription. Conclusion: Through the result of probability as a obesity medicine of wild ginseng, bovis calculus, ursi fel and moschus, we could identify the possibility of each drug as a obesity medicine. Also in the future, it is considered that studies about one or complex prescription and pharmacopuncture as a obesity medicine will be needed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.67 no.4
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• pp.335-341
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• 2022

Proso millet (Pacnicum miliaceum L.) has a various of functional substances, so the demand is increasing as interest in human health benefits. In particular, miliacin, a triterpenoid in proso millet, is known to be effective in hair loss due to its promoting metabolism and proliferation of keratinocytes and showing protective effects from apoptosis. In this study, proso millet oil was extracted and analyzed by GC/MS using the extraction method of unsaponifiable substances after saponification reaction. The components of proso millet oil were confirmed through qualitative analysis by GC/MS. The miliacin content of 5 varieties of proso millet and 2 varieties of foxtail for comparison was analyzed. In the result, components of pentacyclic triterpenes such as β-amyrine and lupeol were detected in proso millet, and the content of miliacin was highest in Hallachal at 370.38±0.04 ㎍/100 mg oil. In addition, the content of miliacin was not detected in Samdachal and Samdamae, which are varieties of foxtail millet.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.127-139
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• 2023

In this study, minoxidil, which is well known as a pharmaceutical raw material, and diaminopyrimidine oxide (DAO), which is a cosmetic raw material, were used as active ingredients to evaluate the physical properties of niosomes and compare the skin penetrations of artificial skin. To prepare niosomes of the size of nanoparticles, a high pressure homogenization method was used, and physical properties were evaluated with a zetasizer. The particle size of the noisome including the active ingredient was measured to be 99 to 123 nm according to HLB, and the zeta potential was measured in the range of -60 to -81 mV. Through DSC (differential scanning colorimetry), it was confirmed that minoxidil, a crystalline component, was uniformly dissolved in an amorphous state in niosomes. In order to confirm and compare skin penetration, it was measured by the in vitro Franz diffusion cell method, and the niosome formulation showed 3.4 times higher penetration for minoxidil and 11.1 times higher penetration for DAO than the control gel formulation. In addition, when comparing the skin penetration of minoxidil niosome and DAO niosome, a similar trend was shown, and the penetration amount of DAO was relatively high. The shapes of the niosome formulations with different HLB values were observed using Cryo-TEM, and it was confirmed that vesicles were formed in all of them and that they were intermediate between SUV (small unilamella vesicle) and LUV (large unilamella vesicle). Through this study, minoxidil, an effective drug for hair loss, and DAO, a cosmetic raw material, can be effectively delivered to the skin by encapsulating them in a noisome formulation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.20
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• pp.8607-8612
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• 2014

Background: Breast cancer patients experience a variety of altered appearance - such as loss or disfigurement of breasts, discolored skin, and hair loss - which result in psychological distress that affect their quality of life. This study aims to evaluate the impact of socioeconomic status on the altered appearance distress, body image, and quality of life among Korean breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at advocacy events held at 16 different hospitals in Korea. Subjects were eligible to participate if they were 18 years of age or older, had a histologically confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer, had no evidence of recurrence or metastasis, and had no psychological problems at the time of the survey. Employment status, marital status, education, and income were assessed for patient socioeconomic status. Altered appearance distress was measured using the NCI's cancer treatment side effects scale; body image and quality of life were measured by the EORTC QLC-C30 and BR23. Means and standard deviations of each outcome were compared by socioeconomic status and multivariate linear regression models for evaluating the association between socioeconomic status and altered appearance distress, body image, and quality of life. Results: A total of 126 breast cancer patients participated in the study; the mean age of participants was 47.7 (SD=8.4). Of the total, 83.2% were married, 85.6% received more than high school education, 35.2% were employed, and 41% had more than $3000 in monthly household income. About 46% had mastectomy, and over 30% were receiving either chemotherapy or radiation therapy at the time of the survey. With fully adjusted models, the employed patients had significantly higher altered appearance distress (1.80 vs 1.48; p<0.05) and poorer body image (36.63 vs 51.69; p<0.05) compared to the patients who were unemployed. Higher education (10.58, standard error (SE)=7.63) and family income (12.88, SE=5.08) was positively associated with better body image after adjusting for age, disease stage at diagnosis, current treatment status, and breast surgery type. Similarly, patients who were married and who had higher education had better quality of life were statistically significant in the multivariate models. Conclusions: Socioeconomic status is significantly associated with altered appearance distress, body image, and quality of life in Korean women with breast cancer. Patients who suffer from altered appearance distress or lower body image are much more likely to experience psychosocial, physical, and functional problems than women who do not, therefore health care providers should be aware of the changes and distresses that these breast cancer patients go through and provide specific information and psychosocial support to socioeconomically more vulnerable patients.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.243-250
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• 1996

Extravasation of toxic chemotherapeutic agents cause severe skin ulceration and necrosis which often need secondary surgical intervention. Still, there were not established antidote agent in case of extravasation with mitomycin-c. Dimethyl sulfoxide is known as an effective chemical scavenger of toxic hydroxyl free radical and sodium thiosulfate also was demonstrated significant protector from mitomycin-c induced ulceration by a few experimental studies. Author investigated necrotic area of mitomycin-c injected site and compare to the effectiveness of topical treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide and intradermal injection of sodium thiosulfate according to starting times, forty five mice were divided into 3 groups. Control group(n=5) had no treatment after subcutaneous injection of mitomycin-c. Experimental group I and II were 20 mice treated dimethyl sulfoxide and sodium thiosulfate, respectively. Depending on the starting time of treatment, group I and II were subdivided into 1, 2, 3 and 4 as immediate, 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours after mitomycin-c injection. Histologic studies of the necrotic area and survival area after treatment were performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. The mean necrotic area of group I was significantly decreased depending on the starting time of treatment compared with control group(p<0.01). The results means there was no necrosis area which was treated with topical sodium thiosulfate within 6 hours, and it showed also significant decrease of necrosis area within 24 hours. There was also no necrosis area in group II-1 and significant decrease of necrosis area II-2 and III-3. But, effctiveness of intradermal injection of sodium thiosulfate was not found in group II-4 which was started after 24 hours. Hisotolgic findings showed a bland coagulative necrosis without inflammatory changes and no granulation tissue. The significant difference that cytoplasmic loss of subcutaneous fat and decrease number of hair follicles between two groups resulted from the methods of treatment by topical application and intradermal injection. In conclusion, immediate treatments with topical dimethyl sulfoxide or intradermal injection of sodium thiosulfate signifcantly prevents necrosis by extravasation of mitomycin-c.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.498-508
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• 2017

Purpose: The present study investigated nutrient supplement intake to examine the relationship between the health behaviors of nutrient supplement users and nonusers and nutrient supplement users and other drug users. The results provide baseline data to understand whether nutrient supplements actually perform as expected in view of the fact that healthy people that take nutritional supplements may become healthier, but may also develop nutritional supplement abuse problems. Among 7,006 household heads of 24,614 household members from the Korea Health Panel data in 2008, a total of 6,009 household heads were the respondents of the Korea Health Panel Survey (appendix) in 2009. Method: The subjects of the present study were targeted household heads. The respondents who reported that they had taken (planned to take) life/health promotion-related drugs (01. vitamins/nutritional supplements) for more than three months that were purchased at pharmacies during the past one year at the time of the survey were defined as nutritional supplement users. Those who took other drugs (05. hair-loss treatments, 06. obesity treatments, 10. others) were regarded as other drug users. A chi-squared test was performed to analyze the sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects and differences between groups. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to analyze health behaviors according to nutrient supplement intake. Result: Comparison of (A) nutritional supplement users and nonusers revealed that those who were women, 50 years or older, and spent more than average living expenses were more likely to take nutritional supplements, which was not significant in health behavior variables. Analysis of nutritional supplement users and other drug users (B) revealed that those who were high school graduates or above, had a spouse, were non-smokers, took drugs, ate regular meals, and were not stressed by economic or family conflicts were more likely to take nutritional supplements. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that people take nutritional supplements because of their psychological desire to be healthy, not because they are not healthy, have problems, or believe supplements will make them healthier.