• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.392-404
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Numerous studies have examined the relationship between drinking behaviors and metabolic syndrome (MetS) for adults, but these include very few studies for young adults. This study therefore undertook to investigate the association between drinking behaviors and components of MetS among adult drinkers aged 20-30 years. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Using the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, drinking behaviors of adults in the age group 20-30 years were divided into 4 groups: 1) group A, good drinking habits; 2) group B, frequent binge drinking but not frequent drinking; 3) group C, frequent drinking but not frequent binge drinking; 4) group D, frequent drinking and binge drinking. The association between MetS components and drinking behaviors was analyzed by applying multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: We determined the prevalence risk compared to group A. In men, the prevalence risk of high triglyceride (TG) increased 2.051-fold in group C and 1.965-fold in group D. Moreover, in group D, the prevalence risk of low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased 0.668-fold, high blood pressure (BP) increased 2.147-fold, and MetS increased 1.567-fold. In women, there was an increased prevalence risk of low HDL-C (0.353-fold) and MetS (3.438-fold) in group C, whereas group D showed increased prevalence risk of abdominal obesity (2.959-fold), high TG (1.824-fold, and low HDL-C (0.424-fold). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that frequent drinking increases the risk of high TG, whereas frequent and binge drinking increases the risk of high TG, low HDL-C, high BP, and prevalence of MetS in men. In women, frequent drinking without binge drinking increases the risk of low HDL-C and MetS, whereas frequent and binge drinking increases the risk of abdominal obesity, high TG, and low HDL-C. We propose that improvements in the drinking behaviors can reduce the prevalence of MetS.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.307-317
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• 1997

To determine the effects of endogenous and exogenous strogen on serum lipid levels, twenty nonsmoking healthy Korean women were participated in this experiment for 12 weeks. They were assigned to three groups : (1) eight women aged 22 to 30(yr) for the premenopausal(Pre) group, (2) eight, aged 49 to 60(yr) for the postmenoparusal(Pst) group, (3) four, aged 23 to 30(yr) for the oral contraceptive(OC) group which used triphasic OC formulation. Fasting blood samples representing every phase of the hormonal levels were obtained from the subjects of the Pre and the OC group. From the subjects of the Pst group, fasting blood samples were obtained once per three weeks for 12 weeks. All the serum data were adjusted for dietary effects, exercise, personality type and body mass index(BMI) by using analysis of covariation(ANCOVA). Serum lipid levels of the three groups were significantly different. While serum levels of triglycerides(TG)(p<0.0001), low density lipoprotein-chloesterol(LDL-C)/high density liporotein-cholesterol(HDL-C) ratio (LDC-C/HDL-C)(P<0.01) and total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C ratio (TC/HDL-C)(P<0.001) were significatnly high in the Pst group, serum HDL-C(P0.001) level was significantly high in the Pre group. The OC group showed significantly low serum TC(P<0.0001) and LDL-C(P<0.0001) levels. There was no signidicant difference in the fluictuation of serum lipid levels during the menstrual cycle of the Pre group. However, in the OC group, serum TG level was significantly increased at phase 2(P<0.05) where exogenous estrogen administration was highest. Even though other serum lipid levels of the OC group were not significantly fluctuated according to the exogenous estrogen administration, there was a trend of increased levels of serum TC, LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C and decreased level of HDL-C during the menstruation period. Also, serum TC level was high(P<0.005) and serum TG level was low (P<0.005) at the baseline of the OC group compared with the periods of OC administration. When screening and counseling the female population at risk for coronary heart disease(CHD), the result of this study suggest that in may be desirable to divide the population into several groups according to their personal physiological characteristics, such as age, OC administration, menstrual cycle and menopause, as well as general risk factors for CHD.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.2 s.42
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• pp.179-191
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• 1993

Generally fatty liver is attributed either to chronic alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, or obesity. Based upon this commonly held clinical brief, this study was conducted to investigate the contributing factors of fatty liver and odds ratio (OR) of known contributing factors. A sample of 310 male participants, who visited at Seoul Paik Automated Multiphasic Health Testing System from November 1991 to December 1991, was separated into 112 cases and 198 controls by ultrasonographic fin ding. There were statistically significant difference between fatty liver and normal in triglyceride (TG), body mass index (BMI), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting blood sugar (FBS), alcohol consumption, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol, gamma-glutamyl transferase ($\gamma$-GT), duration of alcohol intake and alkaline phosphatase (Alk.P)(P<0.01, P<0.05). The statistically significant elevated odds ratio were noted for TG (4.48, confidence interval (CI) 2.66-7.55, P=0.000), alcohol consumption(3.24, CI 1.56-6.23, P=0.002), BMI(3.05, CI 1.87-4.97, P=0.000), and FBS (2.59, CI 1.53-4.40, P=0,000). In summary, it is suggested that the fatty liver could be preventive by avoiding such deleterious factors as high fat diet, alcohol and obesity.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.25 no.4 s.40
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• pp.386-398
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• 1992

In order to study the relationship between life-style and serum lipids level in young adults, the author measured the concentration of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and investigated age, relative weight, weekly alcohol intake and daily cigarette smoking through questionnaire in 310 male workers aged 20 to 39, in Ulsan area. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In the factors being able to influence serum lipids level there was negative correlation between age and alcohol intake, and the positive correlation between age and relative weight, alcohol intake and relative weight, alcohol intake and smoking with the strongest correlation between alcohol intake and smoking. 2. In univariate analysis, mean total cholesterol concentration were significantly different according to age, smoking and relative weight: mean triglyceride concentration were significantly different according to relative weight only; mean HCL-C concentration were significantly different according to alcohol intake alone. 3. In non-drinkers, HDL-C concentration of smokers were significantly lower than that of non-smokers but triglyceride concentration of smokers were significant higher. And in drinkers, total cholesterol concentration of smokers was significantly higher than that of non-smokers. 4. In multiple regression analysis, significant independent variables were relative weight, age and smoking in the total cholesterol concentration, and relative weight, age and alcohol intake in the triglyceride concentration, and alcohol intake, relative weight and smoking in the HDL-C concentration. By these independent variables, total variation in each dependent variable was explained 7.9%, 17.6% and 7.4% respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2003

Although medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is considered as a cornerstone of medical treatment for hypercholesterolemia, few studies have evaluated medical and economical outcome of MNT. This study was conducted to identify whether MNT administered by registered dieticians could lead to a beneficial clinical and cost outcome in persons with hypercholesterolemia. A prospective clinical trial was carried out at outpatient clinics, which involved an initial visit with a dietitian followed by another visit at first 4 weeks during the 6 weeks study periods. Thirty-nine subjects took part in a 6 weeks nutrition intervention program. Clinical and economical outcomes were compared before and after MNT. Medical nutrition therapy lowered total serum cholesterol level 6.1% (P<0.05), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) 9.4% (P<0.05) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) 3.0% (P<0.05). The cost-effective ratio was ￦ 1,520/cholesterol mg/dl and ￦ 1,441/LDL-cholesterol mg/dl, respectively. After dietitian's intervention, lipid drug eligibility was obviated in 16 of 39(41%) subjects. The cost savings from the avoidance of lipid medications was ￦ 151,107 per patient annually. In conclusion, it is suggested that provision of systemic intensive nutritional care for persons with hypercholesterolemia has significant effects on serum cholesterol reduction and clinical cost savings.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.506-515
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• 2015

In this study, the effect of Goheung pomegranate extract on postmenopausal syndrome was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawly (SD) rats. Sixty female SD rats were divided into six groups: sham, sham operation and distilled water; OVX, ovariectomized and distilled water; PE1, ovariectomized and pomegranate concentrate (0.75 mL/twice/d); PE2, ovariectomized and pomegranate concentrate (1.5 mL/twice/d); PE3, ovariectomized and pomegranate concentrate (2.2 mL/twice/d); and CE, ovariectomized and commercial pomegranate concentrate (2.2 mL/twice/d). Percent bone volume (bone volume/tissue volume) and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) improved in a dose-independent manner in PE1, 2, and 3. Especially, bone mineral density was significantly improved in PE3 (P<0.05) compared to OVX. Pomegranate extract reduced body weight and visceral fat mass. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level slightly increased in a dose-independent manner in the experimental group. In addition, HDL-C/total cholesterol level of PE3 significantly increased (P<0.05) compared with OVX. These results show that pomegranate concentrate improved blood lipid levels and bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. Therefore, Goheung pomegranate concentrates are expected to improve cardiovascular and bone-related diseases in menopausal women.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1606-1611
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• 2007

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dihydropyridine on laying performance and fat metabolism of laying hens. Five hundred and forty laying hens, 40 weeks old, were randomly allotted to three groups, each of which included four replicates of 45 hens. The groups were given a basal corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with 0, 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg dihydropyridine. Results showed that compared with the control group (0 mg/kg dihydropyridine), supplements of 150 and 300 mg/kg dihydropyridine increased egg production rate by 9.39% (p<0.01) and 12.97% (p<0.01), increased mean egg weight by 3% (p>0.05) and 4.8% (p>0.05), and improved feed efficiency by 9.54% (p<0.05) and 7.25% (p<0.05), respectively; The addition of 150 and 300 mg/kg dihydropyridine decreased percentage of abdominal fat by 35.4% (p<0.05) and 46.9% (p<0.05), decreased liver fat content by 32.4% (p<0.05) and 10.5% (p<0.05), increased HSL activity of abdominal fat by 39.64% (p<0.05) and 48.48% (p<0.05), increased HSL activity of liver by 9.4% (p>0.05) and 47.34% (p<0.05) and increased the content of cAMP in adenohypophysis by 14.67% (p<0.05) and 10.91% (p<0.05), respectively; The inclusion of 150 mg/kg dihydropyridine increased liver superoxide dismutase activity by 69.61% (p<0.05), and increased hepatic apoB concentration by 53.96% (p<0.05); The supplementation of 150 or 300 mg/kg dihydropyridine decreased malondialdehyde concentration of hepatic mitochondria by 30.90% (p<0.01) and 10.39% (p<0.05), respectively; Supplemented dihydropyridine had no significant effects on TG, Ch HDL-C and VLDL-C concentrations in serum; addition of 150 or 300 mg/kg dihydropyridine increased T3 levels in serum by 15.34% (p<0.05) and 11.88% (p<0.05) and decreased insulin concentration by 40.44% (p<0.05) and 54.37% (p<0.05), respectively. The results demonstrated that adding dihydropyridine had the tendency of improving very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) content in the ovary. It was concluded that dihydropyridine could improve laying performance and regulate the fat metabolism of laying hens and that 150 mg/kg dihydropyridine is the optimum dose for laying birds in practical conditions.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.5492-5500
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• 2015

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a major modifiable risk factor for cardio- cerebrovascular disease. In clinical practice, however, it is primarily calculated using the Friedewald formula as a cost-effective method. The aim of this study was to compare Friedewald-estimated and directly measured LDL-C values and assess the concordance in guideline LDL-C risk classification between the two methods. The data were derived from the 2009 and 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES). Analysis was done for 4,319 subjects with lipid panels-total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), directly measured LDL-C using an enzymatic homogeneous assay, and triglycerides (TG). For subjects with TG lower than 400 mg/dL, Friedewald-estimated and directly measured LDL-C were highly correlated (r = 0.958, p < 0.001) and overall concordance was 82.7%. As TG increased, overall concordance decreased. Overall concordance was 85.4% at TG lower than 150 mg/dL; 78.2% at TG of 150-199 mg/dL; and 71.4% at TG of 200-399 mg/dL. The Friedewld equation tended to overestimate LDL-C when TG are of < 150 mg/dL; however, underestimate LDL-C when TG are of ${\geq}150mg/dL$. As a result, Friedewald estimation misclassified 382 subjects (9.1%) in a higher category versus 348 subjects (8.3%) in a lower category. Our findings suggest that overestimation of LDL-C by the Friedewald formula can be a great problem as well as underestimation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1415-1421
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• 2016

This study was worked to investigate the antioxidant activity and the blood circulation improvement effect of two Hibiscus syriacus extracts divided into fermented H. syriacus extract and non-fermented H. syriacus extract. As the results of in vitro experiment, both of fermented H. syriacus extract and non-fermented H. syriacus extract had the DPPH free radical scavenging effect and the high contents of polyphenol and flavonoid known as antioxidant components in dose-dependent manner. Six weeks female C57BL/6 mice were divide into four groups and fed high diets for 28 days. Also fermented H. syriacus extract and non-fermented H. syriacus extract was daily intraperitoneal administration for 28 days at 2 mg/kg of body weight of mice. In vivo C57BL/6 mice experiment of normal diet group (NOR), high-fat diet group (CON), high-fat diet plus fermented H. syriacus extract group (FHS) and high-fat diet plus non-fermented H. syriacus extract group (NFHS), each of total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein (LDL) was decreased in both of FHS and NFHS groups, meanwhile high density lipoprotein (HDL) was increased (p<0.01). Conclusion, the results confirmed that H. syriacus containing the high contents of the antioxidant activity components had the significant effects of blood circulation improvement.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.80-87
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• 2016

Purpose: This study examined the effects of duck meats with turmeric powder on blood lipids in 10 female university students. Methods: The subjects received duck meat with 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% turmeric powder and glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol in their serums after 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min were measured. Results: The average height, weight, and body mass index of subjects were $159.6{\pm}2.6cm$, $51.3{\pm}3.5kg$, and $20.1{\pm}1.0$, respectively. The fasting glucose, ${\gamma}-glutamyl$ transferase (GGT), glutamic pyruvic transferase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transferase (GOT), c-reactive protein (CRP), and hemoglobin were within the normal range. The ${\Delta}-AUC$ (area under the curve) of postprandial glucose, TG did not change, but ${\Delta}-AUC$ of postprandial total cholesterol and LDL were significantly decreased, and HDL was increased by intake of the duck meat with turmeric powder. Conclusion: This study shows that duck meats with turmeric powder affected the postprandial blood lipid levels.