• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics A
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• v.29A no.3
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• pp.8-14
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• 1992

In this paper, the differential detection technique of multi-h CPM is introduced and described. We derived the sets of modulation index of multi-h phase codes adequate to the differential detection. The power spectra of multi-h signals with various sets of modulation index are presented and compared to those of MSK and QPSK. Error rate performances of the conventional detector and Viterbi algorithm detector of 2-h and 3-h CPM are evaluated and compared.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.737-740
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• 1992

This study was conducted to demonstrate the practical use of the buffer index curve as a criterion of silage quality evaluation, Forty five samples of the ensiled Italian ryegrass were collected from farms in Okayama, Japan. Silages were devided into 4 groups by the pattern of buffer index curve. Heavy wilting silages (A group) showed no peak on buffer index curve and Flieg's score of 95.6. However, moderate or weak wilting silages (B group) with moisture content of 63.3 showed a peak at pH 4.0 and a Flieg's score of 67.8. Both of A and B groups were regarded as a good quality silage. Silages (C group) with a peak at pH 4.5 were of a medium quality with Flieg's score of 45.3. Poorly preserved silages (D group) with Flieg's score of 12.0 had a peak at pH 5.0. There was a high positive correlationship (p<0.01) between the peak value of buffer index curve and the organic acid content.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2000

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the association between H. pylori infection and socioeconomic status and to determine the current prevalence of H. pylori infection in Korean adolescents. Methods: A structured questionnaire was sent to the children's parents to obtain demographic information on the parents and environmental information. Of the 532 questionnaires sent out, 375 (70.5%; 170 girls and 205 boys) were returned. Their ages ranged from 10 to 15 years (mean, 12.9 years). After collecting blood samples, we measured serum IgG antibody to H. pylori using ELISA method. The association of risk factors such as age, sex, socioeconomic class, type of house, and crowding index with H. pylori infection were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. Socioeconomic status was estimated from the parents' education and occupation using a modified Hollingshead index. Results: The prevalence rate of H. pylori infection was 16.8% (63/375). It increased with age (10.3% at 10~11 years, 15.9% at 12~13 years, and 20.7% at 14~15 years). The H. pylori infection was inversely related to the socioeconomic class (6.3% for the upper class, 16.0% for the middle class, and 20.0% for the lower calss). Crowding condition and type of house did not affect significantly on seroprevalence of H. pylori infection. After logistic regression, we found that the odds ratio for age was 2.2 (95% confidence interval 0.9~5.4), and for socioeconomic status, 3.6 (95% confidence interval 0.5~28.9). Conclusion: The prevalence of H. pylori infection in Korean adolescents was 16.8%. It related inversely to socioeconomic status but was not statistically significant. Socioeconomic status based on parents' education and occupation seemed to affect more on H. pylori seroprevalence than crowding or type of house did.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.419-429
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• 2008

This study was conducted to analyze the characteristics of women's body somatotypes by direct measurements. Through the classification of degree of obesity and silhouette, women in their 20s who have a great interest in body somatotype can grasp their real somatotype and recognize their obesity rate and silhouette easily. The results are as follows: 1. Average sizes of subjects for this study were: height 160.3cm, weight 52.2kg, bust 83.7cm, waist 65.7cm, hips 91.1cm. And average values of each body mass index were: BMI 20.3, Rohrer Index 1.27, Vervaeck Index 84.8. 2. For the BMI value, the Average Numeric Index of normal somatotype was the highest, 76.9%. The Rohrer Index of underweight somatotype was 34.3% and the Average Numeric Index was 1.12. In the Vervaeck Index, underweight somatotype was 35.7%, and the average Numeric Index was 79.1, while the overweight somatotype was 7.4% of the Vervaeck Index and 100.8 of the Average Numeric Index. So the index which had the largest range of normal values from the same subjects, was the BMI, then the Rohrer Index, and finally, the Vervaeck Index in that order. 3. In the result of sorting bodies with silhouettes, when drop value were used to sort, N type (normal somatotype) was 69.4%, H type (one has similar sizes in waist size and hips) was 20.4% and A type (one has big hips) was 10.2% in that order. Among people in their early 20s, A type was 12.1%. H type was high, 22.8%, among women in their late 20s. When Sinozaki's method of classifying body types was used, ideal somatotype was 86.6%, A type was 7.4%, I type was 5.6% and X type was 0.5%. Women in their late 20s showed higher rates of ideal somatotype, the rates of A type and I type were lower than women in their early 20s.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.247-250
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• 2001

We studied optical properties of SiON thin-film in the applications of optical waveguide. SiON thin-film was grown in $300^{\circ}C$ by PECVD(plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition) system. The change of SiON thin-film composition and refractive Index was studied as a function of varying $NH_3$ gas flow rate. As $NH_3$ gas flow rate was increased, Quantity of N and refractive index were increased at the same time. By the results, we could form the SiON thin-film to use of a waveguide with refractive index of 1.6. We analyzed the conditions of the thin-film with FTIR(fourier transform infrared) and OES (optical emission spectroscopy). N-H bonding($3390cm^{-1}$ ) can be removed by thermal annealing. And we could observe the SiH bonding state and quantity by OES analysis in $SiH_4$

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.667-674
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of pH and temperature on the formation of bromate, which is ozonation by-products, during ozonation. In this experiment, the operating parameters including pH 3 ～ 10 and temperature 15 ～ $30^{\circ}C$ were studied. Through the study for the bromate formation, reaction rate constant, and ozonation effect index on pH and temperature, the results obtained are as follows. At the same initial pH condition, the increase of pH shown similar trends even if the reaction variables such as temperature and reaction time of ozonation were exchanged. As pH and temperature were increasing, the bromate concentration was increased but bromine(HOBr+OBr) was decreased with increasing pH from 3 to 10. The activation energy(J/mol) for bromate formation decreased with increasing pH. The rate constants of bromate formation for the reaction of ozone and bromide, and ozone dosage coefficient$(K_{0})$ increased with temperature and pH. Ozonation effect index(OI) decreased with increasing temperature and pH.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.366-378
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop a sodium index, which is a tool for estimating and assessing sodium intake easily and quickly, to assist in the prevention of various diseases induced by excess sodium intake in Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The 24-h urine collection and dietary behavior surveys were performed on 640 healthy people in 4 regions of South Korea, and an equation for the estimation of 24-h sodium intake was developed. The validity and reliability of the equation were verified with 200 adults. The sodium index was developed by converting the estimated sodium intake using the equation. Finally, the sodium intake status of 1,600 adults was assessed using the sodium index. RESULTS: The equation included sex, age, body mass index, eating habit and dietary behaviors related to sodium intake. In validity test of the equation, the mean bias between sodium intake using 24-h urine analysis and using the equation from the Bland-Altman plots was -1.5 mg/day. The sensitivity and specificity of the equation for estimation of sodium intake were 80.5% and 64.4%, respectively. In the reliability test of the equation, there was no significant difference between the first and second sodium intakes calculated using the equations, and Spearman's correlation coefficient between the 2 sodium intakes was 0.98. Sodium intake can be assessed as 'very moderate' for 75-100 on the sodium index, 'moderate' for 100-150, 'careful' for less than 75 or 150-200, and 'severe' for 250 or more. When sodium intake was assessed using the sodium index in 1,600 subjects, 54.3% and 24.3% of the subjects were assessed to be in the 'careful' and 'severe' categories, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Using a simple questionnaire, the sodium index can be used to monitor and assess sodium intake status, assisting in nutrition education and counseling in a large population.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2003

Purpose: To investigate the relation of the gastric epithelial cell proliferation, apoptosis and genotypes of H. pylori in children. Methods: Histologic grading by updated Sydney system, PCNA immunostaining, TUNEL method and the genotypes (cagA, picB and iceA) by PCR were performed in H. pylori positive (N=20) and negative (N=20) gastric biopsy specimens. Results: PCNA index was significantly different between H. pylori positive children ($77.4{\pm}13.12$) and H. pylori negative children ($52.3{\pm}12.20$) (p=0.000). There were positive correlations between PCNA index and H. pylori density (r=0.624, p=0.000), polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity (r=0.460, p=0.005) and chronic inflammation (r=0.433, p=0.009). Apoptosis index of H. pylori positive children ($0.70{\pm}0.411$) was significantly higher than of H. pylori negative children ($0.14{\pm}0.201$) (p=0.000). Positive correlations between apoptosis index and H. pylori density (r=0.691, p=0.000), polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity (r=0.585, p=0.000) and chronic inflammation (r=0.535, p=0.001) were noted. As PCNA index increased, apoptosis index significantly increased (r=0.527, p=0.001). The positive rates of genotypes were cagA 90%, picB 75%, iceA1 60% and iceA2 15%, respectively. There were no significant correlations between the status of the genotypes and PCNA index, apoptosis index, the endoscopic findings and the histologic findings. Conclusion: PCNA index and apoptosis index in H. pylori positive children were higher than in H. pylori negative children but were not related to H. pylori genotypes. This study suggested that correlatively increased gastric epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis are important to pathogenesis of H. pylori infection in children.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.444-449
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• 1992

A total of 858 heterotrohic bacteria were isolated and analyzed hy numerical method to investigate the heterotrophic hacterial community structure in Naktong Estuary. Although the values of H' (Shannon's diversity index). ranged between 1.54 and 3.49. were similar with those of the data hefore the construction of Naktong River barrage, however J' (evenness index. 0.31-0.80) was reduced. Physiological tolerance index for water temperature ($P_{s}$) was high at St.l and 2 whose depthes arc shallower than the other stations. and indices for pH ($P_{h}$) and salinity ($P_{s}$) were high at St. 2. 3. 4 where freshwater and seawater arc mixed. The predominant clusters were identified as Aeromonas. Vihrio. Pseudomonas. Acinelobacter-Morexella. Alcaligenes. Flavobacterium. Micrococcaccae. and Enterohacteriaceae. The kinds nf the isolates were similar with the previous result. hut the dominant genus was changed. These results suggest that the environmental changes in Naktong Estuary affect the hacterial physiological adaptation rather than the composition of heterotrophic hactcrial community.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.113-133
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• 1998

The system proposed in this paper prosodically transcribes the intonation patterns, prosodic structures, phrasings, and other prosodic aspects of Korean utterances, on four parallel tiers: a tone tier, an orthographic tier, a break index tier, and a miscellaneous tier. The tone tier employs two phrase accents (L* and H *), three accentual phrase boundary tones (L-, H-, LH-), and four intonational phrase boundary tones (L%,H%,LH%,LHL%) in order to provide a phonological transcription of pitch events associated with accented syllables and phrase boundaries. The break index tier uses five break indices, numbered from 0 to 4, which mark a prosodic grouping of words and its prosodic structure in an utterance. Among the five indices, the break index 3 and the break index 4 align with an accentual phrase boundary tone and an intonational phrase boundary tone, respectively, in the tone tier.