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Induction of Nrf2/ARE-mediated cytoprotective genes by red ginseng oil through ASK1-MKK4/7-JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in HepG2 cells

  • Bak, Min Ji;Truong, Van-Long;Ko, Se-Yeon;Nguyen, Xuan Ngan Giang;Jun, Mira;Hong, Soon-Gi;Lee, Jong-Won;Jeong, Woo-Sik
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.40 no.4
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    • pp.423-430
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    • 2016
  • Background: The induction of cellular defensive genes such as phase II detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes is a highly effective strategy for protection against carcinogenesis as well as slowing cancer development. Transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2) is responsible for activation of phase II enzymes induced by natural chemopreventive compounds. Methods: Red ginseng oil (RGO) was extracted using a supercritical $CO_2$ extraction system and chemical profile of RGO was investigated by GC/MS. Effects of RGO on regulation of the Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway were determined by ARE-luciferase assay, western blotting, and confocal microscopy. Results: The predominant components of RGO were 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (31.48%), bicyclo[10.1.0] tridec-1-ene (22.54%), and 22,23-dihydrostigmasterol (16.90%). RGO treatment significantly increased nuclear translocation of Nrf2 as well as ARE reporter gene activity, leading to upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1. Phosphorylation of the upstream kinases such as apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK)1, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MKK)4/7, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK were enhanced by treatment with RGO. In addition, RGO-mediated Nrf2 expression and nuclear translocation was attenuated by JNK inhibitor SP600125 and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190. Conclusion: RGO could be used as a potential chemopreventive agent, possibly by induction of Nrf2/ARE-mediated phase II enzymes via ASK1-MKK4/7-JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.

Development of mixed Th1/Th2-type immune response in mice following immunization with GP63 from Leishmania donovani (내장리슈만편모충 유래 GP63 항원을 마우스에 접종한 후 관찰되는 Th1/Th2-type 복합 면역반응)

  • Shin, Sung-shik
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.41 no.2
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    • pp.211-218
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    • 2001
  • The $M_r$ 63,000 glycoprotein (GP63) and lipophosphoglycan (LPG) of Leishmania donovani were evaluated as vaccine candidates against visceral leishmaniasis. Mice were immunized with liposomeencapsulated GP63 and/or LPG that were purified from the soluble extract of L. donovani promastigotes, and were challenged with virulent amastigotes. Mice immunized with GP63/LPG in liposomes plus BCG resulted in a 27.4% reduction of amastigotes in the liver compared to the control group (liposomes plus BCG), and mice immunized with liposome-GP63 plus BCG failed to induce a protective immune response against the challenge infection. Immunization of mice with GP63 fused to the Schistosoma japonicum glutathione S-transferase (GP63-GST) plus BCG also failed to elicit protective immunity. To analyze the cause of failure to induce protection, cytokine release from the spleen cells of immunized mice and Leishmania-specific serum antibodies were analyzed. Spleen cells from mice immunized with GP63-GST plus BCG that were exposed to soluble extract of L. donovani in vitro produced 10-fold greater quantities of IFN-gamma and 3-fold greater quantities of IL-5 than cells from mice receiving BCG only or saline. Western blot analysis revealed that sera from these mice had Leishmania-specific antibodies recognizing 1 to 3 antigens of L. donovani with M. W. of 60-65 kDa. Although immunization of mice with GP63-GST induced a strong Th1 response, this study indicated that GP63-GST simultaneously elicited the Th2 response of the CD4+ T-cell, which was known to abrogate the protective immune response conferred by the Th1 effector function.

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The Kinematic Analysis of the Tennis Flat Serve Motion (테니스 플랫 서브 동작의 운동학적 분석)

  • Oh, Cheong-Hwan;Choi, Su-Nam;Nam, Taek-Gil
    • Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.97-108
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    • 2006
  • C. H. OH, S. N. CHOI, T. G. NAM, The Kinematic Analysis of the Tennis Flat Serve Motion, Korean Jiurnal of Sports Biomechanics, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 97-108, 2006. By the comparison and the analysis of the different factors during the tennis flat serve motion such as the required time per section, the movement displacement of the racket, the velocity of the upper limbs joints, the physical center of gravity, and the angle and the angular velocity of the upper limbs joints between an ace player and a mediocre player, these following results were drawn. First, the experiment result of the total time required per section in a tennis flat serve motion showed that an ace player was faster than a mediocre player by 0.4 seconds. This result suggested that it was required to increase the speed of the racket head by a swift swing to perform an effective flat serve motion. Second, the experiment result of the movement displacement of the racket in the tennis flat serve motion showed that an ace player greatly moved toward the left side on an x-axis. But both an ace and a mediocre player were shown to be at the similar points on a y-axis at the moment of the impact of the racket. An ace player was also shown to be located at a higher position on a z-axis by 0.23m. Third, the velocity of the center of gravity of an ace player was faster in every phase than that of a mediocre player in a tennis flat serve motion. Fourth, the velocity of the upper limb joints of an ace player was faster in every phase than that of a mediocre player in a tennis flat serve motion. Fifth, the experiment result of the speed of the racket head in tennis flat serve motion showed that a mediocre player was faster than an ace player in the first phase, but the latter was faster than the former in the second, third, and the fourth phases. Sixth, at the moment of impact of a tennis flat serve, an ace player had greater flexion of the angle of the wrist joints by an 11.8 degree than a mediocre player. An ace player also had greater extension of the angle of the elbow joint and the shoulder joint respectively by a 5.2 degree and a 1.4 degree with a mediocre player. Seventh, an ace player had greater angular velocity of the upper limb joints and the hip joints than a mediocre player at the moment of the impact of tennis flat serve. Eighth, an ace player was shown to have a greater change of the forward and the backward inclination (or the anterior and posterior inclination) of the upper body

Determination of 3-phenoxybenzoic Acid in Urine and Exposure Assessment of Pyrethroid Insecticides to Human Being (요중 3-phenoxybenzoic acid 미량 분석 및 pyrethroid계 살포자 노출 평가)

  • Seo, Jong-Chul;Song, Jae-Seok;Choi, Hong-Soon
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.87-94
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    • 2007
  • Pyrethroid insecticide have widely been used for agricultural sector and residential environments. To assess the exposure of insecticide which is absorbed through skin the analysis of urinary metabolite is essential. At present, the urinary 3-PBA was analyzed using liquid-phase extraction. But LPE have many limitations, such as long pre-treatment time and low recovery. So, this study was conducted to determine the optimum conditions for analysing 3-PBA in urine using solid phase extraction. Furthermore, this study intend to investigate the relation of concentrations of pyrethroid, deltamethrin in air and 3-PBA in urine. The optimum condition for hydrolysis was found to be done with hydrochloric acid for one hour. The recovery rates of 3-PBA were $84.6%{\pm}1.2%$, $54.8{\pm}0.9%$, $99.8{\pm}1.2%$ with XAD-2, XAD-7, XAD-16 using as the aborbents and acetone as eluents respectively. But acetonitrle and methanol gave low recovery rate and methyl cellosolve could not elute the compound. The amount of acetone for elution were 6mL, 9mL, 3mL for XAD-2, XAD-7, XAD-16 as absorbents respectively. The non-absorbed rates was $0.8{\pm}0.5%$, and $0.7{\pm}0.3%$ under XAD-16, mesh size 140-200, amount of resin 1.4g and the flow rate of eluent was 0.1mL/min. In the concentration process, we obtained 11 times higher concentration of material. The amounts of urinary 3-PBA were. The LODs of 3-PBA and deltamethrin were 0.004 mg/L, 0.038 mg/L, respectively. The further research of minute monitoring which include spray pattern, environmental condition is needed And more research about the relation between total pyrethroid exposure and urinary various metabolite are also necessary.

Developmemt of Rice Husk Pellets as Bio-filter Media of Bio Scrubber Odor Removal System (왕겨펠렛 생물담체 개발 및 이를 이용한 bio scrubber형 악취제거 시스템 성능평가)

  • Bae, Jiyeol;Han, Sangjong;Park, Ki Ho;Kim, Kwang-Soo
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.554-566
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    • 2018
  • The rice husk contains nutrients which can be easily utilized by microorganisms, and also has a water retaining ability, which played a crucial part in enabling it to become a biofilter media. In this study, we evaluated the applicability of rice husk pellet bio-scrubber as a microbiological carrier. The pelletization experiment of rice husk as a biological media was performed using PVA and EVA binder. Also, the feasibility tests of rice husk as a biological media for odor removal were carried out in order to know whether rice-husk contains useful components as a media for microbiological growth or not. Lastly, a combined test for odor gas absorption and biological oxidation was conducted using a lab scale bio-filter set-up packed with rice-husk pellets as wet-scrubber. The major components of the rice husk were carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, while carbon acted as the main ingredient which comprised up to 23.00%. The C : N : P ratio was calculated as 45 : 1 : 2. Oxygen uptake rate, yield and decay rate of the rice husk eluent was calculated to be $0.0049mgO_2/L/sec$, 0.24 mgSS/mgCOD and 0.004 respectively. The most stable form of rice husk pellets was produced when the weight of the rice husk, EVAc, PVAc, and distilled water was 10 : 2 : 0.2 : 10. The prepared rice husk pellets had an apparent density of 368 g/L and a porosity of 59.00% upon filling. Dry rice husks showed high adsorption capacity for ammonia gas but low adsorption capacity for hydrogen sulfide. The bio-filter odor removal column filled with rice husk pellets showed more than 99.50% removal efficiency for NH3 and H2S gas. Through the analysis of circulation water, the prime removal mechanism is assumed to be the dissolution by water, microbial nitrification, and sulfation. Finally, it was confirmed that the microorganisms could survive well on the rice husk pellets, which provided them a stable supply of nutrients for their activity in this long-term experiment. This adequate supply of nutrients from the rice husk enabled high removal efficiency by the microorganisms.

Comparison of Opened Rates and Quality Characteristics of Frozen Baby-clam In-shell Tapes philippinarum Prepared by Different Processing Method (제조방법을 달리하여 제조한 껍질붙은 냉동바지락(Tapes philippinarum)의 껍질 개패율 및 품질특성 비교)

  • Park, Si-Young;Kang, Kyung-Hun;Lee, Jae-Dong;Yoon, Moon-Joo;Kang, Young-Mi;Seoung, Tae-Jong;Kweon, Su-Hyun;Choo, Yi-Kwon;Kim, Jeong-Gyun
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.49 no.6
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    • pp.743-749
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    • 2016
  • We compared two different processing methods for preparing high quality frozen in-shell baby clam products. In the first method, sand and mud were removed from the clams, then they were vacuum packed in polyethylene film, boiled at $97^{\circ}C$ for 6 min, and snap frozen in a cold air blast freezer (sample 1). The second processing method was similar, except the boiling process was excluded (sample 2). Both frozen products were boiled for 4 min, and then shucked and minced. Various quality metrics, such as the opening rates of shells, chemical composition, pH, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), salinity, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), amino-N, total amino acids and free amino acids were measured, and sensory evaluation was conducted. The opening rates of shells of sample 1 and sample 2 were 98.3% and 4.67%, respectively. The proximate composition of sample 1 and sample 2 was 75.2% and 78.7% moisture, 19.7% and 16.2% crude protein, 2.45 and 2.2% crude lipid, 2.8% and 2.1% ash, and 2.1% and 1.9% salinity, respectively. The L, a, b and ${\Delta}E$ values were similar: 48.6 and 49.2, 3.9 and 3.9, 15.7 and 15.5, and 50.7 and 50.1 for sample 1 and sample 2, respectively. The sensory evaluation score of sample 1 was higher than that of sample 2. Sample 1 was deemed to be superior to sample 2; therefore, we determined that the boiling process is needed for manufacturing high-quality frozen clam products.

한국산 장뇌산삼의 부위별 유용성분함량 및 추출용매조건의 영향

  • 김준한;문혜경;강우원;김종국
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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    • 2003.10a
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    • pp.150.2-151
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    • 2003
  • 한국산 장뇌산삼의 열매, 잎, 줄기 및 뿌리를 -7$0^{\circ}C$ 동결건조 분말화시킨 시료에 대한 추출용매와 농도에 따른 유용성분의 함량을 비교, 분석하였다. 추출액의 당도는 잎과 줄기의 80% 에탄올추출액이 각각 22.58%와 22.53%로 가장 높았고, pH는 4.43-7.41 수준이었고, 갈변도는 흡광도가 잎과 뿌리 80% 에탄올추출액이 1.803과 1.085로 가장 높았다. 색도의 경우 L값는 줄기 100% 증류수추출액이 24.56, 열매 80% 메탄올추출액이 24.35로 가장 높았고, 뿌리와 잎 80% 에탄올추출액이 각각 17.47과 19.59로 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었다. a값은 잎100% 증류수추출액이 0.41로 가장 높았고, 줄기 80%메탄올추출 액이 -0.49로 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. b값은 줄기 80% 메탄올추출액이 3.69로 가장 높았고, 열매 100% 증류수추출액 이 0.45로 가장 낮은 값이었다. 주요 유리당은 sucrose, glucose 및 fructose 이었고, 유리당 총함량은 열매와 줄기 100% 증류수추출액이 각각 6733 mg/100g과 6142 mg/100g으로 가장 많은 량을 함유하였고, sucrose는 뿌리 80% 메탄올추출액 이 3673 mg/100g으로, glucose 및 fructose는 줄기 80% 에탄올추출액과 잎 80% 메탄올추출액에 각각 4283 mg/100g과 1897 mg/100g으로 높은 함유량을 나타내었다. 또한 잎과 줄기에는 xylose가 304-524 mg/100g 수준으로 함유되어 있었고, 뿌리에는 maltose가 소량 함유하고 있었다. 주요 유기산으로는 citric acid, tartaric acid 및 malic acid가 확인되었고, citric acid는 뿌리 80% 메탄올추출액이 1849 mg/100g으로 가장 높은 함량이었고, tartaric acid는 잎 80% 메탄올추출액이 3263 mg/100g으로 가장 높은 함량이었고, malic acid는 뿌리 80% 메탄올추출액이 1856 mg/100g으로 가장 높은 함량이었으며, 뿌리 80% 메탄올추출액에는 succinic acid, malonic acid 및 oxalic acid 등이 확인되었다. 유리아미노산은 L-Arginine, ${\gamma}$-Amino-n-butyric acid, Ethanolamine, L-Proline, $\beta$-Alanine 및 L-sarcosine 등 총 35종이 확인되었고, L-Arginine은 251-7379 mg/100g 수준으로 특히, 뿌리 80% 메탄올추출액에는 1319 mg/100g으로 총함유량의 79.13%로 매우 높은 함유량을 나타내었다. P, K, Na, Ca 및 Mg 등이 주된 무기질로 확인되었고, 그 중 P는 줄기 100% 증류수추출액에 15563 mg/100g으로 가장 높았고, K은 잎 80% 메탄을 추출액에 4952 mg/100g, Ca과 Na은 잎과 열매 100% 증류수추출액에 각각 3052 mg/100g과 1798 mg/100g, Mg은 잎 100% 증류수추출액에 950 mg/100g으로 매우 높은 함유량을 보였고, 또한 미량원소로는 Zn, Cu, Cr, Mn, Co, Mo, Fe 등이 함유되어 있었다.

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Parthenogenetic Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells have Similar Characteristics to In Vitro Fertilization mES Cells (체외수정 유래 생쥐 배아줄기세포와 유사한 특성을 보유한 단위발생 유래 생쥐 배아줄기세포)

  • Park, Se-Pill;Kim, Eun-Young;Lee, Keum-Si;Lee, Young-Jae;Shin, Hyun-Ah;Min, Hyun-Jung;Lee, Hoon-Taek;Chung, Kil-Saeng;Lim, Jin-Ho
    • Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.129-138
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    • 2002
  • Objective: This study was to compare the characteristics between parthenogenetic mES (P-mES) cells and in vitro fertilization mES cells. Materials and Methods: Mouse oocytes were recovered from superovulated 4 wks hybrid F1 (C57BL/6xCBA/N) female mice. For parthenogenetic activation, oocytes were treated with 7% ethanol for 5 min and $5{\mu}g$/ml cytochalasin-B for 4 h. For IVF, oocytes were inseminated with epididymal sperm of hybrid F1 male mice ($1{times}10^6/ml$). IVF and parthenogenetic embryos were cultured in M16 medium for 4 days. Cell number count of blastocysts in those two groups was taken by differential labelling using propidium iodide (red) and bisbenzimide (blue). To establish ES cells, b1astocysts in IVF and parthenogenetic groups were treated by immunosurgery and recovered inner cell mass (ICM) cells were cultured in LIF added ES culture medium. To identify ES cells, the surface markers alkaline phosphatase, SSEA-1, 3,4 and Oct4 staining were examined in rep1ated ICM colonies. Chromosome numbers in P-mES and mES were checked. Also, in vitro differentiation potential of P-mES and mES was examined. Results: Although the cleavage rate (${\geq}$2-cell) was not different between IVF (76.3%) and parthenogenetic group (67.0%), in vitro development rate was significantly low in parthenogenetic group (24.0%) than IVF group (68.4%) (p<0.05). Cell number count of ICM and total cell in parthenogenetic b1astocysts ($9.6{\pm}3.1,\;35.1{\pm}5.2$) were signficantly lower than those of IVF blastocysts ($19.5{\pm}4.7,\;63.2{\pm}13.0$) (p<0.05). Through the serial treatment procedure such as immunosurgery, plating of ICM and colony formation, two ICM colonies in IVF group (mES, 10.0%) and three ICM colonies (P-mES, 42.9%) in parthenogenetic group were able to culture for extended duration (25 and 20 passages, respectively). Using surface markers, alkaline phosphatase, SSEA-l and Oct4 in P-mES and mES colony were positively stained. The number of chromosome was normal in ES colony from two groups. Also, in vitro neural and cardiac cell differentiation derived from mES or P-mES cells was confirmed. Conclusion: This study suggested that P-mES cells can be successfully established and that those cell lines have similar characteristics to mES cells.

Quantitatively Managed Leveling for Capability Maturity Model Integration Implementation (정량적 소프트웨어 능력성숙도모델 도입전략 및 사례)

  • Kim, Hanyoung;Lee, Wookey;Lee, James J.H.;Lee, Rich C.K.
    • Journal of Information Technology and Architecture
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.335-346
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    • 2013
  • With the overwhelming development of information technologies, the need for software development that can deal with diversified and complex business processes has increased dramatically. As a result, companies prefer softwares that can handle far more complex processing ability and also it should be stable as well as easier to maintain. These ambivalent requirements keep the software development organizations from assessing the quantitative abilities, so that under the support of the U.S. Department of Defense the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) and Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) have been developed. The CMMI upper levels for the software development companies will be evaluated to be excellent and authenticated, which drives the companies to get and maintain high levels of maturity. In this paper, a case study for a domestic software company has been exploited how to achieve CMMI level 4 and what kind of factors have been played an effective role. These issues at the domestic and international software and maintenance program, can influence the trustworthiness and marketing effects for the global market. In this paper, the company's actual case study will give clues to find out the important factors for the development and maintenance of software companies maturity levels.

Studies on The Electrochemical Properties of Oxygen adducts Tetradentate Schiff Base Cobalt(II) Complexes in DMSO (I) (DMSO용액에서 네자리 Schiff Base Cobalt(II) 착물들의 산소 첨가 생성물에 대한 전기화학적 성질에 관한 연구 (제 1 보))

  • Chjo Ki-Hyung;Jin-Soon Chung;Heui-Suk Ham;Seoing-Seob Seo
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.31 no.6
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    • pp.542-554
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    • 1987
  • Tetradentate schiff base cobalt(II) complexes; Co(SED), Co(SND) and Co(SOPD) have been prepared, these complexes have react with dry oxygen in DMSO to form oxygen adducts cobalt(III) complexes; $[Co(SED)(DMSO)]_2O_2,\;[Co(SND)(DMSO)]_2O_2$ and $[Co(SOPD)(DMSO)]_2O_2$. It seems to be that the oxygen adducts cobalt(Ⅲ) complexes have heexa coordinated octahedral configration with tetradentate schiff base cobalt (III), DMSO and oxygen, and the mole ratio of oxygen to cobalt(II) complexes are 1 : 2, these complexes have been identified by IR-Spectra, T.G.A., magnetic susceptibilitis and elemental analysis of C.H.N. and Cobalt. The redox reaction process of Co(SED), Co(SND) and Co(SOPD) complexes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry with glassy carbon electrode in 0.1M TEAP-DMSO. The results of redox reaction process of Co(II) / Co(III) and Co(II) / Co(I) for cobalt(SED) and cobalt(SOPD) complexes and Co(II) / Co(III) process for cobalt(SND) complex are reversible process but Co(II) / Co(I) process of Cobalt(SND) complex is irreversible, and oxygen adduct complexes to quasi reversibly with oxygen should be very closed related to the redox potentials of range, $E_{pc}$ = -0.80~-0.89V and $E_{pa}$ = -0.70~-0.76V.

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