• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.293-303
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• 2017

To elucidate the physiological responses of rice plants to the essential mineral silicon (Si), we assessed the effects of treatments with Si, nitrogen ($NH_4NO_3$; ammonium nitrate), and calcium ($CaCl_2$; calcium chloride), independently or in combination on mineral uptake rates and levels of the hormones abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin ($GA_1$) and jasmonic acid (JA). We found that nitrogen and calcium uptake was inhibited by Si application. However, solo application of nitrogen or calcium did not affect Si uptake. Compared to the untreated plants, the application of Si, $NH_4NO_3$ or $CaCl_2$ increased the endogenous hormone levels in treated plants. In particular, the concentrations of $GA_1$ and JA increased significantly after the application of Si or $NH_4NO_3$. The level of $GA_1$ observed after a treatment (solo or combine) with Si, and $NH_4NO_3$ was higher than that of the control. By contrast, independent application of $CaCl_2$ or a combined treatment with Si and $CaCl_2$ did not alter $GA_1$ levels. The highest level of $GA_1$ was present in plants given a combination treatment of Si and $NH_4NO_3$. This effect was observed at all time points (6 h, 12 h and 24 h). Endogenous JA contents were higher in all treatments than the control. In particular, a combination treatment with Si and $NH_4NO_3$ significantly increased the JA levels in plants compared to other treatments at all time points. A small increase in JA levels was observed after 6 h in plants given the $CaCl_2$ treatment. However, JA levels did not differ between plants given a $CaCl_2$ treatment and controls after 12 h or 24 h of exposure. We conclude that treatment with $CaCl_2$ alone does not affect endogenous JA levels in the short term. Endogenous ABA contents did not show any differences among the various treatments.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.310-315
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: Heavy-metal pollution represents an important environmental problem due to the toxic effects of metals, and their accumulation throughout the food chain leads to serious ecological and health problems. METHODS AND RESULTS: Optimum conditions in continuous-flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and packedbed column contactor (PBCC) using brown seaweed biosorbent were investigated. Under optimum conditions from both lab-scale biosorbent systems, removal efficiency of copper (Cu) in a large-scale PBCC system was investigated. Removal capacity of Cu using brown seaweed biosorbent in a lab-scale CSTR system was higher than that in a lab-scale PBCC system. On the other hand, over 48 L/day of flow rate in Cu solution, removal efficiency of Cu in a lab-scale PBCC system was higher than that in a lab-scale CSTR system. Optimum flow rate of Cu was 24 L/day, optimum Cu solution concentration was 100 mg/L. Removal capacity of Cu at different stages was higher in the order of double column biosorption system > single column biosorption system. Under different heavy metals, removal capacities of heavy metal were higher in the order of Pb > Cr > Ni > Mn ${\geq}$ Cu ${\geq}$ Cd ${\fallingdotseq}$ Zn ${\geq}$ Co. Removal capacity of Cu was 138 L in a large-scale PBCC system. Removal capacity of Cu a large-scale PBCC system was similar with in a lab-scale PBCC system. CONCLUSION(s): Therefore, PBCC system using brown seaweed biosorbent was suitable for treating heavy metal wastewater.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.304-309
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: Generally, water plants may play an important role in nutrients(N, P) removal in constructed wetlands(CWs). Previous studies considered nutrients uptake by water plants in various CWs for treating point source pollution. On the other hand, few studies considered nutrients uptake by water plants in free water surface(FWS) CWs for treating non-point source pollution. METHODS AND RESULTS: To investigate characteristics of nutrient uptake by water plants in FWS CWs, dry weights, nutrients content and nutrients uptake by water plants were investigated from April, 2008 to October, 2008. Dominance plants were Phragmites japonica STEUD (PHRJA), Nymphaea tetragona ANGUSTA(NTMTE), Typha orientalis PRESL(TYHOR), Phragmites communis TRINIUS(PHRCO) and Zizanis latifolia TURCZ(ZIZLA) in FWS CWs. The dry weights of water plants in August were higher in the order of TYHOR(54.27 g/plant) > PHRJA(44.30 g/plant) ${\geqq}$ PHRCO(39.60 g/plant) ${\geqq}$ ZIZLA(37.80 g/plant) ${\fallingdotseq}$ NTMTE(36.75 g/plant). The T-N and T-P contents by water plants were not significantly differences regardless of cultivation period. The maximum amount of T-N uptake by water plants in August were 773 mg/plant for PHRJA, 625 mg/plant for NTMTE, 1206 mg/plant for TYHOR, 754 mg/plant for PHRCO and 768 mg/plant for ZIZLA. The maximum amounts of T-P uptake by PHRJA, NTMTE, TYHOR, PHRCO and ZIZLA were 397, 177, 411, 261 and 229 mg/plant in August, respectively. CONCLUSION(s): The results of this study suggest that optimum water plant was Typha orientalis PRESL in free water surface constructed wetlands.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 2004

This study was conducted to estimate genetic parameter of Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire breeds based on the on-farm performance tested records of 57,316 pigs under the supervision of Korean Animal Improvement Association from 1992 to 1999. Genetic parameters were estimated with a multiple trait animal model by using DF - REML. The result obtained in this study was summarized as follow ; The estimated heritabilities of Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire were 0.46${\sim}$0.65 for the average backfat thickness, 0.28${\sim}$0.31 for loin depth, 0.50～0.60 for percent lean, 0.45${\sim}$0.55 for the average daily gain, 0.38${\sim}$0.50 for age at 90kg, respectively. Phenotypic correlation of average backfat thickness with loin depth, percent lean, average daily gain and age at 90㎏ for the three breeds were -0.12${\sim}$-0.01, -0.81${\sim}$-0.76, 0.34${\sim}$0.46, and -0.41${\sim}$-0.33, respectively. Phenotypic correlation of loin depth with percent lean, average daily gain and age at 90kg were 0.12${\sim}$0.23, 0.03${\sim}$0.21, and -0.17${\sim}$-0.03, respectively. Phenotypic correlation of percent lean with average daily gain and age at 90kg were -0.37${\sim}$-0.26 and 0.26～0.35, respectively. Phenotypic correlation of average daily gain with age at 90kg was -0.97${\sim}$-0.95. The estimated genetic correlation coefficients of average backfat thickness with loin depth, percent lean, average daily gain and age at 90kg estimated for the three breeds were -0.17${\sim}$0.03, -0.79${\sim}$-0.69, 0.24${\sim}$0.45 and -0.41${\sim}$-0.19, respectively. The estimated genetic correlation coefficients of loin depth with percent lean, average daily gain and age at 90kg were 0.11～0.19, 0.23 and -0.30～-0.20, respectively. The estimated correlation coefficients of percent lean with average daily gain and age at 90kg were -0.36${\sim}$-0.13 and 0.10～0.34, respectively. The estimated genetic correlation coefficients of average daily gain with age at 90㎏ was -0.96${\sim}$-0.95.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.811-820
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• 2004

Objectives of this study was to determine the comparisons of physico-chemical characteristics in crossbred pigs(Korean native breed ${\times}$ Landrace breed) by feeding periods. A total of 150 pigs were sampled from commercial farm, and assigned into three treatedrnents. Feeding peirods of Tl, T2 and T3 were below 200 days, 220-220 days, over 220 days, respectively. Live weight, carcass weight and backfat thickness were significantly(P<0.05) increased with feeding period increased, and final grade score have significantly(P<0.05) lower when feeding period was increased. pH and water content were significantly(P<0.05) lower when feeding period was increased(over 220days). However, intramuscular fat have no significantly different among the treatments. $L^* and b^* were significantly(P<0.05) lower and a^*$ was significantly higher(P<0.05) when feeding period increased. Cooking loss was higher in the order of Tl > T3 > T2. Shear force values was significantly(P<0.05) decreased by feed period increase. In fatty acids, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and saturated fatty acid(SFA) in T2 were significantly(P<0.05) lower in T2, whereas linolenic acid, unsaturated fatty acid(UFA), essential fatty acid(EFA), UFA/SFA and EFA/SFA were significantly higher in T2 compared with other treatment. However palmitoleic acid and arachidonic acid were no significantly different with feeding periods. As a result of this study, crossbred pigs was increased live weight and carcass weight with feeding periods. and improved meat color and tenderness with feeding periods. However, final grade score was decreased with feeding periods

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.849-858
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of addition of citron peel powder(0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%) on the quality characteristics of emulsion-type sausages. The pH, color, TBARS, residual nitrite content and textural properties were evaluated. The pH values of sausage containing citron peel powder were significantly(P<0.05) lower compared to those for control. The CIE $L^*$ and $a^*$ values of sausage containing citron peel powder tended to similar to control, but the CIE $b^*$ values were significantly(p<0.05) higher in the sausage containing citron peel powder. The TBARS values of sausage containing 0.9% citron peel powder were significantly(P<0.05) lower than those of control at 20, 40 and 60 days of storage. The residual nitrite content of sausage containing citron peel powder were significantly(P<0.05) lower compared to control. The hardness values of sausage containing citron peel powder were significantly(P<0.05) higher than those of control, but the cohesiveness, springiness and gumminess were significantly(P<0.05) lower in the sausage containing citron peel powder.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.859-870
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate physico-chemical changes of pork prepared by Korean traditional 3 types seasoning such as soybean sauce(Tl); garlic sauce(T2); red pepper sauce(T3). The seasoned samples were aged at 0 ${\pm}$ $1^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. The results obtained were as follows; Salinity(%) and saccharinity(%) of sauce were significantly decreased(P<0.05) among the all treatments during aging periods, whereas fermented meats were significantly increased(P<0.05). pH of sauce and fermented meat were tended to increased as aging period. Water-Holding Capacity(WHC) and shear force of fermented meat increased(P<0.05) among the all treatments at 20 days of storage, and decreased after that period. In color, $L^* and b^* value of T3 were lower, while a^*$ value was higher than other treatments during aging period. Volatile Basic Nitrogen(YBN) value of all treatments were increased(P<0.05) after 20 days of storage. YBN value of T3 was significantly higher(P<0.05) compared with other treatments. Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances(TBARS) was rapidly increased until 10 days of storage and somewhat decreased up to 20 days after 10 days in all treatments, it was re-increased after 20th days. T3 showed the highest TBARS among the all treatment groups. Total bacterial and Lactobacilli spp. were significantly increased(P<0.05) in all treatments at 10 days of storage and decreased after that period, however it tended to increased at 30 days of storage. In sensory evaluation, overall acceptability in all treatments were increased after 20 days of storage compared to initial storage and it score was similar thereafter.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.106-113
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• 2005

This study was carried out to develop a novel hydroponic medium far fruit vegetable crops by using waste synthetic fibers. In physical analysis of the synthetic fiber medium (SFM), the bulk density and percent solid phase were lower, while the porosity and water content were greater in comparison with the rockwool slab. The SFM had pH of 6.5 and EC of $0.03dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ both of which are similar to those of the rockwool slab. The CEC of 0.39me/100mL of the SFM was lower than compared with 3.29me/100mL of the rockwool slab. However, concentrations K, Ca, Mg and Na were slightly higher in the SFM than those in the rockwool slab. The 'Momotaro' tomato crop in the SFM gave comparable plant height, stem diameter, days to first flowering, fruit weight and percent marketable yield as the rockwool slab. In the SFM and in the rockwool slab, mean fiuit weight were 182g and 181g, percent marketable yield were $93.8\%$ and $92.0\%$, respectively. The marketable yield per 10a in the SFM was 12,799 kg, which was $97\%$ of that in the rockwool slab. Growth parameters such as leaf length and width, leaf number, stem diameter and chlorophyll content of an exportable cucumber crop grown in the SFM and the rockwool slab were not different. Fruit weight was greater in the rockwool slab, while percent marketable yield was greater in the SFM. The marketable fruit yield per 10a of 5,062kg in the SFM was $2\%$ greater than that in the rockwool slab. $NO_3$ concentration in nutrient solution during the crop cultivation was higher in the SFM than in the rockwool slab, while concentrations $NH_4$, K, Ca, Mg and $SO_4$ were not different between the two media.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.113-124
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• 2012

The Confucian culture of the Chosun Dynasty has a great effect on the construction of ByeolSeo gardens. Among them, especially the gardens built in Gyeongsang Province areas, where a great number of Confucian scholars were produced in the beautiful natural environment, have maintained various heritage of Confucian culture established by the scholars. Along with the Nakdong River, we can find so many cultural assets of buildings such as head houses, ByeolSeo gardens, including the literary remains such as administrative certificates, poetry and prose, and records of pavilions, which show the trace of the scholars who followed the instructions of the doctrines of Chu-tzu. The Geumseonjeog located in Punggi County, Gyeongsangbuk Province, which was the ByeolSeo gardens possessed by Geumgye Whang Jun-ryang(1517-1563), who was the governor of the area and one of the representative students of Toigye Lee Whang. The building is located nearby the Geumseon Valley with beautiful natural scenery under Sobaek Mountain. Especially the pine forest around the valley boasts a unique natural setting. This study is aimed to analyze the value of natural scenic spot of the Geumseonjeong through the surveys on surroundings, topography, vegetation and water system. including the value of humanistic elements focused on the writings such as 'Geumgyejip' written by Whang Jun-ryang and Lee Whang, another 'Geumgyejip' written by Ryu un-ryong, and 'Geumgyejeongsajungsugi' written by Hong Gyeong-ryeom. And also, the scenic spot value of the signboards such as the 'Geumgyejeongsajungsugi' written by Ryu un-ryong, 'Geumgyejeong' by Lee Han-il, 'Geumgyejeong' written by Jo Un-hyeong and 'Geumgyejeongsa, written by Lee Jung-gi, was analyzed. And the historical and cultural value was analyzed through the semantic interpretation of the series of poetry and pose and the old map established in 1872. In respect of the scenery, the surroundings of the Geumseon Valley boast the outstanding settings as the clean mountain stream in front of the Geumseonjeong makes a beautiful harmony with the pine forest. The pine forest surrounding the Geumseon Valley has played a secret role in the history of the village. Considering the fact that the pine forest was expressed in the map of Punggi County produced in 1872, it may be assumed that the forest was regarded to have historical and scenic value in those times. Considering the fact that the words like 'Beautiful' and 'Scenic spot' were used in the writings like 'Geumgyejip' and there were meeting places around the valley, we can recognize the value of the place as a scenic spot. The beautiful natural scenery surrounding the ByeolSeo gardens, and the increase in humanistic value of the poetry and prose, including the administrative certificates, has recently brought about the cases in which some scenic spots of the ByeolSeo gardens were designated as cultural assets. According to the value as a scenic spot and semantic interpretation of the Geumseonjeong, the pavilion appeared to have a great scenic spot value as a ByeolSeo gardens, so that this study was designed to prepare criteria with which the pavilion may be designated as a scenic spot of ByeolSeo gardens.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2006

High phosphate accumulations in greenhouse soils have been considered as a new agricultural problem in Korea. The effects of silicate on changes in phosphate fractions and on the yield of Chinese cabbage without P fertilization were investigated by pot experiment. For this experiment, P-accumulated soil was selected (Total-P; $2140mg\;kg^{-1}$). Three levels of silicate (0, 2, and $4Mg\;ha^{-1}$) without P fertilization and P fertilizer without silicate application (Si0+NPK) were applied in 1/2000a pots. The same amount of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers were applied to the all pots. The application of $4Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of silicate greatly increased the yield of Chinese cabbage by 25% compared to Si0+NPK treatment. Although there is no significant difference in plant P absorption among all the treatments, the uptake of P in the $4Mg\;ha^{-1}$ silicate application was significantly higher than Si0+NPK treatment due to increase in yield. The content of available $SiO_2$ in soil increased with increasing silicate application rates. The Si concentration of plant showed a positive correlation with available $SiO_2$ contents in soil and the yield of Chinese cabbage. Total P greatly decreased with increasing rates of silicate application, yet the change in available P content was not significant. The Si0+NPK treatment increased the content of Ca-P by 11%, however, which was decreased by 27% in the $4Mg\;ha^{-1}$ silicate application. Therefore, the effect of silicate on reducing total-P was mainly attributed to the change in concentration of Ca-P. Our results suggest that the application of silicate in P-accumulated soils not only increase the crops yield but also reduces phosphate accumulation.