• Clean Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.229-237
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• 2010

The industrial ecology indicators(IEI) for Yeosu Industrial Park were developed using eco-efficiency indicator(EEI). The key factors for the creation of IEI were two parts. One part is the value of the products which is selected as the total production value, the amount of ethylene production, the amount of light oil production instead of the total sales volume for Yeosu Industrial Park, since the currency exchange and the price of raw materials varied every year. The other part is the environmental burden. The electric consumption, the industrial water consumption, and the amount of discharged waste water are all officially opened to the public, were used in the calculation. Based on the value for the year of 2004, the IEI value for 2006 became worse to 0.954, but, was expected to be 1.153, a 15% improvement, for 2015 if the current EIP project is successfully performed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.455-461
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• 2002

limiting nutrients for phytoplankton were determined by dissored inorganic nitrogen/phosphorous (DIN/DIP) in situ and algal bioassay experiment in the Seomjin River estuary during a study period from March 1999 to October 2001. DIN/DIP ranged from 14.7 to 681.1 during the study period. DIN/DIP was over 16 at the upper and middle estuarine region where salinity was lower than 25 psu and chlorophyll a concentration was high, probably indicating P-limitation in this region while the ratio was less than 16 at the high saline (> 25 psu) region, reflecting the supply of DIP from Gwangyang Bay and thereby indicating N-limitation at the lower estuarine region. These results suggested that the spatial distribution of DIN/DIP in the study region was controlled by the high supply of phosphate from Gwangyang Bay, the low input from Seomjin River and the active uptake by phytoplankton within the estuarine system. The bioassay experiments using Skeletonema costatum, Thalaasiosira rotula and in situ phytoplankton assemblage displayed relatively higher growth of phytoplankton in the P-added culture media, indicating P-limitation. This result was well consistent with the spatial distribution of inorganic nutrients. S. costatum showed a rapid adaptation to the low salinity compared to other phytoplankton species. This phenomenon seemed to account for the strong (> $90\%$ in total cell number) S. costatum bloom in autumn in this estuary. Moreover, although phytoplankton growth rate was higher in the P-added culture media at the end of culture experiment of in situ phytoplankton, the fast growth in the trace metal-added media at the beginning of the experiment suggested a possibility of limitation by other micro-nutrients such as trace metal and vitamin etc.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.154-162
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• 2011

Seawater quality was investigated each month at 30 stations near Tongyeong, South Korea, to provide data for the effective use of coastal fisheries and the reduction of economic damage to marine products. Water temperature was lowest in January and highest at the end of August. Neither extremely low water temperature below $4^{\circ}C$ nor fish damage caused by low water temperature was observed. Salinity ranged from 24.04 to 34.39 psu in the surface layer and from 29.92 to 34.39 psu in the bottom layer. The minimum salinity, attributable to rainfall events, was observed in July; salinity increased to high of about 34 psu in November. Low dissolved oxygen (DO), below 4 mg/L, was observed at Wenmun and Buksin Bays during May to October. Concentrations of $NO_2$-N, $NO_3$-N, and $PO_4$-P were low from March to September and high from October to February. Transparency was 6 m on average and was high in Wenmun Bay. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and chlorophyll a (Chl. a) were high during summer, when the water temperature was high. With cluster analysis based on environment factors related to water quality, the study area could be divided into three main sea areas: Buksin Bay, coastal seawater, and offshore seawater. Buksin Bay was characterized by low salinity, high DO and Chl. a, and high transparency in the surface layer and by low DO and high $NH_4$-N in the bottom layer. Offshore seawater had high salinity and $NO_3$-N and low Chl. a concentration. In summer season that oyster need lots of phytoplankton, $NO_3$-N and Chl. a concentrations at this study area were low compare to Gwangy-ang and Gamak Bays. In winter, a sea squirt swallow much more than other season, the Chl. a concentrations were also low than Gwangyang and Gamak Bays.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.166-174
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• 1987

Distribution, bathymetry and textural parameters of the bottom sediment deposited between Geoje and Namhae Islands were studied to understand the depositional environment of the area. The study area is divided into three different provinces. Except for the Gwangyang Bay and Changseon Channel, mud dominates in the western part whereas sandy mud and muddy sand prevail in the southeastern part including the eastern area of the Yogji Island. The relict sediment is located in the eastern part of the area. Generally, the Holocene sediment, located in the northern part of the area, is considered to be transported and deposited by a pelagic suspension mode. Influence of strong tidal currents results in some depressions in the vicinity of Changseon Island and the eastern part of the Yogji Island, The Tsushima Warm Current is supposed to affect the southern part of the area. The two parallels sand ridges lying in the southeastern part of the area are covered with very thin Holocene mud. This seems to be caused by the winnowing effect of the current. The similarity between the two directions of the current and the ridges encourages this idea. The boundary between the Holocene and relict sediment, however, lies further south the ridges.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.726-734
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• 2018

The total number of Sea Area Utilization Consultation in the environment management sea areas reviewed from 2015 to 2017 were 60. The number of development projects in the environment conservation sea areas decreased steadily, but special management sea areas increased. Development types in environment management sea areas showed that artificial structure installation was the highest ratio, followed by fishery port development and construction of habor and coastal maintenance and sea water intake and draining. By comparing the trend of water quality changes using marine environment information system (MEIS) data in the environment management areas from 2006 to 2017, COD showed no significant changes but the environment conservation sea areas increased slightly, and the concentration of TN and TP decreased. Gwangyang and Masan bays in the special management sea areas and Gamak bay in the environment conservation sea areas displayed oxygen deficient mass in the summer. As the use of development projects of the environment management sea areas are performed continuously, an analysis of the status of sufficient water quality changes is necessary for environmental impact assessment (Sea Area Utilization Consultation) in the marine environment and should be evaluated mainly for management of contamination by diagnosing thoroughly water quality effects and the pollution of sediment. Especially, the water quality goal for the purpose of designation in each of the environment management sea areas is set clearly, connection with pollution source control and the total pollution load management system (TPLMS) should be proposed and measured to reduce the amount of contaminated water.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.121-145
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• 2008

Northeast Asia is increasingly making a transition to distinctive and crucial region in the 21st Century and growing into one of world's top three economic spheres along with the EU and NAFTA. In 2003, Korean government announced the Northeast Asian economic hub country plan as an important agenda. As a means of coping with the changing global environment, Korean government designated Incheon in 2003 as the country's first Free Economic Zone ahead of Busan and Gwangyang Bay in the south of the country because Incheon has a geographical advantage linking North America and Europe with Incheon International Airport and Incheon Seaport. The purpose of this paper is to make research on establishment and operation of an arbitral body entitled ${\ulcorner}International Arbitration Center{\lrcorner}$ (IAC) within Incheon Free Economic Zone(IFEZ). For the purpose of this, the writer in this paper, reviewed the necessity of the IAC's establishment and its legal basis as well as the role and function of the Center. Also, the writer presented plans for how to operate the IAC and how to cooperate with the key arbitral organizations of foreign countries for the settlement promotion of commercial disputes including trade and investment. With development of the IFEZ, world-renowned enterprises will invest in the Incheon economic bloc and conduct economic activities, business operation, marketing, logistics, financing, etc. In this connection, diverse types of commercial disputes are expected to occur between foreign companies entering the IFEZ and Korean firms. In this connection, the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board(KCAB) has been operating its liaison office in the IFEZ since 2004. However, in view of the increasing arbitration demand, the IAC should be set up in the IFEZ in the near future by the positive support of the government in the respect of both administration and finance because the free economic zone-related law provides for the installation of arbitration organization. For the success of the IAC, the Center will have to provide not only good quality of arbitral services that can satisfy arbitration parties but also need to conduct researches and make efforts so that arbitration can be utilized well in the IFEZ. If the IFEZ can provide advantageous business environments to those multinational enterprises intending to the Incheon economic bloc, the IAC will also contribute to the settlement of commercial disputes arising from the Gaeseong Industrial Complex in North Korea in view of the geographical advantage and logistic benefit of the IFEZ. Finally, this paper also suggests a new model for a joint dispute resolution system by the initiative of Korean government and Korean arbitral organizations for the settlement of commercial disputes within Northeast Asia, for which the CAMCA(Commercial Arbitration and Mediation Center for the Americas) of NAFTA can be a good example.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.164-174
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• 2008

In this study we try to identify the three-dimensional mixing characteristics of Seomjin River discharges in Seomjin River Estuary and Gwangyang Bay using a seasonal field observation (CTD) during spring tide and a three-dimensional numerical model with EFDC (Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code). The tidal elevation conditions of the four main tidal harmonic constituents on the open boundary and river discharges and thermal effluents at the specific boundary are considered. The calculated harmonic constants of tide and tidal current agreed well with those of observations at two stations for tide and two stations for tidal current. The model successfully reproduced well known the estuarine circulation in Seomjin River Estuary where tide and river discharges are dominant forcings. In the winter mean discharges case, tidal currents move Seomjin River discharges in Seomjin River mouth and in the summer mean discharges case, river flows move Seomjin River discharges near ae Seomjin River Estuary. A three-dimensional mixing characteristics of Seomjin River Estuary show well a three-dimensional estuarine circulation and thermal effluents effect to the seasonal variation of river discharges.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22
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• pp.1-10
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• 2004

We conducted three experiments to estimate the toxicity of POPs (persistent organic pollutants) on two copepod species (Acartia erythraea and A. omorii) and Artemia sp.; (1) 48 h-LC$_{50}$ of A. omorii with the five PAHs [polycyelic aromatic hydrocarbons anthracene, benzo〔a〕pyrene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene〕 which were often detected in the Gwangyang Bay, (2) toxicity of benzo〔a〕pyrene and TBT on Artemia in different temperatures (1$0^{\circ}C$, 15$^{\circ}C$, 2$0^{\circ}C$), (3) effects of benzo〔a〕pyrene and TBT on egg Production rate, hatching rate and fecal Pellet Production of two copepod species (A. erythraea and A. omorii) fed on Heterocapsa triquetra (dinoflagellate) exposed in benzo〔a〕pyrene. Toxic chemicals which were most effective to A. omorii were flueranthene (48 h-LC$_{50}$ 19.20 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ ) and benzo〔a〕pyrene (48 h-LC$_{50}$ 29.89 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ ). The toxi- city of chemicals to Artemia increased when temperature increased. The toxicity of TBT was about 100 times higher than that of benzo〔a〕pyrene at 15$^{\circ}C$. Food materials (Heterocapsa triquetra) exposed in benzo〔a〕pyrene, affected negatively the rate of egg production, hatching rate and the fecal pellet production of the copepods at the high concentration. It is suggested that an increase in the concentration of benzo〔a〕pyrene might offset the production of copepods in marine ecosystems. This study suggests that copepods may be used as n indicator for early warning of the risk of POPs in marine ecosystems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.513-523
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• 2017

We evaluated the viability of phytoplankton along the salinity gradient in the flood and ebb tides of spring tide of February and the ebb tide of neap tide of March 2017 in the Seomjin River Estuary. Additional laboratory experiments were also conducted to determine the reason of the pH changes along the salinity gradient using the field natural sample in February. In field, saltwater was well mixed at downstream vertically and the salinity gradient was horizontally appeared toward upstream of freshwater zone. There were strong negative correlations between salinity and nutrient (nitrate + nitrite R=0.99, p<0.001, and silicate R=0.98, p<0.001), implying that those two nutrients of freshwater origin were gradually diluted with mixing the saltwater. On the other hands, relatively high phosphate concentration was kept in the stations of saltwater over 15 psu, indicating that it was caused by resuspended sediments of Gwangyang Bay and downstream by tidal water mixing.Among phytoplankton community structure in winter, Eucampia zodiacus have occupied to be c.a. 70 % in the most stations. Based on the field survey results for survivability of phytoplankton by phytoPAM instrument, there was positive correlations between salinity and chlorophyll a (R=0.82, p<0.001) and, salinity and active chlorophyll a (R=0.80, p<0.001), implying that the dominant marine diatom species may have significantly damaged in low salinity conditions of upstream. Also, maximum mortality rate of phytoplankton caused by low salinity shock was appered to be 75% in the upstream station. In particular, the pH in spring tides of February had tended to increase with high phytoplankton accmulated stations, suggesting that it was related with absorption of $CO_2$ by the photosynthesis of dominant diatom. In laboratory experiments, phytoplankton mass-mortality caused by low salinity shock was also occurred, which is confirmed with reducing the photosynthetic electron transport activity. Following the phytoplankton mass-mortality, bacteria abundance was significantly increased in 24 hours. As a result, the mass-proliferating bacteria can produce the $CO_2$ in the process of biodegradation of diatoms, which can lead to pH decrease. Therefore, marine phytoplankton species was greatly damaged in freshwater mixing area, depending on along the salinity gradient that was considered to be an important role in elevating and reducing of pH in Seomjin River Estuary.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.241-249
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• 2018

As the international trade increases, vessel traffics around the Korean Peninsula are also increasing. Maritime accidents hence take place more frequently in the southern coast of Korea where many big and small ports are located. Accidents involving ship collision and sinking result in a substantial human and material damage as well as the marine environmental pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to locate the ships quickly when such accidents occur. In this study, we suggest a new ship detection index by comparing and analyzing the reflectivity of each channel of the Korea MultiPurpose SATellite-2 (KOMPSAT-2) images of the area around the Gwangyang Bay. A threshold value of 0.1 is set based on a histogram analysis, and all vessels are detected when compared with RGB composite images. After selecting a relatively large ship as a representative sample, the distribution of spatial reflectivity around the ship is studied. Uniform shadows are detected on the northwest side of the vessel. This indicates that the sun is in the southeast, the azimuth of the actual satellite image is $144.80^{\circ}$, and the azimuth angle of the sun can be estimated using the shadow position. The reflectivity of the shadows is 0.005 lower than the surrounding sea and ship. The shadow height varies with the position of the bow and the stern, perhaps due to the relative heights of the ship deck and the structure. The results of this study can help search technology for missing vessels using optical satellite images in the event of a marine accident around the Korean Peninsula.